Disciplined by disciplines? The need for an interdisciplinary research mission in women's studies

Feminist Studies

Volumn 24, Issue 2, 1998, Pages 275-299

  Allen, Judith A ^a   Kitch, Sally L ^a  

^a NONE

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

EID: 0032091263     PISSN: 00463663     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.2307/3178698     Document Type: Article

References (101)

1. See Jane Aaron and Sylvia Walby, eds., Out of the Margins: Women's Studies in the Nineties (London: Falmer Press, 1991), 75-89.
2. Julie Thompson Klein, "Blurring, Cracking, and Crossing: Permeation and the Fracturing of Discipline," in Knowledges: Historical and Critical Studies in Disciplinarity, ed. Ellen Messer-Davidow, David R. Shumway, and David J. Sylvan (Charlottesville: University Press of Virginia, 1993), 185-89.
3. Bernice Goldmark, "A Model for Interdisciplinary Models," Interdisciplinary Investigations 1 (winter 1978): 2.
4. Julie Thompson Klein, Interdisciplinary: Histories, Theories, and Methods (Detroit: Wayne State University Press, 1990), 95-96.
5. Arabella Lyon, "Interdisciplinarity: Giving Up Territory," College English 54 (October 1992): 681-94. See also Tony Beecher, Academic Tribes and Territories: Intellectual Inquiry and the Cultures of Disciplines (Milton Keynes, U.K.: Open University Press, 1989); and Stephen Jay Kline, Conceptual Foundations for Multidisciplinary Thinking (Stanford: Stanford University Press, 1995), 196-99.
6. Arabella Lyon, "Interdisciplinarity: Giving Up Territory," College English 54 (October 1992): 681-94. See also Tony Beecher, Academic Tribes and Territories: Intellectual Inquiry and the Cultures of Disciplines (Milton Keynes, U.K.: Open University Press, 1989); and Stephen Jay Kline, Conceptual Foundations for Multidisciplinary Thinking (Stanford: Stanford University Press, 1995), 196-99.
7. Arabella Lyon, "Interdisciplinarity: Giving Up Territory," College English 54 (October 1992): 681-94. See also Tony Beecher, Academic Tribes and Territories: Intellectual Inquiry and the Cultures of Disciplines (Milton Keynes, U.K.: Open University Press, 1989); and Stephen Jay Kline, Conceptual Foundations for Multidisciplinary Thinking (Stanford: Stanford University Press, 1995), 196-99.
8. W.J.T. Mitchell, "Interdisciplinarity and Visual Culture," The Art Bulletin 77 (December 1995): 540-44.
9. Klein, Interdisciplinarity, 62.
10. Ibid., 65, 67.
11. Ibid., 66.
12. Patricia J. Williams, The Alchemy of Race and Rights: Diary of a Law Professor (Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 1991); Toni Morrison, ed., Race-ing Justice, En-gendering Power: Essays on Anita Hill, Clarence Thomas, and the Construction of Social Reality (New York: Pantheon, 1992).
13. Patricia J. Williams, The Alchemy of Race and Rights: Diary of a Law Professor (Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 1991); Toni Morrison, ed., Race-ing Justice, En-gendering Power: Essays on Anita Hill, Clarence Thomas, and the Construction of Social Reality (New York: Pantheon, 1992).
14. Klein, "Blurring, Cracking, and Crossing," 192.
15. Stanley Fish, quoted in Patricia Lombardo, "Cultural Studies and Interdisciplinarity," Critical Quarterly 14 (autumn 1992): 4-5.
16. Patricia Gumport, "Feminist Scholarship as a Vocation," Women and Higher Education in Comparative Perspective, ed. Gail P. Kelly and Sheila Slaughter (Dordrecht, the Netherlands: Kluwer Academic Publishers, 1991), 293.
17. Klein, Interdisciplinarity, 35, 38.
18. Domna C. Stanton and Abigail J. Stewart, "Remodeling Relations: Women's Studies and the Disciplines," in Feminisms in the Academy, ed. Domna C. Stanton and Abigail J. Stewart (Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Press, 1995), 3-4.
19. A few recently published dialogues among scholars as well as the occasional key article with multiple responses in journals like Signs and differences may indicate movement beyond existing formats. See, for example, the interview/dialogue between Rosi Braidotti and Judith Butler in differences 6 (summer-fall 1994): 27-61. See also Susan Hekman's "Truth and Method: Feminist Standpoint Theory Revisited," Signs 22 (winter 1997): 341-66, followed by comments by Patricia Hill Collins and Sandra Harding and a response to those comments by Hekman.
20. A few recently published dialogues among scholars as well as the occasional key article with multiple responses in journals like Signs and differences may indicate movement beyond existing formats. See, for example, the interview/dialogue between Rosi Braidotti and Judith Butler in differences 6 (summer-fall 1994): 27-61. See also Susan Hekman's "Truth and Method: Feminist Standpoint Theory Revisited," Signs 22 (winter 1997): 341-66, followed by comments by Patricia Hill Collins and Sandra Harding and a response to those comments by Hekman.
21. See, for instance, Lisa Disch and Mary Jo Kane, "When a Looker Is Really a Bitch: Lisa Olsen, Sport, and the Heterosexual Matrix" (278-303); Dawn Skorczewski, "What Prison Is This? Literary Critics Cover Incest in Anne Sexton's 'Briar Rose'" (302-42); and Constance W. Hassett, "Siblings and Antislavery: The Literary and Political Relations of Harriet Martineau, James Martineau, and Maria Weston Chapman" (374-409), all in Signs 21 (winter 1996).
22. See, for instance, Lisa Disch and Mary Jo Kane, "When a Looker Is Really a Bitch: Lisa Olsen, Sport, and the Heterosexual Matrix" (278-303); Dawn Skorczewski, "What Prison Is This? Literary Critics Cover Incest in Anne Sexton's 'Briar Rose'" (302-42); and Constance W. Hassett, "Siblings and Antislavery: The Literary and Political Relations of Harriet Martineau, James Martineau, and Maria Weston Chapman" (374-409), all in Signs 21 (winter 1996).
23. See, for instance, Lisa Disch and Mary Jo Kane, "When a Looker Is Really a Bitch: Lisa Olsen, Sport, and the Heterosexual Matrix" (278-303); Dawn Skorczewski, "What Prison Is This? Literary Critics Cover Incest in Anne Sexton's 'Briar Rose'" (302-42); and Constance W. Hassett, "Siblings and Antislavery: The Literary and Political Relations of Harriet Martineau, James Martineau, and Maria Weston Chapman" (374-409), all in Signs 21 (winter 1996).
24. Ruth Behar, Translated Woman: Crossing the Border with Esperanza's Story (Boston: Beacon, 1993).
25. Joan Wallach Scott, "Experience," in Feminists Theorize the Political, ed. Judith Butler and Joan Wallach Scott (New York: Routledge, 1992), 26.
26. Joan Hoff, "Gender as a Postmodern Category of Paralysis," Women's Studies International Forum 17 (July/August 1994): 444.
27. Other examples are Hypatia: A Journal of Feminist Philosophy (1986+); differences: A Journal of Feminist Cultural Studies (1987+); Gender, Place, and Culture: A Journal of Feminist Geography (1994+); Gender and Society: The Official Publication of the Sociologists for Women in Society (1987+); Yale Journal of Law and Feminism (1989+); Journal of Feminist Studies in Religion (1985+); Feminism and Psychology (1991+); Feminist Legal Studies (1991+); and Feminist Teacher (1984+).
28. Other examples are Hypatia: A Journal of Feminist Philosophy (1986+); differences: A Journal of Feminist Cultural Studies (1987+); Gender, Place, and Culture: A Journal of Feminist Geography (1994+); Gender and Society: The Official Publication of the Sociologists for Women in Society (1987+); Yale Journal of Law and Feminism (1989+); Journal of Feminist Studies in Religion (1985+); Feminism and Psychology (1991+); Feminist Legal Studies (1991+); and Feminist Teacher (1984+).
29. Other examples are Hypatia: A Journal of Feminist Philosophy (1986+); differences: A Journal of Feminist Cultural Studies (1987+); Gender, Place, and Culture: A Journal of Feminist Geography (1994+); Gender and Society: The Official Publication of the Sociologists for Women in Society (1987+); Yale Journal of Law and Feminism (1989+); Journal of Feminist Studies in Religion (1985+); Feminism and Psychology (1991+); Feminist Legal Studies (1991+); and Feminist Teacher (1984+).
30. Other examples are Hypatia: A Journal of Feminist Philosophy (1986+); differences: A Journal of Feminist Cultural Studies (1987+); Gender, Place, and Culture: A Journal of Feminist Geography (1994+); Gender and Society: The Official Publication of the Sociologists for Women in Society (1987+); Yale Journal of Law and Feminism (1989+); Journal of Feminist Studies in Religion (1985+); Feminism and Psychology (1991+); Feminist Legal Studies (1991+); and Feminist Teacher (1984+).
31. Other examples are Hypatia: A Journal of Feminist Philosophy (1986+); differences: A Journal of Feminist Cultural Studies (1987+); Gender, Place, and Culture: A Journal of Feminist Geography (1994+); Gender and Society: The Official Publication of the Sociologists for Women in Society (1987+); Yale Journal of Law and Feminism (1989+); Journal of Feminist Studies in Religion (1985+); Feminism and Psychology (1991+); Feminist Legal Studies (1991+); and Feminist Teacher (1984+).
32. Other examples are Hypatia: A Journal of Feminist Philosophy (1986+); differences: A Journal of Feminist Cultural Studies (1987+); Gender, Place, and Culture: A Journal of Feminist Geography (1994+); Gender and Society: The Official Publication of the Sociologists for Women in Society (1987+); Yale Journal of Law and Feminism (1989+); Journal of Feminist Studies in Religion (1985+); Feminism and Psychology (1991+); Feminist Legal Studies (1991+); and Feminist Teacher (1984+).
33. Other examples are Hypatia: A Journal of Feminist Philosophy (1986+); differences: A Journal of Feminist Cultural Studies (1987+); Gender, Place, and Culture: A Journal of Feminist Geography (1994+); Gender and Society: The Official Publication of the Sociologists for Women in Society (1987+); Yale Journal of Law and Feminism (1989+); Journal of Feminist Studies in Religion (1985+); Feminism and Psychology (1991+); Feminist Legal Studies (1991+); and Feminist Teacher (1984+).
34. Other examples are Hypatia: A Journal of Feminist Philosophy (1986+); differences: A Journal of Feminist Cultural Studies (1987+); Gender, Place, and Culture: A Journal of Feminist Geography (1994+); Gender and Society: The Official Publication of the Sociologists for Women in Society (1987+); Yale Journal of Law and Feminism (1989+); Journal of Feminist Studies in Religion (1985+); Feminism and Psychology (1991+); Feminist Legal Studies (1991+); and Feminist Teacher (1984+).
35. Other examples are Hypatia: A Journal of Feminist Philosophy (1986+); differences: A Journal of Feminist Cultural Studies (1987+); Gender, Place, and Culture: A Journal of Feminist Geography (1994+); Gender and Society: The Official Publication of the Sociologists for Women in Society (1987+); Yale Journal of Law and Feminism (1989+); Journal of Feminist Studies in Religion (1985+); Feminism and Psychology (1991+); Feminist Legal Studies (1991+); and Feminist Teacher (1984+).
36. Mary E. John, Discrepant Dislocations: Feminism, Theory, and Postcolonial Histories (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1996), 70-71.
37. Judith Stacey, "Disloyal to the Disciplines: A Feminist Trajectory in the Borderlands," in Feminisms in the Academy, 311-29.
38. Judith Stacey and Barrie Thorne, "The Missing Feminist Revolution in Sociology," in American Feminist Thought at Century's End: A Reader, ed. Linda S. Kauffman (Cambridge, Mass.: Blackwell, 1993), 167-88.
39. See, for instance, Simone de Beauvoir, The Second Sex (1949; London: Jonathan Cape, 1960); Sandra Gilbert and Susan Gubar, The Madwoman in the Attic: The Woman Writer and the Nineteenth-Century Literary Imagination (New Haven: Yale University Press, 1979); Gayle Rubin, "The Traffic in Women: Notes toward a 'Political Economy' of Sex," in Toward an Anthropology of Women, ed. Rayna R[app] Reiter (New York: Monthly Review Press, 1975), 157-210; Carole Pateman, The Sexual Contract (Stanford: Stanford University Press, 1988); Patricia Hill Collins, Black Feminist Thought: Knowledge, Consciousness, and the Politics of Empowerment (Boston: Unwin Hyman, 1990); Laura Mulvey, "Visual Pleasure and Narrative Cinema," Screen 16 (autumn 1975): 6-18; Nancy F. Scott, The Bonds of Womanhood: 'Woman's Sphere' in New England, 1780-1835 (New Haven: Yale University Press, 1977); Nancy Chodorow, The Reproduction of Mothering: Psychoanalysis and the Sociology of Gender (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1978); Adrienne Rich, Compulsory Heterosexuality and Lesbian Existence (Denver: Antelope Press, 1982); Alice Walker, In Search of Our Mothers' Gardens: Womanist Prose (San Diego: Harcourt Brace Jovanovich, 1983); Carol Gilligan, In a Different Voice: Psychological Theory and Women's Development (Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 1982); Judith Butler, Gender Trouble: Feminism and the Subversion of Identity (New York: Doubleday, 1989); Gloria Anzaldúa, Borderlands/La Frontera: The New Mestiza (San Francisco: Aunt Lute, 1987); Susan Bordo, "The Cartesian Masculinization of Thought," in Sex and Scientific Inquiry, ed. Sandra Harding and Jean F. O'Barr (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1987), 247-64; Joan Wallach Scott, "Deconstructing Equality-Difference, or the Use of Deconstruction for Feminist Theory," Feminist Studies 14 (spring 1988): 33-50; and Moira Gatens, Imaginary Bodies (New York: Routledge, 1996).
40. See, for instance, Simone de Beauvoir, The Second Sex (1949; London: Jonathan Cape, 1960); Sandra Gilbert and Susan Gubar, The Madwoman in the Attic: The Woman Writer and the Nineteenth-Century Literary Imagination (New Haven: Yale University Press, 1979); Gayle Rubin, "The Traffic in Women: Notes toward a 'Political Economy' of Sex," in Toward an Anthropology of Women, ed. Rayna R[app] Reiter (New York: Monthly Review Press, 1975), 157-210; Carole Pateman, The Sexual Contract (Stanford: Stanford University Press, 1988); Patricia Hill Collins, Black Feminist Thought: Knowledge, Consciousness, and the Politics of Empowerment (Boston: Unwin Hyman, 1990); Laura Mulvey, "Visual Pleasure and Narrative Cinema," Screen 16 (autumn 1975): 6-18; Nancy F. Scott, The Bonds of Womanhood: 'Woman's Sphere' in New England, 1780-1835 (New Haven: Yale University Press, 1977); Nancy Chodorow, The Reproduction of Mothering: Psychoanalysis and the Sociology of Gender (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1978); Adrienne Rich, Compulsory Heterosexuality and Lesbian Existence (Denver: Antelope Press, 1982); Alice Walker, In Search of Our Mothers' Gardens: Womanist Prose (San Diego: Harcourt Brace Jovanovich, 1983); Carol Gilligan, In a Different Voice: Psychological Theory and Women's Development (Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 1982); Judith Butler, Gender Trouble: Feminism and the Subversion of Identity (New York: Doubleday, 1989); Gloria Anzaldúa, Borderlands/La Frontera: The New Mestiza (San Francisco: Aunt Lute, 1987); Susan Bordo, "The Cartesian Masculinization of Thought," in Sex and Scientific Inquiry, ed. Sandra Harding and Jean F. O'Barr (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1987), 247-64; Joan Wallach Scott, "Deconstructing Equality-Difference, or the Use of Deconstruction for Feminist Theory," Feminist Studies 14 (spring 1988): 33-50; and Moira Gatens, Imaginary Bodies (New York: Routledge, 1996).
41. See, for instance, Simone de Beauvoir, The Second Sex (1949; London: Jonathan Cape, 1960); Sandra Gilbert and Susan Gubar, The Madwoman in the Attic: The Woman Writer and the Nineteenth-Century Literary Imagination (New Haven: Yale University Press, 1979); Gayle Rubin, "The Traffic in Women: Notes toward a 'Political Economy' of Sex," in Toward an Anthropology of Women, ed. Rayna R[app] Reiter (New York: Monthly Review Press, 1975), 157-210; Carole Pateman, The Sexual Contract (Stanford: Stanford University Press, 1988); Patricia Hill Collins, Black Feminist Thought: Knowledge, Consciousness, and the Politics of Empowerment (Boston: Unwin Hyman, 1990); Laura Mulvey, "Visual Pleasure and Narrative Cinema," Screen 16 (autumn 1975): 6-18; Nancy F. Scott, The Bonds of Womanhood: 'Woman's Sphere' in New England, 1780-1835 (New Haven: Yale University Press, 1977); Nancy Chodorow, The Reproduction of Mothering: Psychoanalysis and the Sociology of Gender (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1978); Adrienne Rich, Compulsory Heterosexuality and Lesbian Existence (Denver: Antelope Press, 1982); Alice Walker, In Search of Our Mothers' Gardens: Womanist Prose (San Diego: Harcourt Brace Jovanovich, 1983); Carol Gilligan, In a Different Voice: Psychological Theory and Women's Development (Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 1982); Judith Butler, Gender Trouble: Feminism and the Subversion of Identity (New York: Doubleday, 1989); Gloria Anzaldúa, Borderlands/La Frontera: The New Mestiza (San Francisco: Aunt Lute, 1987); Susan Bordo, "The Cartesian Masculinization of Thought," in Sex and Scientific Inquiry, ed. Sandra Harding and Jean F. O'Barr (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1987), 247-64; Joan Wallach Scott, "Deconstructing Equality-Difference, or the Use of Deconstruction for Feminist Theory," Feminist Studies 14 (spring 1988): 33-50; and Moira Gatens, Imaginary Bodies (New York: Routledge, 1996).
42. See, for instance, Simone de Beauvoir, The Second Sex (1949; London: Jonathan Cape, 1960); Sandra Gilbert and Susan Gubar, The Madwoman in the Attic: The Woman Writer and the Nineteenth-Century Literary Imagination (New Haven: Yale University Press, 1979); Gayle Rubin, "The Traffic in Women: Notes toward a 'Political Economy' of Sex," in Toward an Anthropology of Women, ed. Rayna R[app] Reiter (New York: Monthly Review Press, 1975), 157-210; Carole Pateman, The Sexual Contract (Stanford: Stanford University Press, 1988); Patricia Hill Collins, Black Feminist Thought: Knowledge, Consciousness, and the Politics of Empowerment (Boston: Unwin Hyman, 1990); Laura Mulvey, "Visual Pleasure and Narrative Cinema," Screen 16 (autumn 1975): 6-18; Nancy F. Scott, The Bonds of Womanhood: 'Woman's Sphere' in New England, 1780-1835 (New Haven: Yale University Press, 1977); Nancy Chodorow, The Reproduction of Mothering: Psychoanalysis and the Sociology of Gender (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1978); Adrienne Rich, Compulsory Heterosexuality and Lesbian Existence (Denver: Antelope Press, 1982); Alice Walker, In Search of Our Mothers' Gardens: Womanist Prose (San Diego: Harcourt Brace Jovanovich, 1983); Carol Gilligan, In a Different Voice: Psychological Theory and Women's Development (Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 1982); Judith Butler, Gender Trouble: Feminism and the Subversion of Identity (New York: Doubleday, 1989); Gloria Anzaldúa, Borderlands/La Frontera: The New Mestiza (San Francisco: Aunt Lute, 1987); Susan Bordo, "The Cartesian Masculinization of Thought," in Sex and Scientific Inquiry, ed. Sandra Harding and Jean F. O'Barr (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1987), 247-64; Joan Wallach Scott, "Deconstructing Equality-Difference, or the Use of Deconstruction for Feminist Theory," Feminist Studies 14 (spring 1988): 33-50; and Moira Gatens, Imaginary Bodies (New York: Routledge, 1996).
43. See, for instance, Simone de Beauvoir, The Second Sex (1949; London: Jonathan Cape, 1960); Sandra Gilbert and Susan Gubar, The Madwoman in the Attic: The Woman Writer and the Nineteenth-Century Literary Imagination (New Haven: Yale University Press, 1979); Gayle Rubin, "The Traffic in Women: Notes toward a 'Political Economy' of Sex," in Toward an Anthropology of Women, ed. Rayna R[app] Reiter (New York: Monthly Review Press, 1975), 157-210; Carole Pateman, The Sexual Contract (Stanford: Stanford University Press, 1988); Patricia Hill Collins, Black Feminist Thought: Knowledge, Consciousness, and the Politics of Empowerment (Boston: Unwin Hyman, 1990); Laura Mulvey, "Visual Pleasure and Narrative Cinema," Screen 16 (autumn 1975): 6-18; Nancy F. Scott, The Bonds of Womanhood: 'Woman's Sphere' in New England, 1780-1835 (New Haven: Yale University Press, 1977); Nancy Chodorow, The Reproduction of Mothering: Psychoanalysis and the Sociology of Gender (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1978); Adrienne Rich, Compulsory Heterosexuality and Lesbian Existence (Denver: Antelope Press, 1982); Alice Walker, In Search of Our Mothers' Gardens: Womanist Prose (San Diego: Harcourt Brace Jovanovich, 1983); Carol Gilligan, In a Different Voice: Psychological Theory and Women's Development (Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 1982); Judith Butler, Gender Trouble: Feminism and the Subversion of Identity (New York: Doubleday, 1989); Gloria Anzaldúa, Borderlands/La Frontera: The New Mestiza (San Francisco: Aunt Lute, 1987); Susan Bordo, "The Cartesian Masculinization of Thought," in Sex and Scientific Inquiry, ed. Sandra Harding and Jean F. O'Barr (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1987), 247-64; Joan Wallach Scott, "Deconstructing Equality-Difference, or the Use of Deconstruction for Feminist Theory," Feminist Studies 14 (spring 1988): 33-50; and Moira Gatens, Imaginary Bodies (New York: Routledge, 1996).
44. See, for instance, Simone de Beauvoir, The Second Sex (1949; London: Jonathan Cape, 1960); Sandra Gilbert and Susan Gubar, The Madwoman in the Attic: The Woman Writer and the Nineteenth-Century Literary Imagination (New Haven: Yale University Press, 1979); Gayle Rubin, "The Traffic in Women: Notes toward a 'Political Economy' of Sex," in Toward an Anthropology of Women, ed. Rayna R[app] Reiter (New York: Monthly Review Press, 1975), 157-210; Carole Pateman, The Sexual Contract (Stanford: Stanford University Press, 1988); Patricia Hill Collins, Black Feminist Thought: Knowledge, Consciousness, and the Politics of Empowerment (Boston: Unwin Hyman, 1990); Laura Mulvey, "Visual Pleasure and Narrative Cinema," Screen 16 (autumn 1975): 6-18; Nancy F. Scott, The Bonds of Womanhood: 'Woman's Sphere' in New England, 1780-1835 (New Haven: Yale University Press, 1977); Nancy Chodorow, The Reproduction of Mothering: Psychoanalysis and the Sociology of Gender (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1978); Adrienne Rich, Compulsory Heterosexuality and Lesbian Existence (Denver: Antelope Press, 1982); Alice Walker, In Search of Our Mothers' Gardens: Womanist Prose (San Diego: Harcourt Brace Jovanovich, 1983); Carol Gilligan, In a Different Voice: Psychological Theory and Women's Development (Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 1982); Judith Butler, Gender Trouble: Feminism and the Subversion of Identity (New York: Doubleday, 1989); Gloria Anzaldúa, Borderlands/La Frontera: The New Mestiza (San Francisco: Aunt Lute, 1987); Susan Bordo, "The Cartesian Masculinization of Thought," in Sex and Scientific Inquiry, ed. Sandra Harding and Jean F. O'Barr (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1987), 247-64; Joan Wallach Scott, "Deconstructing Equality-Difference, or the Use of Deconstruction for Feminist Theory," Feminist Studies 14 (spring 1988): 33-50; and Moira Gatens, Imaginary Bodies (New York: Routledge, 1996).
45. See, for instance, Simone de Beauvoir, The Second Sex (1949; London: Jonathan Cape, 1960); Sandra Gilbert and Susan Gubar, The Madwoman in the Attic: The Woman Writer and the Nineteenth-Century Literary Imagination (New Haven: Yale University Press, 1979); Gayle Rubin, "The Traffic in Women: Notes toward a 'Political Economy' of Sex," in Toward an Anthropology of Women, ed. Rayna R[app] Reiter (New York: Monthly Review Press, 1975), 157-210; Carole Pateman, The Sexual Contract (Stanford: Stanford University Press, 1988); Patricia Hill Collins, Black Feminist Thought: Knowledge, Consciousness, and the Politics of Empowerment (Boston: Unwin Hyman, 1990); Laura Mulvey, "Visual Pleasure and Narrative Cinema," Screen 16 (autumn 1975): 6-18; Nancy F. Scott, The Bonds of Womanhood: 'Woman's Sphere' in New England, 1780-1835 (New Haven: Yale University Press, 1977); Nancy Chodorow, The Reproduction of Mothering: Psychoanalysis and the Sociology of Gender (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1978); Adrienne Rich, Compulsory Heterosexuality and Lesbian Existence (Denver: Antelope Press, 1982); Alice Walker, In Search of Our Mothers' Gardens: Womanist Prose (San Diego: Harcourt Brace Jovanovich, 1983); Carol Gilligan, In a Different Voice: Psychological Theory and Women's Development (Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 1982); Judith Butler, Gender Trouble: Feminism and the Subversion of Identity (New York: Doubleday, 1989); Gloria Anzaldúa, Borderlands/La Frontera: The New Mestiza (San Francisco: Aunt Lute, 1987); Susan Bordo, "The Cartesian Masculinization of Thought," in Sex and Scientific Inquiry, ed. Sandra Harding and Jean F. O'Barr (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1987), 247-64; Joan Wallach Scott, "Deconstructing Equality-Difference, or the Use of Deconstruction for Feminist Theory," Feminist Studies 14 (spring 1988): 33-50; and Moira Gatens, Imaginary Bodies (New York: Routledge, 1996).
46. See, for instance, Simone de Beauvoir, The Second Sex (1949; London: Jonathan Cape, 1960); Sandra Gilbert and Susan Gubar, The Madwoman in the Attic: The Woman Writer and the Nineteenth-Century Literary Imagination (New Haven: Yale University Press, 1979); Gayle Rubin, "The Traffic in Women: Notes toward a 'Political Economy' of Sex," in Toward an Anthropology of Women, ed. Rayna R[app] Reiter (New York: Monthly Review Press, 1975), 157-210; Carole Pateman, The Sexual Contract (Stanford: Stanford University Press, 1988); Patricia Hill Collins, Black Feminist Thought: Knowledge, Consciousness, and the Politics of Empowerment (Boston: Unwin Hyman, 1990); Laura Mulvey, "Visual Pleasure and Narrative Cinema," Screen 16 (autumn 1975): 6-18; Nancy F. Scott, The Bonds of Womanhood: 'Woman's Sphere' in New England, 1780-1835 (New Haven: Yale University Press, 1977); Nancy Chodorow, The Reproduction of Mothering: Psychoanalysis and the Sociology of Gender (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1978); Adrienne Rich, Compulsory Heterosexuality and Lesbian Existence (Denver: Antelope Press, 1982); Alice Walker, In Search of Our Mothers' Gardens: Womanist Prose (San Diego: Harcourt Brace Jovanovich, 1983); Carol Gilligan, In a Different Voice: Psychological Theory and Women's Development (Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 1982); Judith Butler, Gender Trouble: Feminism and the Subversion of Identity (New York: Doubleday, 1989); Gloria Anzaldúa, Borderlands/La Frontera: The New Mestiza (San Francisco: Aunt Lute, 1987); Susan Bordo, "The Cartesian Masculinization of Thought," in Sex and Scientific Inquiry, ed. Sandra Harding and Jean F. O'Barr (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1987), 247-64; Joan Wallach Scott, "Deconstructing Equality-Difference, or the Use of Deconstruction for Feminist Theory," Feminist Studies 14 (spring 1988): 33-50; and Moira Gatens, Imaginary Bodies (New York: Routledge, 1996).
47. See, for instance, Simone de Beauvoir, The Second Sex (1949; London: Jonathan Cape, 1960); Sandra Gilbert and Susan Gubar, The Madwoman in the Attic: The Woman Writer and the Nineteenth-Century Literary Imagination (New Haven: Yale University Press, 1979); Gayle Rubin, "The Traffic in Women: Notes toward a 'Political Economy' of Sex," in Toward an Anthropology of Women, ed. Rayna R[app] Reiter (New York: Monthly Review Press, 1975), 157-210; Carole Pateman, The Sexual Contract (Stanford: Stanford University Press, 1988); Patricia Hill Collins, Black Feminist Thought: Knowledge, Consciousness, and the Politics of Empowerment (Boston: Unwin Hyman, 1990); Laura Mulvey, "Visual Pleasure and Narrative Cinema," Screen 16 (autumn 1975): 6-18; Nancy F. Scott, The Bonds of Womanhood: 'Woman's Sphere' in New England, 1780-1835 (New Haven: Yale University Press, 1977); Nancy Chodorow, The Reproduction of Mothering: Psychoanalysis and the Sociology of Gender (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1978); Adrienne Rich, Compulsory Heterosexuality and Lesbian Existence (Denver: Antelope Press, 1982); Alice Walker, In Search of Our Mothers' Gardens: Womanist Prose (San Diego: Harcourt Brace Jovanovich, 1983); Carol Gilligan, In a Different Voice: Psychological Theory and Women's Development (Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 1982); Judith Butler, Gender Trouble: Feminism and the Subversion of Identity (New York: Doubleday, 1989); Gloria Anzaldúa, Borderlands/La Frontera: The New Mestiza (San Francisco: Aunt Lute, 1987); Susan Bordo, "The Cartesian Masculinization of Thought," in Sex and Scientific Inquiry, ed. Sandra Harding and Jean F. O'Barr (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1987), 247-64; Joan Wallach Scott, "Deconstructing Equality-Difference, or the Use of Deconstruction for Feminist Theory," Feminist Studies 14 (spring 1988): 33-50; and Moira Gatens, Imaginary Bodies (New York: Routledge, 1996).
48. See, for instance, Simone de Beauvoir, The Second Sex (1949; London: Jonathan Cape, 1960); Sandra Gilbert and Susan Gubar, The Madwoman in the Attic: The Woman Writer and the Nineteenth-Century Literary Imagination (New Haven: Yale University Press, 1979); Gayle Rubin, "The Traffic in Women: Notes toward a 'Political Economy' of Sex," in Toward an Anthropology of Women, ed. Rayna R[app] Reiter (New York: Monthly Review Press, 1975), 157-210; Carole Pateman, The Sexual Contract (Stanford: Stanford University Press, 1988); Patricia Hill Collins, Black Feminist Thought: Knowledge, Consciousness, and the Politics of Empowerment (Boston: Unwin Hyman, 1990); Laura Mulvey, "Visual Pleasure and Narrative Cinema," Screen 16 (autumn 1975): 6-18; Nancy F. Scott, The Bonds of Womanhood: 'Woman's Sphere' in New England, 1780-1835 (New Haven: Yale University Press, 1977); Nancy Chodorow, The Reproduction of Mothering: Psychoanalysis and the Sociology of Gender (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1978); Adrienne Rich, Compulsory Heterosexuality and Lesbian Existence (Denver: Antelope Press, 1982); Alice Walker, In Search of Our Mothers' Gardens: Womanist Prose (San Diego: Harcourt Brace Jovanovich, 1983); Carol Gilligan, In a Different Voice: Psychological Theory and Women's Development (Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 1982); Judith Butler, Gender Trouble: Feminism and the Subversion of Identity (New York: Doubleday, 1989); Gloria Anzaldúa, Borderlands/La Frontera: The New Mestiza (San Francisco: Aunt Lute, 1987); Susan Bordo, "The Cartesian Masculinization of Thought," in Sex and Scientific Inquiry, ed. Sandra Harding and Jean F. O'Barr (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1987), 247-64; Joan Wallach Scott, "Deconstructing Equality-Difference, or the Use of Deconstruction for Feminist Theory," Feminist Studies 14 (spring 1988): 33-50; and Moira Gatens, Imaginary Bodies (New York: Routledge, 1996).
49. See, for instance, Simone de Beauvoir, The Second Sex (1949; London: Jonathan Cape, 1960); Sandra Gilbert and Susan Gubar, The Madwoman in the Attic: The Woman Writer and the Nineteenth-Century Literary Imagination (New Haven: Yale University Press, 1979); Gayle Rubin, "The Traffic in Women: Notes toward a 'Political Economy' of Sex," in Toward an Anthropology of Women, ed. Rayna R[app] Reiter (New York: Monthly Review Press, 1975), 157-210; Carole Pateman, The Sexual Contract (Stanford: Stanford University Press, 1988); Patricia Hill Collins, Black Feminist Thought: Knowledge, Consciousness, and the Politics of Empowerment (Boston: Unwin Hyman, 1990); Laura Mulvey, "Visual Pleasure and Narrative Cinema," Screen 16 (autumn 1975): 6-18; Nancy F. Scott, The Bonds of Womanhood: 'Woman's Sphere' in New England, 1780-1835 (New Haven: Yale University Press, 1977); Nancy Chodorow, The Reproduction of Mothering: Psychoanalysis and the Sociology of Gender (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1978); Adrienne Rich, Compulsory Heterosexuality and Lesbian Existence (Denver: Antelope Press, 1982); Alice Walker, In Search of Our Mothers' Gardens: Womanist Prose (San Diego: Harcourt Brace Jovanovich, 1983); Carol Gilligan, In a Different Voice: Psychological Theory and Women's Development (Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 1982); Judith Butler, Gender Trouble: Feminism and the Subversion of Identity (New York: Doubleday, 1989); Gloria Anzaldúa, Borderlands/La Frontera: The New Mestiza (San Francisco: Aunt Lute, 1987); Susan Bordo, "The Cartesian Masculinization of Thought," in Sex and Scientific Inquiry, ed. Sandra Harding and Jean F. O'Barr (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1987), 247-64; Joan Wallach Scott, "Deconstructing Equality-Difference, or the Use of Deconstruction for Feminist Theory," Feminist Studies 14 (spring 1988): 33-50; and Moira Gatens, Imaginary Bodies (New York: Routledge, 1996).
50. See, for instance, Simone de Beauvoir, The Second Sex (1949; London: Jonathan Cape, 1960); Sandra Gilbert and Susan Gubar, The Madwoman in the Attic: The Woman Writer and the Nineteenth-Century Literary Imagination (New Haven: Yale University Press, 1979); Gayle Rubin, "The Traffic in Women: Notes toward a 'Political Economy' of Sex," in Toward an Anthropology of Women, ed. Rayna R[app] Reiter (New York: Monthly Review Press, 1975), 157-210; Carole Pateman, The Sexual Contract (Stanford: Stanford University Press, 1988); Patricia Hill Collins, Black Feminist Thought: Knowledge, Consciousness, and the Politics of Empowerment (Boston: Unwin Hyman, 1990); Laura Mulvey, "Visual Pleasure and Narrative Cinema," Screen 16 (autumn 1975): 6-18; Nancy F. Scott, The Bonds of Womanhood: 'Woman's Sphere' in New England, 1780-1835 (New Haven: Yale University Press, 1977); Nancy Chodorow, The Reproduction of Mothering: Psychoanalysis and the Sociology of Gender (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1978); Adrienne Rich, Compulsory Heterosexuality and Lesbian Existence (Denver: Antelope Press, 1982); Alice Walker, In Search of Our Mothers' Gardens: Womanist Prose (San Diego: Harcourt Brace Jovanovich, 1983); Carol Gilligan, In a Different Voice: Psychological Theory and Women's Development (Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 1982); Judith Butler, Gender Trouble: Feminism and the Subversion of Identity (New York: Doubleday, 1989); Gloria Anzaldúa, Borderlands/La Frontera: The New Mestiza (San Francisco: Aunt Lute, 1987); Susan Bordo, "The Cartesian Masculinization of Thought," in Sex and Scientific Inquiry, ed. Sandra Harding and Jean F. O'Barr (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1987), 247-64; Joan Wallach Scott, "Deconstructing Equality-Difference, or the Use of Deconstruction for Feminist Theory," Feminist Studies 14 (spring 1988): 33-50; and Moira Gatens, Imaginary Bodies (New York: Routledge, 1996).
51. See, for instance, Simone de Beauvoir, The Second Sex (1949; London: Jonathan Cape, 1960); Sandra Gilbert and Susan Gubar, The Madwoman in the Attic: The Woman Writer and the Nineteenth-Century Literary Imagination (New Haven: Yale University Press, 1979); Gayle Rubin, "The Traffic in Women: Notes toward a 'Political Economy' of Sex," in Toward an Anthropology of Women, ed. Rayna R[app] Reiter (New York: Monthly Review Press, 1975), 157-210; Carole Pateman, The Sexual Contract (Stanford: Stanford University Press, 1988); Patricia Hill Collins, Black Feminist Thought: Knowledge, Consciousness, and the Politics of Empowerment (Boston: Unwin Hyman, 1990); Laura Mulvey, "Visual Pleasure and Narrative Cinema," Screen 16 (autumn 1975): 6-18; Nancy F. Scott, The Bonds of Womanhood: 'Woman's Sphere' in New England, 1780-1835 (New Haven: Yale University Press, 1977); Nancy Chodorow, The Reproduction of Mothering: Psychoanalysis and the Sociology of Gender (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1978); Adrienne Rich, Compulsory Heterosexuality and Lesbian Existence (Denver: Antelope Press, 1982); Alice Walker, In Search of Our Mothers' Gardens: Womanist Prose (San Diego: Harcourt Brace Jovanovich, 1983); Carol Gilligan, In a Different Voice: Psychological Theory and Women's Development (Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 1982); Judith Butler, Gender Trouble: Feminism and the Subversion of Identity (New York: Doubleday, 1989); Gloria Anzaldúa, Borderlands/La Frontera: The New Mestiza (San Francisco: Aunt Lute, 1987); Susan Bordo, "The Cartesian Masculinization of Thought," in Sex and Scientific Inquiry, ed. Sandra Harding and Jean F. O'Barr (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1987), 247-64; Joan Wallach Scott, "Deconstructing Equality-Difference, or the Use of Deconstruction for Feminist Theory," Feminist Studies 14 (spring 1988): 33-50; and Moira Gatens, Imaginary Bodies (New York: Routledge, 1996).
52. See, for instance, Simone de Beauvoir, The Second Sex (1949; London: Jonathan Cape, 1960); Sandra Gilbert and Susan Gubar, The Madwoman in the Attic: The Woman Writer and the Nineteenth-Century Literary Imagination (New Haven: Yale University Press, 1979); Gayle Rubin, "The Traffic in Women: Notes toward a 'Political Economy' of Sex," in Toward an Anthropology of Women, ed. Rayna R[app] Reiter (New York: Monthly Review Press, 1975), 157-210; Carole Pateman, The Sexual Contract (Stanford: Stanford University Press, 1988); Patricia Hill Collins, Black Feminist Thought: Knowledge, Consciousness, and the Politics of Empowerment (Boston: Unwin Hyman, 1990); Laura Mulvey, "Visual Pleasure and Narrative Cinema," Screen 16 (autumn 1975): 6-18; Nancy F. Scott, The Bonds of Womanhood: 'Woman's Sphere' in New England, 1780-1835 (New Haven: Yale University Press, 1977); Nancy Chodorow, The Reproduction of Mothering: Psychoanalysis and the Sociology of Gender (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1978); Adrienne Rich, Compulsory Heterosexuality and Lesbian Existence (Denver: Antelope Press, 1982); Alice Walker, In Search of Our Mothers' Gardens: Womanist Prose (San Diego: Harcourt Brace Jovanovich, 1983); Carol Gilligan, In a Different Voice: Psychological Theory and Women's Development (Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 1982); Judith Butler, Gender Trouble: Feminism and the Subversion of Identity (New York: Doubleday, 1989); Gloria Anzaldúa, Borderlands/La Frontera: The New Mestiza (San Francisco: Aunt Lute, 1987); Susan Bordo, "The Cartesian Masculinization of Thought," in Sex and Scientific Inquiry, ed. Sandra Harding and Jean F. O'Barr (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1987), 247-64; Joan Wallach Scott, "Deconstructing Equality-Difference, or the Use of Deconstruction for Feminist Theory," Feminist Studies 14 (spring 1988): 33-50; and Moira Gatens, Imaginary Bodies (New York: Routledge, 1996).
53. See, for instance, Simone de Beauvoir, The Second Sex (1949; London: Jonathan Cape, 1960); Sandra Gilbert and Susan Gubar, The Madwoman in the Attic: The Woman Writer and the Nineteenth-Century Literary Imagination (New Haven: Yale University Press, 1979); Gayle Rubin, "The Traffic in Women: Notes toward a 'Political Economy' of Sex," in Toward an Anthropology of Women, ed. Rayna R[app] Reiter (New York: Monthly Review Press, 1975), 157-210; Carole Pateman, The Sexual Contract (Stanford: Stanford University Press, 1988); Patricia Hill Collins, Black Feminist Thought: Knowledge, Consciousness, and the Politics of Empowerment (Boston: Unwin Hyman, 1990); Laura Mulvey, "Visual Pleasure and Narrative Cinema," Screen 16 (autumn 1975): 6-18; Nancy F. Scott, The Bonds of Womanhood: 'Woman's Sphere' in New England, 1780-1835 (New Haven: Yale University Press, 1977); Nancy Chodorow, The Reproduction of Mothering: Psychoanalysis and the Sociology of Gender (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1978); Adrienne Rich, Compulsory Heterosexuality and Lesbian Existence (Denver: Antelope Press, 1982); Alice Walker, In Search of Our Mothers' Gardens: Womanist Prose (San Diego: Harcourt Brace Jovanovich, 1983); Carol Gilligan, In a Different Voice: Psychological Theory and Women's Development (Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 1982); Judith Butler, Gender Trouble: Feminism and the Subversion of Identity (New York: Doubleday, 1989); Gloria Anzaldúa, Borderlands/La Frontera: The New Mestiza (San Francisco: Aunt Lute, 1987); Susan Bordo, "The Cartesian Masculinization of Thought," in Sex and Scientific Inquiry, ed. Sandra Harding and Jean F. O'Barr (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1987), 247-64; Joan Wallach Scott, "Deconstructing Equality-Difference, or the Use of Deconstruction for Feminist Theory," Feminist Studies 14 (spring 1988): 33-50; and Moira Gatens, Imaginary Bodies (New York: Routledge, 1996).
54. See, for instance, Simone de Beauvoir, The Second Sex (1949; London: Jonathan Cape, 1960); Sandra Gilbert and Susan Gubar, The Madwoman in the Attic: The Woman Writer and the Nineteenth-Century Literary Imagination (New Haven: Yale University Press, 1979); Gayle Rubin, "The Traffic in Women: Notes toward a 'Political Economy' of Sex," in Toward an Anthropology of Women, ed. Rayna R[app] Reiter (New York: Monthly Review Press, 1975), 157-210; Carole Pateman, The Sexual Contract (Stanford: Stanford University Press, 1988); Patricia Hill Collins, Black Feminist Thought: Knowledge, Consciousness, and the Politics of Empowerment (Boston: Unwin Hyman, 1990); Laura Mulvey, "Visual Pleasure and Narrative Cinema," Screen 16 (autumn 1975): 6-18; Nancy F. Scott, The Bonds of Womanhood: 'Woman's Sphere' in New England, 1780-1835 (New Haven: Yale University Press, 1977); Nancy Chodorow, The Reproduction of Mothering: Psychoanalysis and the Sociology of Gender (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1978); Adrienne Rich, Compulsory Heterosexuality and Lesbian Existence (Denver: Antelope Press, 1982); Alice Walker, In Search of Our Mothers' Gardens: Womanist Prose (San Diego: Harcourt Brace Jovanovich, 1983); Carol Gilligan, In a Different Voice: Psychological Theory and Women's Development (Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 1982); Judith Butler, Gender Trouble: Feminism and the Subversion of Identity (New York: Doubleday, 1989); Gloria Anzaldúa, Borderlands/La Frontera: The New Mestiza (San Francisco: Aunt Lute, 1987); Susan Bordo, "The Cartesian Masculinization of Thought," in Sex and Scientific Inquiry, ed. Sandra Harding and Jean F. O'Barr (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1987), 247-64; Joan Wallach Scott, "Deconstructing Equality-Difference, or the Use of Deconstruction for Feminist Theory," Feminist Studies 14 (spring 1988): 33-50; and Moira Gatens, Imaginary Bodies (New York: Routledge, 1996).
55. Jane Flax, "Political Theory and the Patriarchal Unconscious: A Psychoanalytic Perspective on Epistemology and Metaphysics," in Discovering Reality: Femi-nist Perspectives on Epistemology, Metaphysics, Methodology, and the Philosophy of Science, ed. Sandra Harding and Merrill B. Hintikka (Dordrecht, Netherlands: D. Reidel Publishing, 1983), 245-82.
56. For full discussion of anxieties of identity, space, and territory in feminist critiques of knowledges, 1975 through 1990, see Judith A. Allen, "Feminist Critiques of Western Knowledges: Spatial Anxieties in a Provisional Phase?" in Beyond the Disciplines: The New Humanities, ed. Ken K. Ruthven (Canberra: Australian Academy of the Humanities, 1992), 57-77. Indicative examples of these characteristics of the genre "feminist-critiques-of-disciplines" can be found in the essays anthologized in the following collections: Barbara Caine, Elizabeth Grosz, and Marie DeLepervauche, eds., Crossing Boundaries, Feminist Knowledge as Critique and Construct (Sydney, Australia: Allen & Unwin, 1988); Elizabeth Langland and Walter Grove, eds., A Feminist Perspective in the Academy: The Difference It Makes (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1983); Seyla Benhabib and Drucilla Cornell, eds., Feminism as Critique: Essays on the Politics of Gender in Late-Capitalist Socie-ties (Cambridge, England: Polity, 1987); Dale Spender, ed., Men's Studies Modified: The Impact of Feminism on the Academic Disciplines (London: Pergamon Press, 1981); Paula A. Treichler, Cheris Kramarae, and Beth Stafford, eds., For Alma Mater: Theory and Practice in Feminist Scholarship (Urbana: University of Illinois Press, 1985); Carole Pateman and Elizabeth Grosz, eds., Feminist Challenges: Political and Social Theory (Boston: Northeastern University Press, 1986); Joan E. Hartman and Ellen Messer-Davidow, eds., (En)Gendering Knowledge: Feminists in Academe (Knoxville: University of Tennessee Press, 1991); Jill Ker Conway, Susan C. Bourque, and Joan Wallach Scott, eds., Learning about Women: Gender, Politics, and Power (Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Press, 1989); and Anne C. Herrmann and Abigail J. Stewart, eds., Theorizing Feminism: Parallel Trends in the Humanities and Social Sciences (Boulder: Westview Press, 1994).
57. For full discussion of anxieties of identity, space, and territory in feminist critiques of knowledges, 1975 through 1990, see Judith A. Allen, "Feminist Critiques of Western Knowledges: Spatial Anxieties in a Provisional Phase?" in Beyond the Disciplines: The New Humanities, ed. Ken K. Ruthven (Canberra: Australian Academy of the Humanities, 1992), 57-77. Indicative examples of these characteristics of the genre "feminist-critiques-of-disciplines" can be found in the essays anthologized in the following collections: Barbara Caine, Elizabeth Grosz, and Marie DeLepervauche, eds., Crossing Boundaries, Feminist Knowledge as Critique and Construct (Sydney, Australia: Allen & Unwin, 1988); Elizabeth Langland and Walter Grove, eds., A Feminist Perspective in the Academy: The Difference It Makes (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1983); Seyla Benhabib and Drucilla Cornell, eds., Feminism as Critique: Essays on the Politics of Gender in Late-Capitalist Socie-ties (Cambridge, England: Polity, 1987); Dale Spender, ed., Men's Studies Modified: The Impact of Feminism on the Academic Disciplines (London: Pergamon Press, 1981); Paula A. Treichler, Cheris Kramarae, and Beth Stafford, eds., For Alma Mater: Theory and Practice in Feminist Scholarship (Urbana: University of Illinois Press, 1985); Carole Pateman and Elizabeth Grosz, eds., Feminist Challenges: Political and Social Theory (Boston: Northeastern University Press, 1986); Joan E. Hartman and Ellen Messer-Davidow, eds., (En)Gendering Knowledge: Feminists in Academe (Knoxville: University of Tennessee Press, 1991); Jill Ker Conway, Susan C. Bourque, and Joan Wallach Scott, eds., Learning about Women: Gender, Politics, and Power (Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Press, 1989); and Anne C. Herrmann and Abigail J. Stewart, eds., Theorizing Feminism: Parallel Trends in the Humanities and Social Sciences (Boulder: Westview Press, 1994).
58. For full discussion of anxieties of identity, space, and territory in feminist critiques of knowledges, 1975 through 1990, see Judith A. Allen, "Feminist Critiques of Western Knowledges: Spatial Anxieties in a Provisional Phase?" in Beyond the Disciplines: The New Humanities, ed. Ken K. Ruthven (Canberra: Australian Academy of the Humanities, 1992), 57-77. Indicative examples of these characteristics of the genre "feminist-critiques-of-disciplines" can be found in the essays anthologized in the following collections: Barbara Caine, Elizabeth Grosz, and Marie DeLepervauche, eds., Crossing Boundaries, Feminist Knowledge as Critique and Construct (Sydney, Australia: Allen & Unwin, 1988); Elizabeth Langland and Walter Grove, eds., A Feminist Perspective in the Academy: The Difference It Makes (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1983); Seyla Benhabib and Drucilla Cornell, eds., Feminism as Critique: Essays on the Politics of Gender in Late-Capitalist Socie-ties (Cambridge, England: Polity, 1987); Dale Spender, ed., Men's Studies Modified: The Impact of Feminism on the Academic Disciplines (London: Pergamon Press, 1981); Paula A. Treichler, Cheris Kramarae, and Beth Stafford, eds., For Alma Mater: Theory and Practice in Feminist Scholarship (Urbana: University of Illinois Press, 1985); Carole Pateman and Elizabeth Grosz, eds., Feminist Challenges: Political and Social Theory (Boston: Northeastern University Press, 1986); Joan E. Hartman and Ellen Messer-Davidow, eds., (En)Gendering Knowledge: Feminists in Academe (Knoxville: University of Tennessee Press, 1991); Jill Ker Conway, Susan C. Bourque, and Joan Wallach Scott, eds., Learning about Women: Gender, Politics, and Power (Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Press, 1989); and Anne C. Herrmann and Abigail J. Stewart, eds., Theorizing Feminism: Parallel Trends in the Humanities and Social Sciences (Boulder: Westview Press, 1994).
59. For full discussion of anxieties of identity, space, and territory in feminist critiques of knowledges, 1975 through 1990, see Judith A. Allen, "Feminist Critiques of Western Knowledges: Spatial Anxieties in a Provisional Phase?" in Beyond the Disciplines: The New Humanities, ed. Ken K. Ruthven (Canberra: Australian Academy of the Humanities, 1992), 57-77. Indicative examples of these characteristics of the genre "feminist-critiques-of-disciplines" can be found in the essays anthologized in the following collections: Barbara Caine, Elizabeth Grosz, and Marie DeLepervauche, eds., Crossing Boundaries, Feminist Knowledge as Critique and Construct (Sydney, Australia: Allen & Unwin, 1988); Elizabeth Langland and Walter Grove, eds., A Feminist Perspective in the Academy: The Difference It Makes (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1983); Seyla Benhabib and Drucilla Cornell, eds., Feminism as Critique: Essays on the Politics of Gender in Late-Capitalist Socie-ties (Cambridge, England: Polity, 1987); Dale Spender, ed., Men's Studies Modified: The Impact of Feminism on the Academic Disciplines (London: Pergamon Press, 1981); Paula A. Treichler, Cheris Kramarae, and Beth Stafford, eds., For Alma Mater: Theory and Practice in Feminist Scholarship (Urbana: University of Illinois Press, 1985); Carole Pateman and Elizabeth Grosz, eds., Feminist Challenges: Political and Social Theory (Boston: Northeastern University Press, 1986); Joan E. Hartman and Ellen Messer-Davidow, eds., (En)Gendering Knowledge: Feminists in Academe (Knoxville: University of Tennessee Press, 1991); Jill Ker Conway, Susan C. Bourque, and Joan Wallach Scott, eds., Learning about Women: Gender, Politics, and Power (Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Press, 1989); and Anne C. Herrmann and Abigail J. Stewart, eds., Theorizing Feminism: Parallel Trends in the Humanities and Social Sciences (Boulder: Westview Press, 1994).
60. For full discussion of anxieties of identity, space, and territory in feminist critiques of knowledges, 1975 through 1990, see Judith A. Allen, "Feminist Critiques of Western Knowledges: Spatial Anxieties in a Provisional Phase?" in Beyond the Disciplines: The New Humanities, ed. Ken K. Ruthven (Canberra: Australian Academy of the Humanities, 1992), 57-77. Indicative examples of these characteristics of the genre "feminist-critiques-of-disciplines" can be found in the essays anthologized in the following collections: Barbara Caine, Elizabeth Grosz, and Marie DeLepervauche, eds., Crossing Boundaries, Feminist Knowledge as Critique and Construct (Sydney, Australia: Allen & Unwin, 1988); Elizabeth Langland and Walter Grove, eds., A Feminist Perspective in the Academy: The Difference It Makes (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1983); Seyla Benhabib and Drucilla Cornell, eds., Feminism as Critique: Essays on the Politics of Gender in Late-Capitalist Socie-ties (Cambridge, England: Polity, 1987); Dale Spender, ed., Men's Studies Modified: The Impact of Feminism on the Academic Disciplines (London: Pergamon Press, 1981); Paula A. Treichler, Cheris Kramarae, and Beth Stafford, eds., For Alma Mater: Theory and Practice in Feminist Scholarship (Urbana: University of Illinois Press, 1985); Carole Pateman and Elizabeth Grosz, eds., Feminist Challenges: Political and Social Theory (Boston: Northeastern University Press, 1986); Joan E. Hartman and Ellen Messer-Davidow, eds., (En)Gendering Knowledge: Feminists in Academe (Knoxville: University of Tennessee Press, 1991); Jill Ker Conway, Susan C. Bourque, and Joan Wallach Scott, eds., Learning about Women: Gender, Politics, and Power (Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Press, 1989); and Anne C. Herrmann and Abigail J. Stewart, eds., Theorizing Feminism: Parallel Trends in the Humanities and Social Sciences (Boulder: Westview Press, 1994).
61. For full discussion of anxieties of identity, space, and territory in feminist critiques of knowledges, 1975 through 1990, see Judith A. Allen, "Feminist Critiques of Western Knowledges: Spatial Anxieties in a Provisional Phase?" in Beyond the Disciplines: The New Humanities, ed. Ken K. Ruthven (Canberra: Australian Academy of the Humanities, 1992), 57-77. Indicative examples of these characteristics of the genre "feminist-critiques-of-disciplines" can be found in the essays anthologized in the following collections: Barbara Caine, Elizabeth Grosz, and Marie DeLepervauche, eds., Crossing Boundaries, Feminist Knowledge as Critique and Construct (Sydney, Australia: Allen & Unwin, 1988); Elizabeth Langland and Walter Grove, eds., A Feminist Perspective in the Academy: The Difference It Makes (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1983); Seyla Benhabib and Drucilla Cornell, eds., Feminism as Critique: Essays on the Politics of Gender in Late-Capitalist Socie-ties (Cambridge, England: Polity, 1987); Dale Spender, ed., Men's Studies Modified: The Impact of Feminism on the Academic Disciplines (London: Pergamon Press, 1981); Paula A. Treichler, Cheris Kramarae, and Beth Stafford, eds., For Alma Mater: Theory and Practice in Feminist Scholarship (Urbana: University of Illinois Press, 1985); Carole Pateman and Elizabeth Grosz, eds., Feminist Challenges: Political and Social Theory (Boston: Northeastern University Press, 1986); Joan E. Hartman and Ellen Messer-Davidow, eds., (En)Gendering Knowledge: Feminists in Academe (Knoxville: University of Tennessee Press, 1991); Jill Ker Conway, Susan C. Bourque, and Joan Wallach Scott, eds., Learning about Women: Gender, Politics, and Power (Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Press, 1989); and Anne C. Herrmann and Abigail J. Stewart, eds., Theorizing Feminism: Parallel Trends in the Humanities and Social Sciences (Boulder: Westview Press, 1994).
62. For full discussion of anxieties of identity, space, and territory in feminist critiques of knowledges, 1975 through 1990, see Judith A. Allen, "Feminist Critiques of Western Knowledges: Spatial Anxieties in a Provisional Phase?" in Beyond the Disciplines: The New Humanities, ed. Ken K. Ruthven (Canberra: Australian Academy of the Humanities, 1992), 57-77. Indicative examples of these characteristics of the genre "feminist-critiques-of-disciplines" can be found in the essays anthologized in the following collections: Barbara Caine, Elizabeth Grosz, and Marie DeLepervauche, eds., Crossing Boundaries, Feminist Knowledge as Critique and Construct (Sydney, Australia: Allen & Unwin, 1988); Elizabeth Langland and Walter Grove, eds., A Feminist Perspective in the Academy: The Difference It Makes (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1983); Seyla Benhabib and Drucilla Cornell, eds., Feminism as Critique: Essays on the Politics of Gender in Late-Capitalist Socie-ties (Cambridge, England: Polity, 1987); Dale Spender, ed., Men's Studies Modified: The Impact of Feminism on the Academic Disciplines (London: Pergamon Press, 1981); Paula A. Treichler, Cheris Kramarae, and Beth Stafford, eds., For Alma Mater: Theory and Practice in Feminist Scholarship (Urbana: University of Illinois Press, 1985); Carole Pateman and Elizabeth Grosz, eds., Feminist Challenges: Political and Social Theory (Boston: Northeastern University Press, 1986); Joan E. Hartman and Ellen Messer-Davidow, eds., (En)Gendering Knowledge: Feminists in Academe (Knoxville: University of Tennessee Press, 1991); Jill Ker Conway, Susan C. Bourque, and Joan Wallach Scott, eds., Learning about Women: Gender, Politics, and Power (Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Press, 1989); and Anne C. Herrmann and Abigail J. Stewart, eds., Theorizing Feminism: Parallel Trends in the Humanities and Social Sciences (Boulder: Westview Press, 1994).
63. For full discussion of anxieties of identity, space, and territory in feminist critiques of knowledges, 1975 through 1990, see Judith A. Allen, "Feminist Critiques of Western Knowledges: Spatial Anxieties in a Provisional Phase?" in Beyond the Disciplines: The New Humanities, ed. Ken K. Ruthven (Canberra: Australian Academy of the Humanities, 1992), 57-77. Indicative examples of these characteristics of the genre "feminist-critiques-of-disciplines" can be found in the essays anthologized in the following collections: Barbara Caine, Elizabeth Grosz, and Marie DeLepervauche, eds., Crossing Boundaries, Feminist Knowledge as Critique and Construct (Sydney, Australia: Allen & Unwin, 1988); Elizabeth Langland and Walter Grove, eds., A Feminist Perspective in the Academy: The Difference It Makes (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1983); Seyla Benhabib and Drucilla Cornell, eds., Feminism as Critique: Essays on the Politics of Gender in Late-Capitalist Socie-ties (Cambridge, England: Polity, 1987); Dale Spender, ed., Men's Studies Modified: The Impact of Feminism on the Academic Disciplines (London: Pergamon Press, 1981); Paula A. Treichler, Cheris Kramarae, and Beth Stafford, eds., For Alma Mater: Theory and Practice in Feminist Scholarship (Urbana: University of Illinois Press, 1985); Carole Pateman and Elizabeth Grosz, eds., Feminist Challenges: Political and Social Theory (Boston: Northeastern University Press, 1986); Joan E. Hartman and Ellen Messer-Davidow, eds., (En)Gendering Knowledge: Feminists in Academe (Knoxville: University of Tennessee Press, 1991); Jill Ker Conway, Susan C. Bourque, and Joan Wallach
64. For full discussion of anxieties of identity, space, and territory in feminist critiques of knowledges, 1975 through 1990, see Judith A. Allen, "Feminist Critiques of Western Knowledges: Spatial Anxieties in a Provisional Phase?" in Beyond the Disciplines: The New Humanities, ed. Ken K. Ruthven (Canberra: Australian Academy of the Humanities, 1992), 57-77. Indicative examples of these characteristics of the genre "feminist-critiques-of-disciplines" can be found in the essays anthologized in the following collections: Barbara Caine, Elizabeth Grosz, and Marie DeLepervauche, eds., Crossing Boundaries, Feminist Knowledge as Critique and Construct (Sydney, Australia: Allen & Unwin, 1988); Elizabeth Langland and Walter Grove, eds., A Feminist Perspective in the Academy: The Difference It Makes (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1983); Seyla Benhabib and Drucilla Cornell, eds., Feminism as Critique: Essays on the Politics of Gender in Late-Capitalist Socie-ties (Cambridge, England: Polity, 1987); Dale Spender, ed., Men's Studies Modified: The Impact of Feminism on the Academic Disciplines (London: Pergamon Press, 1981); Paula A. Treichler, Cheris Kramarae, and Beth Stafford, eds., For Alma Mater: Theory and Practice in Feminist Scholarship (Urbana: University of Illinois Press, 1985); Carole Pateman and Elizabeth Grosz, eds., Feminist Challenges: Political and Social Theory (Boston: Northeastern University Press, 1986); Joan E. Hartman and Ellen Messer-Davidow, eds., (En)Gendering Knowledge: Feminists in Academe (Knoxville: University of Tennessee Press, 1991); Jill Ker Conway, Susan C. Bourque, and Joan Wallach Scott, eds., Learning about Women: Gender, Politics, and Power (Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Press, 1989); and Anne C. Herrmann and Abigail J. Stewart, eds., Theorizing Feminism: Parallel Trends in the Humanities and Social Sciences (Boulder: Westview Press, 1994).
65. For full discussion of anxieties of identity, space, and territory in feminist critiques of knowledges, 1975 through 1990, see Judith A. Allen, "Feminist Critiques of Western Knowledges: Spatial Anxieties in a Provisional Phase?" in Beyond the Disciplines: The New Humanities, ed. Ken K. Ruthven (Canberra: Australian Academy of the Humanities, 1992), 57-77. Indicative examples of these characteristics of the genre "feminist-critiques-of-disciplines" can be found in the essays anthologized in the following collections: Barbara Caine, Elizabeth Grosz, and Marie DeLepervauche, eds., Crossing Boundaries, Feminist Knowledge as Critique and Construct (Sydney, Australia: Allen & Unwin, 1988); Elizabeth Langland and Walter Grove, eds., A Feminist Perspective in the Academy: The Difference It Makes (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1983); Seyla Benhabib and Drucilla Cornell, eds., Feminism as Critique: Essays on the Politics of Gender in Late-Capitalist Socie-ties (Cambridge, England: Polity, 1987); Dale Spender, ed., Men's Studies Modified: The Impact of Feminism on the Academic Disciplines (London: Pergamon Press, 1981); Paula A. Treichler, Cheris Kramarae, and Beth Stafford, eds., For Alma Mater: Theory and Practice in Feminist Scholarship (Urbana: University of Illinois Press, 1985); Carole Pateman and Elizabeth Grosz, eds., Feminist Challenges: Political and Social Theory (Boston: Northeastern University Press, 1986); Joan E. Hartman and Ellen Messer-Davidow, eds., (En)Gendering Knowledge: Feminists in Academe (Knoxville: University of Tennessee Press, 1991); Jill Ker Conway, Susan C. Bourque, and Joan Wallach Scott, eds., Learning about Women: Gender, Politics, and Power (Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Press, 1989); and Anne C. Herrmann and Abigail J. Stewart, eds., Theorizing Feminism: Parallel Trends in the Humanities and Social Sciences (Boulder: Westview Press, 1994).
66. See, for instance, Ellen Carol DuBois et al., Feminist Scholarship: Kindling in the Groves of Academe (Urbana: University of Illinois Press, 1985), 37-52; and Allen, "Feminist Critiques of Western Knowledges," 67-69.
67. See, for instance, Ellen Carol DuBois et al., Feminist Scholarship: Kindling in the Groves of Academe (Urbana: University of Illinois Press, 1985), 37-52; and Allen, "Feminist Critiques of Western Knowledges," 67-69.
68. Elizabeth Grosz, "Contemporary Theories of Power and Subjectivity," in Crossing Boundaries, 59.
69. For an insightful philosophical analysis of this impossible dilemma, see Lynette McGrath, "An Ethical Justification of Women's Studies; or What's a Nice Girl like You Doing in a Place Like This?" Hypatia 6 (summer 1991): 137-52.
70. For good explanations of this stance, and descriptions of its varying outworkings, see Marilyn Boxer, "For and about Women: The Theory and Practice of Women's Studies," Signs 7 (spring 1982): 666-95; Florence Howe and Carol Ahlum, "Women's Studies and Social Change," in Academic Women on the Move, ed. Alice Rossi and Ann Calderwood (New York: Russell Sage, 1973); Florence Howe, Seven Years Later: Women's Studies Programs in 1976 (Old Westbury: State University of New York, 1977), "Breaking the Disciplines," in The Structures of Knowledge: A Feminist Perspective, ed. Beth Reed (Ann Arbor: Great Lakes Colleges Association Women's Studies Program, 1978), 1-10, and "Women's Studies and Curricular Change," in Women in Academe: Problems and Prospects, ed. Mariam K. Chamberlain (New York: Russell Sage, 1988); Florence Howe and Paul Lauter, The Impact of Women's Studies on the Campus and the Disciplines (Old Westbury: State University of New York, 1980); Catharine R. Stimpson, "Women's Studies: An Overview," University of Michigan Papers in Women's Studies, 14-26 May 1978, and "Feminist Criticism," in Redrawing the Boundaries: The Transformation of English and American Literary Studies, ed. Stephen Greenblatt and Giles Gunn (New York: Modern Language Association, 1992); Catharine Stimpson and Nina Kressner Cobb, Women's Studies in the United States (New York: Ford Foundation, 1986); Johnella Butler, Sandra Coyner, Margaret Romans, Marlene Longenecker, Caryn McTighe Musil, "Women's Studies," in Liberal Learning and the Arts and Sciences Major: Reports from the Field (Washington, D.C.: Association of American Colleges and Universities, 1990), 2: 207-24; and Beverly Guy-Sheftall and Susan Heath, Women's Studies: A Retrospective (New York: Ford Foundation, 1995).
71. For good explanations of this stance, and descriptions of its varying outworkings, see Marilyn Boxer, "For and about Women: The Theory and Practice of Women's Studies," Signs 7 (spring 1982): 666-95; Florence Howe and Carol Ahlum, "Women's Studies and Social Change," in Academic Women on the Move, ed. Alice Rossi and Ann Calderwood (New York: Russell Sage, 1973); Florence Howe, Seven Years Later: Women's Studies Programs in 1976 (Old Westbury: State University of New York, 1977), "Breaking the Disciplines," in The Structures of Knowledge: A Feminist Perspective, ed. Beth Reed (Ann Arbor: Great Lakes Colleges Association Women's Studies Program, 1978), 1-10, and "Women's Studies and Curricular Change," in Women in Academe: Problems and Prospects, ed. Mariam K. Chamberlain (New York: Russell Sage, 1988); Florence Howe and Paul Lauter, The Impact of Women's Studies on the Campus and the Disciplines (Old Westbury: State University of New York, 1980); Catharine R. Stimpson, "Women's Studies: An Overview," University of Michigan Papers in Women's Studies, 14-26 May 1978, and "Feminist Criticism," in Redrawing the Boundaries: The Transformation of English and American Literary Studies, ed. Stephen Greenblatt and Giles Gunn (New York: Modern Language Association, 1992); Catharine Stimpson and Nina Kressner Cobb, Women's Studies in the United States (New York: Ford Foundation, 1986); Johnella Butler, Sandra Coyner, Margaret Romans, Marlene Longenecker, Caryn McTighe Musil, "Women's Studies," in Liberal Learning and the Arts and Sciences Major: Reports from the Field (Washington, D.C.: Association of American Colleges and Universities, 1990), 2: 207-24; and Beverly Guy-Sheftall and Susan Heath, Women's Studies: A Retrospective (New York: Ford Foundation, 1995).
72. For good explanations of this stance, and descriptions of its varying outworkings, see Marilyn Boxer, "For and about Women: The Theory and Practice of Women's Studies," Signs 7 (spring 1982): 666-95; Florence Howe and Carol Ahlum, "Women's Studies and Social Change," in Academic Women on the Move, ed. Alice Rossi and Ann Calderwood (New York: Russell Sage, 1973); Florence Howe, Seven Years Later: Women's Studies Programs in 1976 (Old Westbury: State University of New York, 1977), "Breaking the Disciplines," in The Structures of Knowledge: A Feminist Perspective, ed. Beth Reed (Ann Arbor: Great Lakes Colleges Association Women's Studies Program, 1978), 1-10, and "Women's Studies and Curricular Change," in Women in Academe: Problems and Prospects, ed. Mariam K. Chamberlain (New York: Russell Sage, 1988); Florence Howe and Paul Lauter, The Impact of Women's Studies on the Campus and the Disciplines (Old Westbury: State University of New York, 1980); Catharine R. Stimpson, "Women's Studies: An Overview," University of Michigan Papers in Women's Studies, 14-26 May 1978, and "Feminist Criticism," in Redrawing the Boundaries: The Transformation of English and American Literary Studies, ed. Stephen Greenblatt and Giles Gunn (New York: Modern Language Association, 1992); Catharine Stimpson and Nina Kressner Cobb, Women's Studies in the United States (New York: Ford Foundation, 1986); Johnella Butler, Sandra Coyner, Margaret Romans, Marlene Longenecker, Caryn McTighe Musil, "Women's Studies," in Liberal Learning and the Arts and Sciences Major: Reports from the Field (Washington, D.C.: Association of American Colleges and Universities, 1990), 2: 207-24; and Beverly Guy-Sheftall and Susan Heath, Women's Studies: A Retrospective (New York: Ford Foundation, 1995).
73. For good explanations of this stance, and descriptions of its varying outworkings, see Marilyn Boxer, "For and about Women: The Theory and Practice of Women's Studies," Signs 7 (spring 1982): 666-95; Florence Howe and Carol Ahlum, "Women's Studies and Social Change," in Academic Women on the Move, ed. Alice Rossi and Ann Calderwood (New York: Russell Sage, 1973); Florence Howe, Seven Years Later: Women's Studies Programs in 1976 (Old Westbury: State University of New York, 1977), "Breaking the Disciplines," in The Structures of Knowledge: A Feminist Perspective, ed. Beth Reed (Ann Arbor: Great Lakes Colleges Association Women's Studies Program, 1978), 1-10, and "Women's Studies and Curricular Change," in Women in Academe: Problems and Prospects, ed. Mariam K. Chamberlain (New York: Russell Sage, 1988); Florence Howe and Paul Lauter, The Impact of Women's Studies on the Campus and the Disciplines (Old Westbury: State University of New York, 1980); Catharine R. Stimpson, "Women's Studies: An Overview," University of Michigan Papers in Women's Studies, 14-26 May 1978, and "Feminist Criticism," in Redrawing the Boundaries: The Transformation of English and American Literary Studies, ed. Stephen Greenblatt and Giles Gunn (New York: Modern Language Association, 1992); Catharine Stimpson and Nina Kressner Cobb, Women's Studies in the United States (New York: Ford Foundation, 1986); Johnella Butler, Sandra Coyner, Margaret Romans, Marlene Longenecker, Caryn McTighe Musil, "Women's Studies," in Liberal Learning and the Arts and Sciences Major: Reports from the Field (Washington, D.C.: Association of American Colleges and Universities, 1990), 2: 207-24; and Beverly Guy-Sheftall and Susan Heath, Women's Studies: A Retrospective (New York: Ford Foundation, 1995).
74. For good explanations of this stance, and descriptions of its varying outworkings, see Marilyn Boxer, "For and about Women: The Theory and Practice of Women's Studies," Signs 7 (spring 1982): 666-95; Florence Howe and Carol Ahlum, "Women's Studies and Social Change," in Academic Women on the Move, ed. Alice Rossi and Ann Calderwood (New York: Russell Sage, 1973); Florence Howe, Seven Years Later: Women's Studies Programs in 1976 (Old Westbury: State University of New York, 1977), "Breaking the Disciplines," in The Structures of Knowledge: A Feminist Perspective, ed. Beth Reed (Ann Arbor: Great Lakes Colleges Association Women's Studies Program, 1978), 1-10, and "Women's Studies and Curricular Change," in Women in Academe: Problems and Prospects, ed. Mariam K. Chamberlain (New York: Russell Sage, 1988); Florence Howe and Paul Lauter, The Impact of Women's Studies on the Campus and the Disciplines (Old Westbury: State University of New York, 1980); Catharine R. Stimpson, "Women's Studies: An Overview," University of Michigan Papers in Women's Studies, 14-26 May 1978, and "Feminist Criticism," in Redrawing the Boundaries: The Transformation of English and American Literary Studies, ed. Stephen Greenblatt and Giles Gunn (New York: Modern Language Association, 1992); Catharine Stimpson and Nina Kressner Cobb, Women's Studies in the United States (New York: Ford Foundation, 1986); Johnella Butler, Sandra Coyner, Margaret Romans, Marlene Longenecker, Caryn McTighe Musil, "Women's Studies," in Liberal Learning and the Arts and Sciences Major: Reports from the Field (Washington, D.C.: Association of American Colleges and Universities, 1990), 2: 207-24; and Beverly Guy-Sheftall and Susan Heath, Women's Studies: A Retrospective (New York: Ford Foundation, 1995).
75. For good explanations of this stance, and descriptions of its varying outworkings, see Marilyn Boxer, "For and about Women: The Theory and Practice of Women's Studies," Signs 7 (spring 1982): 666-95; Florence Howe and Carol Ahlum, "Women's Studies and Social Change," in Academic Women on the Move, ed. Alice Rossi and Ann Calderwood (New York: Russell Sage, 1973); Florence Howe, Seven Years Later: Women's Studies Programs in 1976 (Old Westbury: State University of New York, 1977), "Breaking the Disciplines," in The Structures of Knowledge: A Feminist Perspective, ed. Beth Reed (Ann Arbor: Great Lakes Colleges Association Women's Studies Program, 1978), 1-10, and "Women's Studies and Curricular Change," in Women in Academe: Problems and Prospects, ed. Mariam K. Chamberlain (New York: Russell Sage, 1988); Florence Howe and Paul Lauter, The Impact of Women's Studies on the Campus and the Disciplines (Old Westbury: State University of New York, 1980); Catharine R. Stimpson, "Women's Studies: An Overview," University of Michigan Papers in Women's Studies, 14-26 May 1978, and "Feminist Criticism," in Redrawing the Boundaries: The Transformation of English and American Literary Studies, ed. Stephen Greenblatt and Giles Gunn (New York: Modern Language Association, 1992); Catharine Stimpson and Nina Kressner Cobb, Women's Studies in the United States (New York: Ford Foundation, 1986); Johnella Butler, Sandra Coyner, Margaret Romans, Marlene Longenecker, Caryn McTighe Musil, "Women's Studies," in Liberal Learning and the Arts and Sciences Major: Reports from the Field (Washington, D.C.: Association of American Colleges and Universities, 1990), 2: 207-24; and Beverly Guy-Sheftall and Susan Heath, Women's Studies: A Retrospective (New York: Ford Foundation, 1995).
76. For good explanations of this stance, and descriptions of its varying outworkings, see Marilyn Boxer, "For and about Women: The Theory and Practice of Women's Studies," Signs 7 (spring 1982): 666-95; Florence Howe and Carol Ahlum, "Women's Studies and Social Change," in Academic Women on the Move, ed. Alice Rossi and Ann Calderwood (New York: Russell Sage, 1973); Florence Howe, Seven Years Later: Women's Studies Programs in 1976 (Old Westbury: State University of New York, 1977), "Breaking the Disciplines," in The Structures of Knowledge: A Feminist Perspective, ed. Beth Reed (Ann Arbor: Great Lakes Colleges Association Women's Studies Program, 1978), 1-10, and "Women's Studies and Curricular Change," in Women in Academe: Problems and Prospects, ed. Mariam K. Chamberlain (New York: Russell Sage, 1988); Florence Howe and Paul Lauter, The Impact of Women's Studies on the Campus and the Disciplines (Old Westbury: State University of New York, 1980); Catharine R. Stimpson, "Women's Studies: An Overview," University of Michigan Papers in Women's Studies, 14-26 May 1978, and "Feminist Criticism," in Redrawing the Boundaries: The Transformation of English and American Literary Studies, ed. Stephen Greenblatt and Giles Gunn (New York: Modern Language Association, 1992); Catharine Stimpson and Nina Kressner Cobb, Women's Studies in the United States (New York: Ford Foundation, 1986); Johnella Butler, Sandra Coyner, Margaret Romans, Marlene Longenecker, Caryn McTighe Musil, "Women's Studies," in Liberal Learning and the Arts and Sciences Major: Reports from the Field (Washington, D.C.: Association of American Colleges and Universities, 1990), 2: 207-24; and Beverly Guy-Sheftall and Susan Heath, Women's Studies: A Retrospective (New York: Ford Foundation, 1995).
77. For good explanations of this stance, and descriptions of its varying outworkings, see Marilyn Boxer, "For and about Women: The Theory and Practice of Women's Studies," Signs 7 (spring 1982): 666-95; Florence Howe and Carol Ahlum, "Women's Studies and Social Change," in Academic Women on the Move, ed. Alice Rossi and Ann Calderwood (New York: Russell Sage, 1973); Florence Howe, Seven Years Later: Women's Studies Programs in 1976 (Old Westbury: State University of New York, 1977), "Breaking the Disciplines," in The Structures of Knowledge: A Feminist Perspective, ed. Beth Reed (Ann Arbor: Great Lakes Colleges Association Women's Studies Program, 1978), 1-10, and "Women's Studies and Curricular Change," in Women in Academe: Problems and Prospects, ed. Mariam K. Chamberlain (New York: Russell Sage, 1988); Florence Howe and Paul Lauter, The Impact of Women's Studies on the Campus and the Disciplines (Old Westbury: State University of New York, 1980); Catharine R. Stimpson, "Women's Studies: An Overview," University of Michigan Papers in Women's Studies, 14-26 May 1978, and "Feminist Criticism," in Redrawing the Boundaries: The Transformation of English and American Literary Studies, ed. Stephen Greenblatt and Giles Gunn (New York: Modern Language Association, 1992); Catharine Stimpson and Nina Kressner Cobb, Women's Studies in the United States (New York: Ford Foundation, 1986); Johnella Butler, Sandra Coyner, Margaret Romans, Marlene Longenecker, Caryn McTighe Musil, "Women's Studies," in Liberal Learning and the Arts and Sciences Major: Reports from the Field (Washington, D.C.: Association of American Colleges and Universities, 1990), 2: 207-24; and Beverly Guy-Sheftall and Susan Heath, Women's Studies: A Retrospective (New York: Ford Foundation, 1995).
78. For good explanations of this stance, and descriptions of its varying outworkings, see Marilyn Boxer, "For and about Women: The Theory and Practice of Women's Studies," Signs 7 (spring 1982): 666-95; Florence Howe and Carol Ahlum, "Women's Studies and Social Change," in Academic Women on the Move, ed. Alice Rossi and Ann Calderwood (New York: Russell Sage, 1973); Florence Howe, Seven Years Later: Women's Studies Programs in 1976 (Old Westbury: State University of New York, 1977), "Breaking the Disciplines," in The Structures of Knowledge: A Feminist Perspective, ed. Beth Reed (Ann Arbor: Great Lakes Colleges Association Women's Studies Program, 1978), 1-10, and "Women's Studies and Curricular Change," in Women in Academe: Problems and Prospects, ed. Mariam K. Chamberlain (New York: Russell Sage, 1988); Florence Howe and Paul Lauter, The Impact of Women's Studies on the Campus and the Disciplines (Old Westbury: State University of New York, 1980); Catharine R. Stimpson, "Women's Studies: An Overview," University of Michigan Papers in Women's Studies, 14-26 May 1978, and "Feminist Criticism," in Redrawing the Boundaries: The Transformation of English and American Literary Studies, ed. Stephen Greenblatt and Giles Gunn (New York: Modern Language Association, 1992); Catharine Stimpson and Nina Kressner Cobb, Women's Studies in the United States (New York: Ford Foundation, 1986); Johnella Butler, Sandra Coyner, Margaret Romans, Marlene Longenecker, Caryn McTighe Musil, "Women's Studies," in Liberal Learning and the Arts and Sciences Major: Reports from the Field (Washington, D.C.: Association of American Colleges and Universities, 1990), 2: 207-24; and Beverly Guy-Sheftall and Susan Heath, Women's Studies: A Retrospective (New York: Ford Foundation, 1995).
79. For good explanations of this stance, and descriptions of its varying outworkings, see Marilyn Boxer, "For and about Women: The Theory and Practice of Women's Studies," Signs 7 (spring 1982): 666-95; Florence Howe and Carol Ahlum, "Women's Studies and Social Change," in Academic Women on the Move, ed. Alice Rossi and Ann Calderwood (New York: Russell Sage, 1973); Florence Howe, Seven Years Later: Women's Studies Programs in 1976 (Old Westbury: State University of New York, 1977), "Breaking the Disciplines," in The Structures of Knowledge: A Feminist Perspective, ed. Beth Reed (Ann Arbor: Great Lakes Colleges Association Women's Studies Program, 1978), 1-10, and "Women's Studies and Curricular Change," in Women in Academe: Problems and Prospects, ed. Mariam K. Chamberlain (New York: Russell Sage, 1988); Florence Howe and Paul Lauter, The Impact of Women's Studies on the Campus and the Disciplines (Old Westbury: State University of New York, 1980); Catharine R. Stimpson, "Women's Studies: An Overview," University of Michigan Papers in Women's Studies, 14-26 May 1978, and "Feminist Criticism," in Redrawing the Boundaries: The Transformation of English and American Literary Studies, ed. Stephen Greenblatt and Giles Gunn (New York: Modern Language Association, 1992); Catharine Stimpson and Nina Kressner Cobb, Women's Studies in the United States (New York: Ford Foundation, 1986); Johnella Butler, Sandra Coyner, Margaret Romans, Marlene Longenecker, Caryn McTighe Musil, "Women's Studies," in Liberal Learning and the Arts and Sciences Major: Reports from the Field (Washington, D.C.: Association of American Colleges and Universities, 1990), 2: 207-24; and Beverly Guy-Sheftall and Susan Heath, Women's Studies: A Retrospective (New York: Ford Foundation, 1995).
80. For good explanations of this stance, and descriptions of its varying outworkings, see Marilyn Boxer, "For and about Women: The Theory and Practice of Women's Studies," Signs 7 (spring 1982): 666-95; Florence Howe and Carol Ahlum, "Women's Studies and Social Change," in Academic Women on the Move, ed. Alice Rossi and Ann Calderwood (New York: Russell Sage, 1973); Florence Howe, Seven Years Later: Women's Studies Programs in 1976 (Old Westbury: State University of New York, 1977), "Breaking the Disciplines," in The Structures of Knowledge: A Feminist Perspective, ed. Beth Reed (Ann Arbor: Great Lakes Colleges Association Women's Studies Program, 1978), 1-10, and "Women's Studies and Curricular Change," in Women in Academe: Problems and Prospects, ed. Mariam K. Chamberlain (New York: Russell Sage, 1988); Florence Howe and Paul Lauter, The Impact of Women's Studies on the Campus and the Disciplines (Old Westbury: State University of New York, 1980); Catharine R. Stimpson, "Women's Studies: An Overview," University of Michigan Papers in Women's Studies, 14-26 May 1978, and "Feminist Criticism," in Redrawing the Boundaries: The Transformation of English and American Literary Studies, ed. Stephen Greenblatt and Giles Gunn (New York: Modern Language Association, 1992); Catharine Stimpson and Nina Kressner Cobb, Women's Studies in the United States (New York: Ford Foundation, 1986); Johnella Butler, Sandra Coyner, Margaret Romans, Marlene Longenecker, Caryn McTighe Musil, "Women's Studies," in Liberal Learning and the Arts and Sciences Major: Reports from the Field (Washington, D.C.: Association of American Colleges and Universities, 1990), 2: 207-24; and Beverly Guy-Sheftall and Susan Heath, Women's Studies: A Retrospective (New York: Ford Foundation, 1995).
81. Diana Scully, "Overview of Women's Studies: Organization and Institutional Status in U.S. Higher Education," NWSA Journal 8 (fall 1996): 123, 124. Of course, some programs that would welcome the change to departmental status have not been given the chance to choose.
82. Gumport, 290.
83. See discussion of these issues in Ann Lefter, Dair Gillespie, and Elinor Lerner, Academic Feminists and the Women's Movement (Iowa City: Iowa City Women's Press, 1973).
84. Jill Roe, "From Sydney to Boston and Back in Twenty-Five Years, with an Account of Many Strange and Unexpected Happenings along the Way, or There's No Place Like Home," Australian Historical Studies 106 (April 1996): 37-48.
85. Judith A. Allen and Tiina Kirss (with Brian Carr), "Report on Survey of NWSA Women's Studies Program Administrators Caucus, June 1996" (unpublished report, Indiana University, Bloomington, 1996), 3.
86. Rosi Braidotti, "Women's Studies at the University of Utrecht," Women's Studies International Forum 16 (July-August 1993): 311-25; Saskia Grotenhuis, "Women's Studies in The Netherlands: A Successful Institutionalization?" Feminist Studies 15 (fall 1989): 525-39; Mariam K. Chamberlain and Allison Bernstein, "Philanthropy and the Emergence of Women's Studies," Teacher's College Record 93 (spring 1992): 556-68; Hsieh Hsiao-chin, "Women's Studies in Taiwan, 1985-1992" (132-47); Vina Mazumbar, "Women's Studies and the Women's Movement in India: An Overview" (42-55); Peta Tancred, "Into the Third Decade of Canadian Women's Studies: A Glass Half-Empty or Half-Full?" (12-26), all in Women's Studies Quarterly 22 (fall-winter 1994); and Roe.
87. Rosi Braidotti, "Women's Studies at the University of Utrecht," Women's Studies International Forum 16 (July-August 1993): 311-25; Saskia Grotenhuis, "Women's Studies in The Netherlands: A Successful Institutionalization?" Feminist Studies 15 (fall 1989): 525-39; Mariam K. Chamberlain and Allison Bernstein, "Philanthropy and the Emergence of Women's Studies," Teacher's College Record 93 (spring 1992): 556-68; Hsieh Hsiao-chin, "Women's Studies in Taiwan, 1985-1992" (132-47); Vina Mazumbar, "Women's Studies and the Women's Movement in India: An Overview" (42-55); Peta Tancred, "Into the Third Decade of Canadian Women's Studies: A Glass Half-Empty or Half-Full?" (12-26), all in Women's Studies Quarterly 22 (fall-winter 1994); and Roe.
88. Rosi Braidotti, "Women's Studies at the University of Utrecht," Women's Studies International Forum 16 (July-August 1993): 311-25; Saskia Grotenhuis, "Women's Studies in The Netherlands: A Successful Institutionalization?" Feminist Studies 15 (fall 1989): 525-39; Mariam K. Chamberlain and Allison Bernstein, "Philanthropy and the Emergence of Women's Studies," Teacher's College Record 93 (spring 1992): 556-68; Hsieh Hsiao-chin, "Women's Studies in Taiwan, 1985-1992" (132-47); Vina Mazumbar, "Women's Studies and the Women's Movement in India: An Overview" (42-55); Peta Tancred, "Into the Third Decade of Canadian Women's Studies: A Glass Half-Empty or Half-Full?" (12-26), all in Women's Studies Quarterly 22 (fall-winter 1994); and Roe.
89. Rosi Braidotti, "Women's Studies at the University of Utrecht," Women's Studies International Forum 16 (July-August 1993): 311-25; Saskia Grotenhuis, "Women's Studies in The Netherlands: A Successful Institutionalization?" Feminist Studies 15 (fall 1989): 525-39; Mariam K. Chamberlain and Allison Bernstein, "Philanthropy and the Emergence of Women's Studies," Teacher's College Record 93 (spring 1992): 556-68; Hsieh Hsiao-chin, "Women's Studies in Taiwan, 1985-1992" (132-47); Vina Mazumbar, "Women's Studies and the Women's Movement in India: An Overview" (42-55); Peta Tancred, "Into the Third Decade of Canadian Women's Studies: A Glass Half-Empty or Half-Full?" (12-26), all in Women's Studies Quarterly 22 (fall-winter 1994); and Roe.
90. Rosi Braidotti, "Women's Studies at the University of Utrecht," Women's Studies International Forum 16 (July-August 1993): 311-25; Saskia Grotenhuis, "Women's Studies in The Netherlands: A Successful Institutionalization?" Feminist Studies 15 (fall 1989): 525-39; Mariam K. Chamberlain and Allison Bernstein, "Philanthropy and the Emergence of Women's Studies," Teacher's College Record 93 (spring 1992): 556-68; Hsieh Hsiao-chin, "Women's Studies in Taiwan, 1985-1992" (132-47); Vina Mazumbar, "Women's Studies and the Women's Movement in India: An Overview" (42-55); Peta Tancred, "Into the Third Decade of Canadian Women's Studies: A Glass Half-Empty or Half-Full?" (12-26), all in Women's Studies Quarterly 22 (fall-winter 1994); and Roe.
91. Rosi Braidotti, "Women's Studies at the University of Utrecht," Women's Studies International Forum 16 (July-August 1993): 311-25; Saskia Grotenhuis, "Women's Studies in The Netherlands: A Successful Institutionalization?" Feminist Studies 15 (fall 1989): 525-39; Mariam K. Chamberlain and Allison Bernstein, "Philanthropy and the Emergence of Women's Studies," Teacher's College Record 93 (spring 1992): 556-68; Hsieh Hsiao-chin, "Women's Studies in Taiwan, 1985-1992" (132-47); Vina Mazumbar, "Women's Studies and the Women's Movement in India: An Overview" (42-55); Peta Tancred, "Into the Third Decade of Canadian Women's Studies: A Glass Half-Empty or Half-Full?" (12-26), all in Women's Studies Quarterly 22 (fall-winter 1994); and Roe.
92. For recent accounts of progress of successful departments, programs, and centers in these critical areas, the following are indicative: Graduate Programme in Women's Studies, 1996-98 (Toronto, Canada: York University, 1995); Center for Advanced Feminist Studies [University of Minnesota], 12 (fall 1994): 1-2; From the Center: Center for the Study of Women in Society, University of Oregon, vol. 5 (fall 1995): 4-5, 15; and Research Report: Center for Research on Women, Wellesley College, vol. 15 (spring 1996): 3-4.
93. For recent accounts of progress of successful departments, programs, and centers in these critical areas, the following are indicative: Graduate Programme in Women's Studies, 1996-98 (Toronto, Canada: York University, 1995); Center for Advanced Feminist Studies [University of Minnesota], 12 (fall 1994): 1-2; From the Center: Center for the Study of Women in Society, University of Oregon, vol. 5 (fall 1995): 4-5, 15; and Research Report: Center for Research on Women, Wellesley College, vol. 15 (spring 1996): 3-4.
94. For recent accounts of progress of successful departments, programs, and centers in these critical areas, the following are indicative: Graduate Programme in Women's Studies, 1996-98 (Toronto, Canada: York University, 1995); Center for Advanced Feminist Studies [University of Minnesota], 12 (fall 1994): 1-2; From the Center: Center for the Study of Women in Society, University of Oregon, vol. 5 (fall 1995): 4-5, 15; and Research Report: Center for Research on Women, Wellesley College, vol. 15 (spring 1996): 3-4.
95. For recent accounts of progress of successful departments, programs, and centers in these critical areas, the following are indicative: Graduate Programme in Women's Studies, 1996-98 (Toronto, Canada: York University, 1995); Center for Advanced Feminist Studies [University of Minnesota], 12 (fall 1994): 1-2; From the Center: Center for the Study of Women in Society, University of Oregon, vol. 5 (fall 1995): 4-5, 15; and Research Report: Center for Research on Women, Wellesley College, vol. 15 (spring 1996): 3-4.
96. Ph.D. degrees specifically in women's studies are increasing in a variety of forms across North America. Currently they are offered at the following indicative institutions: Clark, Emory, Union Institute, University of Iowa, University of Michigan, University of Minnesota, University of Washington, and York University. Other universities are in the process of approving women's studies Ph.D. programs, including UCLA and the University of Maryland, and others are in the planning and design stage, or awaiting permission to do so, including the City University of New York and Ohio State University. Successful women's studies-related research institutes include the Southwest Institute for Research on Women (University of Arizona); Center for the Study of Women (UCLA); Center for the Study of Women in Society (University of Oregon); Pembroke Center for the Teaching and Research on Women (Brown University); Institute for Research on Women and Gender (Stanford University); Center for Advanced Feminist Studies (University of Minnesota), and many other similarly named institutes and centers at other universities, including Columbia, Rutgers, Duke, the University of Rochester, and the University of Southern California.
97. Klein, "Blurring, Cracking, and Crossing," 189.
98. For more discussion of the issue of departmentalization, see Judith A. Allen, "Strengthening Women's Studies in Hard Times: Feminism and Challenges of Institutional Adaptation," Women's Studies Quarterly 25 (summer 1997): 370.
99. Gumport, 290.
100. See, for instance, Daphne Patai and Noretta Koertge, Professing Feminism: Cautionary Tales from the Strange World of Women's Studies (New York: Basic Books, 1994); and Elizabeth Fox-Genovese, Feminism Is Not the Story of My Life: How Today's Feminist Elite Has Lost Touch with the Real Concerns of Women (New York: Nan A. Talese, 1996).
101. See, for instance, Daphne Patai and Noretta Koertge, Professing Feminism: Cautionary Tales from the Strange World of Women's Studies (New York: Basic Books, 1994); and Elizabeth Fox-Genovese, Feminism Is Not the Story of My Life: How Today's Feminist Elite Has Lost Touch with the Real Concerns of Women (New York: Nan A. Talese, 1996).