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Volumn 19, Issue 2, 1998, Pages 187-212

How far the sword? Militia tactics and politics in the Commonwealth of Oceana

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EID: 0032089317     PISSN: 0143781X     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: None     Document Type: Review
Times cited : (4)

References (143)
  • 4
    • 0039674718 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • A discourse of sovereignty
    • ed. Nicholas Phillipson and Quentin Skinner
    • 4 Ibid., pp. xix, xx; also J.G.A. Pocock, 'A Discourse of Sovereignty', in Political Discourse in Early Modern Britain, ed. Nicholas Phillipson and Quentin Skinner
    • Political Discourse in Early Modern Britain
    • Pocock, J.G.A.1
  • 5
    • 0010157605 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • 5 Pocock, 'Discourse', p. 407. Interpreting these two 'personae', the eighth chapter of J.C. Davis, Utopia and the Ideal Society: A Study of English Utopian Writings, 1516-1700 (Cambridge, 1981), contrasts Harrington's 'utopianism' with his self-identified 'republicanism'; Jonathan Scott, 'The Rapture of Motion: James Harrington's Republicanism', in Discourse, ed. Phillipson and Skinner, pp. 139-63, opposes the innocence of 'utopianism' in Harrington to the spectre of 'totalitarianism'; W. Craig Diamond, 'Natural Philosophy in Harrington's Political Thought', The Journal of the History of Philosophy, 16(4) (1978), pp. 387-98, compares this 'utopianism' favourably with a 'cosmic spiritualism'; and even The Political Works of James Harrington, ed. J.G.A. Pocock (Cambridge, 1977), pp. 15-76, and Oceana, ed. Pocock, pp. xxi-xxiv, has contrasted Harrington's 'political satirism' with the possibility of 'millenarianism' or 'Platonism'.
    • Discourse , pp. 407
    • Pocock1
  • 6
    • 0003398613 scopus 로고
    • Cambridge
    • 5 Pocock, 'Discourse', p. 407. Interpreting these two 'personae', the eighth chapter of J.C. Davis, Utopia and the Ideal Society: A Study of English Utopian Writings, 1516-1700 (Cambridge, 1981), contrasts Harrington's 'utopianism' with his self-identified 'republicanism'; Jonathan Scott, 'The Rapture of Motion: James Harrington's Republicanism', in Discourse, ed. Phillipson and Skinner, pp. 139-63, opposes the innocence of 'utopianism' in Harrington to the spectre of 'totalitarianism'; W. Craig Diamond, 'Natural Philosophy in Harrington's Political Thought', The Journal of the History of Philosophy, 16(4) (1978), pp. 387-98, compares this 'utopianism' favourably with a 'cosmic spiritualism'; and even The Political Works of James Harrington, ed. J.G.A. Pocock (Cambridge, 1977), pp. 15-76, and Oceana, ed. Pocock, pp. xxi-xxiv, has contrasted Harrington's 'political satirism' with the possibility of 'millenarianism' or 'Platonism'.
    • (1981) Utopia and the Ideal Society: A Study of English Utopian Writings, 1516-1700
    • Davis, J.C.1
  • 7
    • 0002359311 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The rapture of motion: James Harrington's Republicanism
    • ed. Phillipson and Skinner
    • 5 Pocock, 'Discourse', p. 407. Interpreting these two 'personae', the eighth chapter of J.C. Davis, Utopia and the Ideal Society: A Study of English Utopian Writings, 1516-1700 (Cambridge, 1981), contrasts Harrington's 'utopianism' with his self-identified 'republicanism'; Jonathan Scott, 'The Rapture of Motion: James Harrington's Republicanism', in Discourse, ed. Phillipson and Skinner, pp. 139-63, opposes the innocence of 'utopianism' in Harrington to the spectre of 'totalitarianism'; W. Craig Diamond, 'Natural Philosophy in Harrington's Political Thought', The Journal of the History of Philosophy, 16(4) (1978), pp. 387-98, compares this 'utopianism' favourably with a 'cosmic spiritualism'; and even The Political Works of James Harrington, ed. J.G.A. Pocock (Cambridge, 1977), pp. 15-76, and Oceana, ed. Pocock, pp. xxi-xxiv, has contrasted Harrington's 'political satirism' with the possibility of 'millenarianism' or 'Platonism'.
    • Discourse , pp. 139-163
    • Scott, J.1
  • 8
    • 0010101915 scopus 로고
    • Natural philosophy in Harrington's political thought
    • compares this 'utopianism' favourably with a 'cosmic spiritualism'
    • 5 Pocock, 'Discourse', p. 407. Interpreting these two 'personae', the eighth chapter of J.C. Davis, Utopia and the Ideal Society: A Study of English Utopian Writings, 1516-1700 (Cambridge, 1981), contrasts Harrington's 'utopianism' with his self-identified 'republicanism'; Jonathan Scott, 'The Rapture of Motion: James Harrington's Republicanism', in Discourse, ed. Phillipson and Skinner, pp. 139-63, opposes the innocence of 'utopianism' in Harrington to the spectre of 'totalitarianism'; W. Craig Diamond, 'Natural Philosophy in Harrington's Political Thought', The Journal of the History of Philosophy, 16(4) (1978), pp. 387-98, compares this 'utopianism' favourably with a 'cosmic spiritualism'; and even The Political Works of James Harrington, ed. J.G.A. Pocock (Cambridge, 1977), pp. 15-76, and Oceana, ed. Pocock, pp. xxi-xxiv, has contrasted Harrington's 'political satirism' with the possibility of 'millenarianism' or 'Platonism'.
    • (1978) The Journal of the History of Philosophy , vol.16 , Issue.4 , pp. 387-398
    • Diamond, W.C.1
  • 9
    • 0004345477 scopus 로고
    • Cambridge
    • 5 Pocock, 'Discourse', p. 407. Interpreting these two 'personae', the eighth chapter of J.C. Davis, Utopia and the Ideal Society: A Study of English Utopian Writings, 1516-1700 (Cambridge, 1981), contrasts Harrington's 'utopianism' with his self-identified 'republicanism'; Jonathan Scott, 'The Rapture of Motion: James Harrington's Republicanism', in Discourse, ed. Phillipson and Skinner, pp. 139-63, opposes the innocence of 'utopianism' in Harrington to the spectre of 'totalitarianism'; W. Craig Diamond, 'Natural Philosophy in Harrington's Political Thought', The Journal of the History of Philosophy, 16(4) (1978), pp. 387-98, compares this 'utopianism' favourably with a 'cosmic spiritualism'; and even The Political Works of James Harrington, ed. J.G.A. Pocock (Cambridge, 1977), pp. 15-76, and Oceana, ed. Pocock, pp. xxi-xxiv, has contrasted Harrington's 'political satirism' with the possibility of 'millenarianism' or 'Platonism'.
    • (1977) The Political Works of James Harrington , pp. 15-76
    • Pocock, J.G.A.1
  • 10
    • 0010151440 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • 5 Pocock, 'Discourse', p. 407. Interpreting these two 'personae', the eighth chapter of J.C. Davis, Utopia and the Ideal Society: A Study of English Utopian Writings, 1516-1700 (Cambridge, 1981), contrasts Harrington's 'utopianism' with his self-identified 'republicanism'; Jonathan Scott, 'The Rapture of Motion: James Harrington's Republicanism', in Discourse, ed. Phillipson and Skinner, pp. 139-63, opposes the innocence of 'utopianism' in Harrington to the spectre of 'totalitarianism'; W. Craig Diamond, 'Natural Philosophy in Harrington's Political Thought', The Journal of the History of Philosophy, 16(4) (1978), pp. 387-98, compares this 'utopianism' favourably with a 'cosmic spiritualism'; and even The Political Works of James Harrington, ed. J.G.A. Pocock (Cambridge, 1977), pp. 15-76, and Oceana, ed. Pocock, pp. xxi-xxiv, has contrasted Harrington's 'political satirism' with the possibility of 'millenarianism' or 'Platonism'.
    • Oceana
    • Pocock1
  • 13
  • 14
    • 0010099176 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • ed. Pocock, '(seeing by men wholly ignorant of antiquity, I am accused of writing romance)', is but one example
    • 9 Harrington, Oceana, ed. Pocock, p. 265: '(seeing by men wholly ignorant of antiquity, I am accused of writing romance)', is but one example.
    • Oceana , pp. 265
    • Harrington1
  • 15
    • 0010140374 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • ed. Pocock
    • 10 Harrington, Oceana, ed. Pocock, pp. 55-6. Pocock has also considered Harrington's writings in the context of the 'Good Old Cause' of the army in the Civil War, a context which is closer, though not identical, to that of my own. See J.G.A. Pocock, 'James Harrington and the Good Old Cause: A Study of the Ideological Context of his Writings', Journal of British Studies, X, 1 (November 1970), pp. 30-48.
    • Oceana , pp. 55-56
    • Harrington1
  • 16
    • 0010140374 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • James Harrington and the good old cause: A study of the ideological context of his writings
    • November
    • 10 Harrington, Oceana, ed. Pocock, pp. 55-6. Pocock has also considered Harrington's writings in the context of the 'Good Old Cause' of the army in the Civil War, a context which is closer, though not identical, to that of my own. See J.G.A. Pocock, 'James Harrington and the Good Old Cause: A Study of the Ideological Context of his Writings', Journal of British Studies, X, 1 (November 1970), pp. 30-48.
    • (1970) Journal of British Studies , vol.10 , Issue.1 , pp. 30-48
    • Pocock, J.G.A.1
  • 17
    • 0010097941 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • ed. Pocock
    • 11 Harrington, Oceana, ed. Pocock, p. 57.
    • Oceana , pp. 57
    • Harrington1
  • 18
    • 0010192051 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • 12 Ibid., pp. 8-9.
    • Oceana , pp. 8-9
  • 19
    • 0010101916 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • 13 Ibid., p. xvii.
    • Oceana
  • 20
    • 0010101917 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • 14 Ibid., p. 7.
    • Oceana , pp. 7
  • 21
    • 0010148303 scopus 로고
    • A discourse upon this saying: The spirit of the nation is not yet to be trusted with liberty; lest it introduce Monarchy, or invade the liberty of conscience
    • London, enlarged by T. Birch
    • 15 James Harrington, 'A Discourse Upon this Saying: The Spirit of the Nation is not yet to be trusted with Liberty; lest it introduce Monarchy, or invade the Liberty of Conscience', in The Oceana and other works of James Harrington, with an Account of his Life by John Toland (London, 1700; enlarged by T. Birch, 1747) (hereafter, Oceana, ed. Toland), p. 608.
    • (1700) The Oceana and Other Works of James Harrington, with an Account of His Life by John Toland
    • Harrington, J.1
  • 22
    • 0010196201 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • 15 James Harrington, 'A Discourse Upon this Saying: The Spirit of the Nation is not yet to be trusted with Liberty; lest it introduce Monarchy, or invade the Liberty of Conscience', in The Oceana and other works of James Harrington, with an Account of his Life by John Toland (London, 1700; enlarged by T. Birch, 1747) (hereafter, Oceana, ed. Toland), p. 608.
    • Oceana , pp. 608
    • Toland1
  • 25
    • 0010196201 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • 17 Harrington, 'Seven Models of a Commonwealth - or - Brief Directions Shewing how a fit and Perfect Model of Popular Government May be made, found, or understood' (1658). Appearing in Oceana, ed. Toland, and as 'Brief Directions' in Political Works of James Harrington, ed. Pocock. Harrington's comedic reply to Matthew Wren entitled, 'Politicaster' (1656/7), appears in both the Toland and Pocock editions of Harrington's works.
    • Oceana
    • Toland1
  • 26
    • 0010091082 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Brief directions
    • 17 Harrington, 'Seven Models of a Commonwealth - or - Brief Directions Shewing how a fit and Perfect Model of Popular Government May be made, found, or understood' (1658). Appearing in Oceana, ed. Toland, and as 'Brief Directions' in Political Works of James Harrington, ed. Pocock. Harrington's comedic reply to Matthew Wren entitled, 'Politicaster' (1656/7), appears in both the Toland and Pocock editions of Harrington's works.
    • Political Works of James Harrington
    • Pocock1
  • 27
    • 0010096416 scopus 로고
    • appears in both the Toland and Pocock editions of Harrington's works
    • 17 Harrington, 'Seven Models of a Commonwealth - or - Brief Directions Shewing how a fit and Perfect Model of Popular Government May be made, found, or understood' (1658). Appearing in Oceana, ed. Toland, and as 'Brief Directions' in Political Works of James Harrington, ed. Pocock. Harrington's comedic reply to Matthew Wren entitled, 'Politicaster' (1656/7), appears in both the Toland and Pocock editions of Harrington's works.
    • (1656) Politicaster
    • Wren, M.1
  • 28
    • 0010140375 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • note
    • 18 I take this distinction in Harrington's verbiage to be crucial to understanding his historical as opposed to rational project. Models in history are found, whereas a model is most often founded upon rational principles.
  • 29
    • 0010097942 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Brief directions
    • ed. Toland, This model is very nearly a parody of itself: an absolutely sovereign king who is so only in his palace, and may be justly killed by any subject when once he leaves it! Perhaps understandably, it has no model in history, even though it may perhaps serve here as satire of the Sultan in Turkey
    • 19 Harrington, 'Brief Directions', in Oceana, ed. Toland, p. 526. This model is very nearly a parody of itself: an absolutely sovereign king who is so only in his palace, and may be justly killed by any subject when once he leaves it! Perhaps understandably, it has no model in history, even though it may perhaps serve here as satire of the Sultan in Turkey.
    • Oceana , pp. 526
    • Harrington1
  • 30
    • 0010097942 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Brief directions
    • ed. Toland
    • 20 Harrington, 'Brief Directions', in Oceana, ed. Toland, p. 524.
    • Oceana , pp. 524
    • Harrington1
  • 31
    • 0010203454 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Politicaster
    • ed. Toland, 'Again, the Testimony of Machiavel throughout his Works is that he intendeth not carelessly to start some Philosophical Opinion, but applieth everything home and expressly unto Italy, though not without some Despair, yet with Ardour, or if you will have it so, with the Heat and Passion belonging unto so noble a Design. Wherefore for you to adoperate this Testimony quite contrary to the Truth of it, as a Proof that my way of writing hath no Affinity with this Author's, is Subordination of Witness . . . the whole Ability of modeling a Commonwealth, lyeth in two things: the one, in being well versed in ancient Prudence; the other in being disengaged from all Parties: neither of which Qualifications is common with Ministers of State.' (Italics in the original.)
    • 21 Harrington, 'Politicaster', in Oceana, ed. Toland, pp. 581-2: 'Again, the Testimony of Machiavel throughout his Works is that he intendeth not carelessly to start some Philosophical Opinion, but applieth everything home and expressly unto Italy, though not without some Despair, yet with Ardour, or if you will have it so, with the Heat and Passion belonging unto so noble a Design. Wherefore for you to adoperate this Testimony quite contrary to the Truth of it, as a Proof that my way of writing hath no Affinity with this Author's, is Subordination of Witness . . . the whole Ability of modeling a Commonwealth, lyeth in two things: the one, in being well versed in ancient Prudence; the other in being disengaged from all Parties: neither of which Qualifications is common with Ministers of State.' (Italics in the original.)
    • Oceana , pp. 581-582
    • Harrington1
  • 32
    • 0010143448 scopus 로고
    • Versions of imitation in the renaissance
    • 22 These devices are among several discussed by G.W. Pigman III, 'Versions of Imitation in the Renaissance', Renaissance Quarterly, 33(1) (1980), pp. 1-32. According to Pigman' s terms, aemulatio and eristic are forms of imitation designed to go one better than their original example, inventio, a form which combines several original examples to a new effect. Such a suggestion that Harrington is involved in a rhetorical endeavour would place him in strong opposition to the philosophical projects of schoolmen, or for that matter, utopians so understood. See George H. Nadel, 'The Philosophy of History before Historicism', History and Theory, 3 (1964), pp. 291-315; Giambatista Vico, On the Study Methods of our Time, trans. with an introduction and notes by Elio Gianturco (Ithaca, 1990).
    • (1980) Renaissance Quarterly , vol.33 , Issue.1 , pp. 1-32
    • Pigman G.W. III1
  • 33
    • 0010179035 scopus 로고
    • The Philosophy of History before Historicism
    • 22 These devices are among several discussed by G.W. Pigman III, 'Versions of Imitation in the Renaissance', Renaissance Quarterly, 33(1) (1980), pp. 1-32. According to Pigman' s terms, aemulatio and eristic are forms of imitation designed to go one better than their original example, inventio, a form which combines several original examples to a new effect. Such a suggestion that Harrington is involved in a rhetorical endeavour would place him in strong opposition to the philosophical projects of schoolmen, or for that matter, utopians so understood. See George H. Nadel, 'The Philosophy of History before Historicism', History and Theory, 3 (1964), pp. 291-315; Giambatista Vico, On the Study Methods of our Time, trans. with an introduction and notes by Elio Gianturco (Ithaca, 1990).
    • (1964) History and Theory , vol.3 , pp. 291-315
    • Nadel, G.H.1
  • 34
    • 0141732436 scopus 로고
    • trans. with an introduction and notes by Elio Gianturco Ithaca
    • 22 These devices are among several discussed by G.W. Pigman III, 'Versions of Imitation in the Renaissance', Renaissance Quarterly, 33(1) (1980), pp. 1-32. According to Pigman' s terms, aemulatio and eristic are forms of imitation designed to go one better than their original example, inventio, a form which combines several original examples to a new effect. Such a suggestion that Harrington is involved in a rhetorical endeavour would place him in strong opposition to the philosophical projects of schoolmen, or for that matter, utopians so understood. See George H. Nadel, 'The Philosophy of History before Historicism', History and Theory, 3 (1964), pp. 291-315; Giambatista Vico, On the Study Methods of our Time, trans. with an introduction and notes by Elio Gianturco (Ithaca, 1990).
    • (1990) On the Study Methods of Our Time
    • Vico, G.1
  • 35
  • 36
    • 0010155632 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Verses written on the muster that was made by the pensioners before the queen
    • 24 'Verses Written on the Muster That Was Made by the Pensioners Before the Queen', from A Pleasaunte Laborinth Called Churchyardes Chance, a selection reprinted in G. Geoffrey Langsam, Martial Books and Tudor Verse (New York, 1951), pp. 129-30.
    • A Pleasaunte Laborinth Called Churchyardes Chance
  • 37
    • 0010131131 scopus 로고
    • New York
    • 24 'Verses Written on the Muster That Was Made by the Pensioners Before the Queen', from A Pleasaunte Laborinth Called Churchyardes Chance, a selection reprinted in G. Geoffrey Langsam, Martial Books and Tudor Verse (New York, 1951), pp. 129-30.
    • (1951) Martial Books and Tudor Verse , pp. 129-130
    • Langsam, G.G.1
  • 38
    • 0010151442 scopus 로고
    • Manchester
    • 25 While this brief account is designed only to be suggestive of how Harrington's Orders might be read, those wishing a fuller development of the history of the militia in the century prior to Oceana's publication may wish to consult the following more comprehensive works: Ian F.W. Beckett, The Amateur Military Tradition, 1558-1945 (Manchester, 1991), pp. 1-60; War and Government in Britain, 1598-1650, ed. Mark Charles Fissel (Manchester, 1991), pp. 58-109; Lindsay Boynton, The Elizabethan Militia, 1558-1638 (London, 1967); and also A. Hassell Smith, 'Militia Rates and Militia Statutes, 1558-1663', in The English Commonwealth, 1547-1640, Essays in Politics and Society, ed, P.N. Clark et al. (New York, 1979), pp. 93-110.
    • (1991) The Amateur Military Tradition, 1558-1945 , pp. 1-60
    • Beckett, I.F.W.1
  • 39
    • 0010157607 scopus 로고
    • Manchester
    • 25 While this brief account is designed only to be suggestive of how Harrington's Orders might be read, those wishing a fuller development of the history of the militia in the century prior to Oceana's publication may wish to consult the following more comprehensive works: Ian F.W. Beckett, The Amateur Military Tradition, 1558-1945 (Manchester, 1991), pp. 1-60; War and Government in Britain, 1598-1650, ed. Mark Charles Fissel (Manchester, 1991), pp. 58-109; Lindsay Boynton, The Elizabethan Militia, 1558-1638 (London, 1967); and also A. Hassell Smith, 'Militia Rates and Militia Statutes, 1558-1663', in The English Commonwealth, 1547-1640, Essays in Politics and Society, ed, P.N. Clark et al. (New York, 1979), pp. 93-110.
    • (1991) War and Government in Britain, 1598-1650 , pp. 58-109
    • Fissel, M.C.1
  • 40
    • 0010194655 scopus 로고
    • London
    • 25 While this brief account is designed only to be suggestive of how Harrington's Orders might be read, those wishing a fuller development of the history of the militia in the century prior to Oceana's publication may wish to consult the following more comprehensive works: Ian F.W. Beckett, The Amateur Military Tradition, 1558-1945 (Manchester, 1991), pp. 1-60; War and Government in Britain, 1598-1650, ed. Mark Charles Fissel (Manchester, 1991), pp. 58-109; Lindsay Boynton, The Elizabethan Militia, 1558-1638 (London, 1967); and also A. Hassell Smith, 'Militia Rates and Militia Statutes, 1558-1663', in The English Commonwealth, 1547-1640, Essays in Politics and Society, ed, P.N. Clark et al. (New York, 1979), pp. 93-110.
    • (1967) The Elizabethan Militia, 1558-1638
    • Boynton, L.1
  • 41
    • 0010096417 scopus 로고
    • Militia rates and Militia Statutes, 1558-1663
    • ed, P.N. Clark et al. (New York)
    • 25 While this brief account is designed only to be suggestive of how Harrington's Orders might be read, those wishing a fuller development of the history of the militia in the century prior to Oceana's publication may wish to consult the following more comprehensive works: Ian F.W. Beckett, The Amateur Military Tradition, 1558-1945 (Manchester, 1991), pp. 1-60; War and Government in Britain, 1598-1650, ed. Mark Charles Fissel (Manchester, 1991), pp. 58-109; Lindsay Boynton, The Elizabethan Militia, 1558-1638 (London, 1967); and also A. Hassell Smith, 'Militia Rates and Militia Statutes, 1558-1663', in The English Commonwealth, 1547-1640, Essays in Politics and Society, ed, P.N. Clark et al. (New York, 1979), pp. 93-110.
    • (1979) The English Commonwealth, 1547-1640, Essays in Politics and Society , pp. 93-110
    • Smith, A.H.1
  • 44
    • 0010097943 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • ed. Pocock
    • 28 It is quite interesting, though not directly related to this project, to compare the history of Harrington, Oceana, ed. Pocock, pp. 48-55, with the more current work of Beckett, Amateur Military, pp. 9-20. While Harrington makes no reference to statutes in his history of this period, he clearly describes the effects of two: the 1181 Assize of Arms, which divided the population into four classes and taxed according to wealth rather than land rates; and the 1285 Statute of Westminster, which introduced military obligation to indentured men on behalf of their landlords. Each author depicts not a continuous narrative of long tradition, but one of radical disjunctures arising from circumstances of political imbalance. As such, for each, the militia while being a result of historical necessity is also something quite new.
    • Oceana , pp. 48-55
    • Harrington1
  • 45
    • 0004341425 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • While Harrington makes no reference to statutes in his history of this period, he clearly describes the effects of two: the 1181 Assize of Arms, which divided the population into four classes and taxed according to wealth rather than land rates; and the 1285 Statute of Westminster, which introduced military obligation to indentured men on behalf of their landlords. Each author depicts not a continuous narrative of long tradition, but one of radical disjunctures arising from circumstances of political imbalance. As such, for each, the militia while being a result of historical necessity is also something quite new
    • 28 It is quite interesting, though not directly related to this project, to compare the history of Harrington, Oceana, ed. Pocock, pp. 48-55, with the more current work of Beckett, Amateur Military, pp. 9-20. While Harrington makes no reference to statutes in his history of this period, he clearly describes the effects of two: the 1181 Assize of Arms, which divided the population into four classes and taxed according to wealth rather than land rates; and the 1285 Statute of Westminster, which introduced military obligation to indentured men on behalf of their landlords. Each author depicts not a continuous narrative of long tradition, but one of radical disjunctures arising from circumstances of political imbalance. As such, for each, the militia while being a result of historical necessity is also something quite new.
    • Amateur Military , pp. 9-20
    • Beckett1
  • 49
    • 0004351442 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • 32 The structure of this chain of command is detailed in Boynton, Elizabethan Militia, pp. 15-16.
    • Elizabethan Militia , pp. 15-16
    • Boynton1
  • 50
    • 0004341425 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • 33 Beckett, Amateur Military, p. 21; Boynton, Elizabethan Militia, pp. 17, 27. As to the 8.00 a.m. starting time, Boynton notes this was a particularly kind appointment as the average sixteenth-century worker's day began around 5.00 a.m.
    • Amateur Military , pp. 21
    • Beckett1
  • 51
    • 0010212390 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • As to the 8.00 a.m. starting time, Boynton notes this was a particularly kind appointment as the average sixteenth-century worker's day began around 5.00 a.m.
    • 33 Beckett, Amateur Military, p. 21; Boynton, Elizabethan Militia, pp. 17, 27. As to the 8.00 a.m. starting time, Boynton notes this was a particularly kind appointment as the average sixteenth-century worker's day began around 5.00 a.m.
    • Elizabethan Militia , pp. 17
    • Boynton1
  • 56
    • 0004351442 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • 38 Ibid., p. 27. After 1570 the distinction would unofficially be between Trained and Untrained Bands (ibid., p. 16). The distinction became official in 1577.
    • Elizabethan Militia , pp. 27
  • 57
    • 0004351442 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The distinction became official in 1577
    • 38 Ibid., p. 27. After 1570 the distinction would unofficially be between Trained and Untrained Bands (ibid., p. 16). The distinction became official in 1577.
    • Elizabethan Militia , pp. 16
  • 63
    • 84883350930 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Deputies not principals, lieutenants not captains: The institutional failure of the lieutenancy in the 1620s'
    • appearing in, ed. Fissel
    • 44 Several excellent accounts of such proceedings can be found in Thomas Garden Barnes, 'Deputies not Principals, Lieutenants not Captains: The Institutional Failure of the Lieutenancy in the 1620s', appearing in War and Government in Britain, ed. Fissel, pp. 58-86.
    • War and Government in Britain , pp. 58-86
    • Barnes, T.G.1
  • 64
    • 0004334158 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • 45 Smith, 'Militia Rates', p. 102, from which Coke's comment is cited; and also Beckett, Amateur Military, p. 33.
    • Militia Rates , pp. 102
    • Smith1
  • 65
    • 0004341425 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • 45 Smith, 'Militia Rates', p. 102, from which Coke's comment is cited; and also Beckett, Amateur Military, p. 33.
    • Amateur Military , pp. 33
    • Beckett1
  • 66
    • 0004341425 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • 46 Beckett, Amateur Military, p. 33; Boynton, Elizabethan Militia, pp. 270-1.
    • Amateur Military , pp. 33
    • Beckett1
  • 68
  • 69
    • 0004341425 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • 47 Boynton, Elizabethan Militia, pp. 244-97; Beckett, Amateur Military, pp. 36-8.
    • Amateur Military , pp. 36-38
    • Beckett1
  • 75
    • 84903008740 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • 53 Beckett, Amateur Military, pp. 39-44 for this and the discussion which follows. See also: Lois Schwoerer, '"The Fittest Subject for A King's Quarrel": An Essay on the Militia Controversy of 1641-1642', Journal of British Studies, XI (November 1971), pp. 45-76.
    • Amateur Military , pp. 39-44
    • Beckett1
  • 76
    • 84903008740 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • "The fittest subject for a King's Quarrel": An essay on the militia controversy of 1641-1642
    • November
    • 53 Beckett, Amateur Military, pp. 39-44 for this and the discussion which follows. See also: Lois Schwoerer, '"The Fittest Subject for A King's Quarrel": An Essay on the Militia Controversy of 1641-1642', Journal of British Studies, XI (November 1971), pp. 45-76.
    • (1971) Journal of British Studies , vol.11 , pp. 45-76
    • Schwoerer, L.1
  • 79
    • 0004341425 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • states a figure of four days
    • 56 Ibid., p. 47, states a figure of four days. This is contradicted in Acts and Ordinances of the Interregnum, 1642-1660, Vol. I, March 1642-January 1649, collected and ed. C.H. Firth and R.S. Rait (London, 1911), p. 1251, where the Bill is reportedly not repealed until 16 December 1648. I will follow the latter, as Beckett is unclear whether the Bill was repealed in four days, or that the move to repeal began four days later.
    • Amateur Military , pp. 47
  • 80
    • 0010196204 scopus 로고
    • ed. C.H. Firth and R.S. Rait (London), where the Bill is reportedly not repealed until 16 December 1648. I will follow the latter, as Beckett is unclear whether the Bill was repealed in four days, or that the move to repeal began four days later
    • 56 Ibid., p. 47, states a figure of four days. This is contradicted in Acts and Ordinances of the Interregnum, 1642-1660, Vol. I, March 1642-January 1649, collected and ed. C.H. Firth and R.S. Rait (London, 1911), p. 1251, where the Bill is reportedly not repealed until 16 December 1648. I will follow the latter, as Beckett is unclear whether the Bill was repealed in four days, or that the move to repeal began four days later.
    • (1911) Acts and Ordinances of the Interregnum, 1642-1660, Vol. I, March 1642-January 1649 , vol.1 , pp. 1251
  • 82
    • 0004341425 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • 58 Ibid. On the Major-Generals, see also: S.R. Gardiner, History of the Commonwealth and Protectorate, 1649-1660, Vol. III, 1654-1656 (London, 1901), pp. 168-204, and for this figure, p. 172.
    • Amateur Military , pp. 47
    • Beckett1
  • 85
    • 0010143449 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • 60 Ibid., pp. 176-7; and Beckett, Amateur Military, pp. 47-8.
    • History , pp. 176-177
  • 89
    • 0010151444 scopus 로고
    • trans. E. Farneworth, revised with an introduction by Neal Wood (New York, 1965). The first English-language translation, the appendix of which is contained in the 1965 edition, was made by Peter Whitehorn in 1560
    • 63 Niccolò Machiavelli, The Art of War (1521), trans. E. Farneworth, revised with an introduction by Neal Wood (New York, 1965). The first English-language translation, the appendix of which is contained in the 1965 edition, pp. 3-4, was made by Peter Whitehorn in 1560.
    • (1521) The Art of War , pp. 3-4
    • Machiavelli, N.1
  • 90
    • 0010089306 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • ed. Pocock
    • 64 Harrington, Oceana, ed. Pocock, pp. 97-8.
    • Oceana , pp. 97-98
    • Harrington1
  • 91
    • 0010179036 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • 65 Ibid., pp. 97-9.
    • Oceana , pp. 97-99
  • 92
    • 0010196205 scopus 로고
    • Madison
    • 66 For discussions of this 'explosion' see Henry J. Webb, Elizabethan Military Science; The Books and the Practice (Madison, 1965); Langsam, Martial Books; Geoffrey Parker, 'The "Military Revolution", 1560-1660 - a Myth?', Journal of Modern History, 48 (June 1976), pp. 195-214.
    • (1965) Elizabethan Military Science; The Books and the Practice
    • Webb, H.J.1
  • 93
    • 0004350017 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • 66 For discussions of this 'explosion' see Henry J. Webb, Elizabethan Military Science; The Books and the Practice (Madison, 1965); Langsam, Martial Books; Geoffrey Parker, 'The "Military Revolution", 1560-1660 - a Myth?', Journal of Modern History, 48 (June 1976), pp. 195-214.
    • Martial Books
    • Langsam1
  • 94
    • 0010140376 scopus 로고
    • The "Military Revolution", 1560-1660 - A myth?
    • June
    • 66 For discussions of this 'explosion' see Henry J. Webb, Elizabethan Military Science; The Books and the Practice (Madison, 1965); Langsam, Martial Books; Geoffrey Parker, 'The "Military Revolution", 1560-1660 - a Myth?', Journal of Modern History, 48 (June 1976), pp. 195-214.
    • (1976) Journal of Modern History , vol.48 , pp. 195-214
    • Parker, G.1
  • 95
    • 0004350843 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • 67 Webb, Military Science, pp. 169-71; Langsam, Martial Books, pp. 1-3.
    • Military Science , pp. 169-171
    • Webb1
  • 96
    • 0004350017 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • 67 Webb, Military Science, pp. 169-71; Langsam, Martial Books, pp. 1-3.
    • Martial Books , pp. 1-3
    • Langsam1
  • 97
    • 0004350843 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • 68 The list is primarily taken from Webb, Military Science, pp. 3-16. Langsam's work, while beginning with technical treatises, spends the remainder of its effort in chronicling military elements of Elizabethan theatre and song as an additional source. As for the Bible, Harrington is wont to refer to the Israelite military example, as in: 'Behold the army of Israel become a commonwealth, and the commonwealth of Israel remaining an army' (Harrington, Oceana, ed. Pocock, p. 98). A reader interested in this connection might consider Gerhard von Rad's account of the Israelite military practices, Holy War in Ancient Israel (Grand Rapids, 1991).
    • Military Science , pp. 3-16
    • Webb1
  • 98
    • 0010091085 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • ed. Pocock
    • 68 The list is primarily taken from Webb, Military Science, pp. 3-16. Langsam's work, while beginning with technical treatises, spends the remainder of its effort in chronicling military elements of Elizabethan theatre and song as an additional source. As for the Bible, Harrington is wont to refer to the Israelite military example, as in: 'Behold the army of Israel become a commonwealth, and the commonwealth of Israel remaining an army' (Harrington, Oceana, ed. Pocock, p. 98). A reader interested in this connection might consider Gerhard von Rad's account of the Israelite military practices, Holy War in Ancient Israel (Grand Rapids, 1991).
    • Oceana , pp. 98
    • Harrington1
  • 99
    • 0010155634 scopus 로고
    • Grand Rapids
    • 68 The list is primarily taken from Webb, Military Science, pp. 3-16. Langsam's work, while beginning with technical treatises, spends the remainder of its effort in chronicling military elements of Elizabethan theatre and song as an additional source. As for the Bible, Harrington is wont to refer to the Israelite military example, as in: 'Behold the army of Israel become a commonwealth, and the commonwealth of Israel remaining an army' (Harrington, Oceana, ed. Pocock, p. 98). A reader interested in this connection might consider Gerhard von Rad's account of the Israelite military practices, Holy War in Ancient Israel (Grand Rapids, 1991).
    • (1991) Holy War in Ancient Israel
  • 100
    • 0010186873 scopus 로고
    • Da Capo Press, trans. John Sadler (New York)
    • 69 A reproduction of this work has been printed by Da Capo Press, The Foure Bookes of Flavius Vegetius Renatus, trans. John Sadler (New York, 1968). A more current version is Flavius Vegetius Renatus, The Military Institutions of the Romans, trans. Lt. John Clark (Harrisburg, 1944).
    • (1968) The Foure Bookes of Flavius Vegetius Renatus
  • 101
    • 84866009616 scopus 로고
    • trans. Lt. John Clark (Harrisburg)
    • 69 A reproduction of this work has been printed by Da Capo Press, The Foure Bookes of Flavius Vegetius Renatus, trans. John Sadler (New York, 1968). A more current version is Flavius Vegetius Renatus, The Military Institutions of the Romans, trans. Lt. John Clark (Harrisburg, 1944).
    • (1944) The Military Institutions of the Romans
    • Renatus, F.V.1
  • 103
    • 0010099772 scopus 로고
    • Observations, upon the five first bookes of Caesar's commentaries, setting fourth the practice of the art military, in the time of the roman empire
    • The summary is presented in Webb
    • 71 Sir Charles Edmondes, Observations, upon the Five First Bookes of Caesar's Commentaries, Setting Fourth the Practice of the Art Military, in the Time of the Roman Empire (1600). The summary is presented in Webb, Military Science, p. 10.
    • (1600) Military Science , pp. 10
    • Edmondes, C.1
  • 105
    • 0003875105 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Every well-governed commonwealth, therefore, should take care that this art of war should be practised in peace time only as an exercise, and in time of war, only out of necessity
    • 73 Implicit in this argument is the view that soldiering is not to be a full time occupation, which in turn suggests that a militia is the best means of providing men at arms. See Machiavelli, Art of War, p. 19: 'Every well-governed commonwealth, therefore, should take care that this art of war should be practised in peace time only as an exercise, and in time of war, only out of necessity . . .'.
    • Art of War , pp. 19
    • Machiavelli1
  • 106
    • 0010151440 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • 74 The argument is obviously a parallel to Harrington's (Oceana, ed. Pocock, p. 4), and is so as well for all those who traced their military thought out of Vegetius, among whom at least we may count Machiavelli (Art of War, pp. 77-8) , but also most of the other writers mentioned above. See Vegetius, Military Institutions, pp. 12-17. Vegetius, writing to the Emperor Valentininan, does not call for a return to the Republic, and yet notes that what he wrote down were not the practices of the empire but those 'formerly observed by the founders thereof, being members of the Republic.
    • Oceana , pp. 4
    • Pocock1
  • 107
    • 0003875105 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • 74 The argument is obviously a parallel to Harrington's (Oceana, ed. Pocock, p. 4), and is so as well for all those who traced their military thought out of Vegetius, among whom at least we may count Machiavelli (Art of War, pp. 77-8) , but also most of the other writers mentioned above. See Vegetius, Military Institutions, pp. 12-17. Vegetius, writing to the Emperor Valentininan, does not call for a return to the Republic, and yet notes that what he wrote down were not the practices of the empire but those 'formerly observed by the founders thereof, being members of the Republic.
    • Art of War , pp. 77-78
    • Machiavelli1
  • 108
    • 85037751670 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Vegetius, writing to the Emperor Valentininan, does not call for a return to the Republic, and yet notes that what he wrote down were not the practices of the empire but those 'formerly observed by the founders thereof, being members of the Republic
    • 74 The argument is obviously a parallel to Harrington's (Oceana, ed. Pocock, p. 4), and is so as well for all those who traced their military thought out of Vegetius, among whom at least we may count Machiavelli (Art of War, pp. 77-8) , but also most of the other writers mentioned above. See Vegetius, Military Institutions, pp. 12-17. Vegetius, writing to the Emperor Valentininan, does not call for a return to the Republic, and yet notes that what he wrote down were not the practices of the empire but those 'formerly observed by the founders thereof, being members of the Republic.
    • Military Institutions , pp. 12-17
  • 109
    • 0010097947 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • ed. Pocock
    • 75 Harrington, Oceana, ed. Pocock, p. 96.
    • Oceana , pp. 96
    • Harrington1
  • 110
    • 0010192053 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • 76 Ibid., pp. 97-8.
    • Oceana , pp. 97-98
  • 111
    • 0003875105 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • discussed above, pages 198-9
    • 77 Recall Machiavelli, Art of War, pp. 3-4, discussed above, pages 198-9.
    • Art of War , pp. 3-4
    • Machiavelli1
  • 112
    • 0010131055 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • ed. Pocock
    • 78 Harrington, Oceana, ed. Pocock, p. 60.
    • Oceana , pp. 60
    • Harrington1
  • 113
    • 0010140377 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • 79 Ibid., p. 64.
    • Oceana , pp. 64
  • 114
    • 0010131056 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Seven models
    • ed. Toland
    • 80 Harrington, Seven Models, in Oceana, ed. Toland, p. 529.
    • Oceana , pp. 529
    • Harrington1
  • 115
    • 0010212392 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • ed. Pocock
    • 81 Harrington, Oceana, ed. Pocock, p. 100.
    • Oceana , pp. 100
    • Harrington1
  • 116
    • 0010148305 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • 82 Ibid., p. 78. The fifth order, begins witih a summons to the parish church at 8.00 a.m. in the morning, and Boynton (note 29, above), regarding militia musters has noted the particularity of this time. Further in this order, there is mention of the seating arrangement of officials, which resembles that of official musters according to Boynton, and is also recreated at the muster field of the seventh order (Harrington, Oceana, ed. Pocock, pp. 83-4).
    • Oceana , pp. 78
  • 117
    • 0010158720 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • ed. Pocock
    • 82 Ibid., p. 78. The fifth order, begins witih a summons to the parish church at 8.00 a.m. in the morning, and Boynton (note 29, above), regarding militia musters has noted the particularity of this time. Further in this order, there is mention of the seating arrangement of officials, which resembles that of official musters according to Boynton, and is also recreated at the muster field of the seventh order (Harrington, Oceana, ed. Pocock, pp. 83-4).
    • Oceana , pp. 83-84
    • Harrington1
  • 118
    • 0010179037 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • ed. Firth and Rait
    • 83 Acts and Ordinances, ed. Firth and Rait, Vol. I, pp. 1-5, 1233-1251; Vol. II, pp. 397-402, respectively.
    • Acts and Ordinances , vol.1 , pp. 1-5
  • 119
    • 0010140378 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • respectively
    • 83 Acts and Ordinances, ed. Firth and Rait, Vol. I, pp. 1-5, 1233-1251; Vol. II, pp. 397-402, respectively.
    • Acts and Ordinances , vol.2 , pp. 397-402
  • 120
    • 0010179038 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The art of law giving (1659)
    • ed. Toland
    • 84 The use of these terms is particularly difficult at this time, for while there is much debate surrounding fears of a 'standing army', there is more about what counts as such. While occasionally problematic in Harrington's texts, passages from a later work, The Art of Law Giving (1659), in Oceana, ed. Toland, pp. 452-5, suggest that his use of the term 'standing Army' is not to be equated with the military forces of the New Model Army. An armed force such as that of the New Model rather appears to fit most nearly under the description of an 'Army marching', but is more precisely only the militia mustered-out for duty. The 'standing Army', by contrast, would appear to be the militia in a state of readiness before the muster. It receives no pay, and is always refilled by reserves when the 'Army marching' takes to the field. At least in this work there is no sense of a permanent professional army in Harrington's model. Unfortunately, this raises more questions with regard to the important fourth order of The Corollary to Oceana, ed. Pocock, pp. 251, 255, in which the Protector is granted a 'standing army of twelve thousand men, defrayed upon a monthly tax for the term of three years for the protection of this commonwealth against dissenting parties, to be governed, directed and commanded by and with the advice of the council of war'. The force is far smaller than that of the New Model Army at the time (roughly 50,000 men in January 1655 according to Beckett, Amateur Military, p. 47); and to make matters worse, looks very much like that of the Major-Generals' Select Militia of 6000 horse and 200 foot. In The Corollary, however, it is nearly 100% larger! Has Harrington, sensing the trend of debates in the autumn of 1656, switched sides at the last moment against the arguments of his own model? The question, however crucial to my own argument, must unfortunately remain open. At best it can be noted that Harrington recounts that this force is disbanded at the end of the second year of the commonwealth, suggesting that it is not to be countenanced save in times of extreme emergency. Perhaps it is not too much to note that the Select Militia itself, passed on 9 October 1656, was weakened by repeal of the Decimation Tax in 1657, and finally disbanded two years later in September 1659. See Beckett, Amateur Military, p. 48.
    • Oceana , pp. 452-455
  • 121
    • 0010089307 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • 84 The use of these terms is particularly difficult at this time, for while there is much debate surrounding fears of a 'standing army', there is more about what counts as such. While occasionally problematic in Harrington's texts, passages from a later work, The Art of Law Giving (1659), in Oceana, ed. Toland, pp. 452-5, suggest that his use of the term 'standing Army' is not to be equated with the military forces of the New Model Army. An armed force such as that of the New Model rather appears to fit most nearly under the description of an 'Army marching', but is more precisely only the militia mustered-out for duty. The 'standing Army', by contrast, would appear to be the militia in a state of readiness before the muster. It receives no pay, and is always refilled by reserves when the 'Army marching' takes to the field. At least in this work there is no sense of a permanent professional army in Harrington's model. Unfortunately, this raises more questions with regard to the important fourth order of The Corollary to Oceana, ed. Pocock, pp. 251, 255, in which the Protector is granted a 'standing army of twelve thousand men, defrayed upon a monthly tax for the term of three years for the protection of this commonwealth against dissenting parties, to be governed, directed and commanded by and with the advice of the council of war'. The force is far smaller than that of the New Model Army at the time (roughly 50,000 men in January 1655 according to Beckett, Amateur Military, p. 47); and to make matters worse, looks very much like that of the Major-Generals' Select Militia of 6000 horse and 200 foot. In The Corollary, however, it is nearly 100% larger! Has Harrington, sensing the trend of debates in the autumn of 1656, switched sides at the last moment against the arguments of his own model? The question, however crucial to my own argument, must unfortunately remain open. At best it can be noted that Harrington recounts that this force is disbanded at the end of the second year of the commonwealth, suggesting that it is not to be countenanced save in times of extreme emergency. Perhaps it is not too much to note that the Select Militia itself, passed on 9 October 1656, was weakened by repeal of the Decimation Tax in 1657, and finally disbanded two years later in September 1659. See Beckett, Amateur Military, p. 48.
    • The Corollary to Oceana , pp. 251
    • Pocock1
  • 122
    • 0004341425 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • 84 The use of these terms is particularly difficult at this time, for while there is much debate surrounding fears of a 'standing army', there is more about what counts as such. While occasionally problematic in Harrington's texts, passages from a later work, The Art of Law Giving (1659), in Oceana, ed. Toland, pp. 452-5, suggest that his use of the term 'standing Army' is not to be equated with the military forces of the New Model Army. An armed force such as that of the New Model rather appears to fit most nearly under the description of an 'Army marching', but is more precisely only the militia mustered-out for duty. The 'standing Army', by contrast, would appear to be the militia in a state of readiness before the muster. It receives no pay, and is always refilled by reserves when the 'Army marching' takes to the field. At least in this work there is no sense of a permanent professional army in Harrington's model. Unfortunately, this raises more questions with regard to the important fourth order of The Corollary to Oceana, ed. Pocock, pp. 251, 255, in which the Protector is granted a 'standing army of twelve thousand men, defrayed upon a monthly tax for the term of three years for the protection of this commonwealth against dissenting parties, to be governed, directed and commanded by and with the advice of the council of war'. The force is far smaller than that of the New Model Army at the time (roughly 50,000 men in January 1655 according to Beckett, Amateur Military, p. 47); and to make matters worse, looks very much like that of the Major-Generals' Select Militia of 6000 horse and 200 foot. In The Corollary, however, it is nearly 100% larger! Has Harrington, sensing the trend of debates in the autumn of 1656, switched sides at the last moment against the arguments of his own model? The question, however crucial to my own argument, must unfortunately remain open. At best it can be noted that Harrington recounts that this force is disbanded at the end of the second year of the commonwealth, suggesting that it is not to be countenanced save in times of extreme emergency. Perhaps it is not too much to note that the Select Militia itself, passed on 9 October 1656, was weakened by repeal of the Decimation Tax in 1657, and finally disbanded two years later in September 1659. See Beckett, Amateur Military, p. 48.
    • Amateur Military , pp. 47
    • Beckett1
  • 123
    • 0004341425 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • 84 The use of these terms is particularly difficult at this time, for while there is much debate surrounding fears of a 'standing army', there is more about what counts as such. While occasionally problematic in Harrington's texts, passages from a later work, The Art of Law Giving (1659), in Oceana, ed. Toland, pp. 452-5, suggest that his use of the term 'standing Army' is not to be equated with the military forces of the New Model Army. An armed force such as that of the New Model rather appears to fit most nearly under the description of an 'Army marching', but is more precisely only the militia mustered-out for duty. The 'standing Army', by contrast, would appear to be the militia in a state of readiness before the muster. It receives no pay, and is always refilled by reserves when the 'Army marching' takes to the field. At least in this work there is no sense of a permanent professional army in Harrington's model. Unfortunately, this raises more questions with regard to the important fourth order of The Corollary to Oceana, ed. Pocock, pp. 251, 255, in which the Protector is granted a 'standing army of twelve thousand men, defrayed upon a monthly tax for the term of three years for the protection of this commonwealth against dissenting parties, to be governed, directed and commanded by and with the advice of the council of war'. The force is far smaller than that of the New Model Army at the time (roughly 50,000 men in January 1655 according to Beckett, Amateur Military, p. 47); and to make matters worse, looks very much like that of the Major-Generals' Select Militia of 6000 horse and 200 foot. In The Corollary, however, it is nearly 100% larger! Has Harrington, sensing the trend of debates in the autumn of 1656, switched sides at the last moment against the arguments of his own model? The question, however crucial to my own argument, must unfortunately remain open. At best it can be noted that Harrington recounts that this force is disbanded at the end of the second year of the commonwealth, suggesting that it is not to be countenanced save in times of extreme emergency. Perhaps it is not too much to note that the Select Militia itself, passed on 9 October 1656, was weakened by repeal of the Decimation Tax in 1657, and finally disbanded two years later in September 1659. See Beckett, Amateur Military, p. 48.
    • Amateur Military , pp. 48
    • Beckett1
  • 125
    • 0010213089 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • ed. Pocock
    • 86 Harrington, Oceana, ed. Pocock, p. 80.
    • Oceana , pp. 80
    • Harrington1
  • 126
    • 0010092925 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • 87 Ibid., p. 89.
    • Oceana , pp. 89
  • 127
    • 0010099774 scopus 로고
    • The Grand Remonstrance
    • 1. December
    • 88 The Grand Remonstrance, 1. December. 1641, in Old South Leaflets, No. 24.
    • (1641) Old South Leaflets , Issue.24
  • 128
    • 0010092926 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • note
    • 89 On a final note regarding this order, what Harrington terms the 'Pillar of Nilus' is but a reintroduction of the muster certificates required under the 1558 Acts, but which had been so desirable and so easy to evade when there were not good orders.
  • 129
    • 0010091602 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Harrington's numbers for pay-rates do, however, seem a bit more generous than those of the Act
    • 90 Acts and Ordinances, ed. Firth and Rait, Vol. II, p. 400. Harrington's numbers for pay-rates do, however, seem a bit more generous than those of the Act.
    • Acts and Ordinances , vol.2 , pp. 400
    • Firth1    Rait2
  • 130
    • 0003838361 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • 91 There are those who would suggest that by the middle of the seventeenth century the militia had passed its tactical peak, giving way to forces more like that of the New Model Army. For an introduction to this debate see Parker, 'The "Military Revolution"', pp. 195-214.
    • The "Military Revolution" , pp. 195-214
    • Parker1
  • 131
    • 0010091603 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Discourse upon this saying
    • ed. Toland, Italics in the original
    • 92 Harrington, 'Discourse Upon this Saying', in Oceana, ed. Toland, p. 603. Italics in the original.
    • Oceana , pp. 603
    • Harrington1
  • 132
    • 0010157610 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • ed. Pocock
    • 93 Harrington, Oceana, ed. Pocock, p. 33.
    • Oceana , pp. 33
    • Harrington1
  • 133
    • 0010158721 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • 94 Ibid., 96.
    • Oceana , pp. 96
  • 134
    • 0010099775 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • 95 Ibid., pp. 95, 101-14.
    • Oceana , pp. 95
  • 135
    • 0010205839 scopus 로고
    • Italics added
    • 98 Harrington, 'Seven Models' (1658), pp. 524-5. Italics added.
    • (1658) Seven Models , pp. 524-525
    • Harrington1
  • 136
    • 0010151447 scopus 로고
    • Chicago
    • 99 The following discussions of martial law are informed by Charles Fairman, The Law of Martial Rule (Chicago, 1930), pp. 1-19; W.S. Holdsworth, 'Martial Law Historically Considered', The Law Quarterly Review (London), XVIII (1902), pp. 117-32; H. Erle Richards, 'Martial Law', The Law Quarterly Review (London), XVIII (1902), pp. 132-42.
    • (1930) The Law of Martial Rule , pp. 1-19
    • Fairman, C.1
  • 137
    • 0010096418 scopus 로고
    • Martial Law historically considered
    • London
    • 99 The following discussions of martial law are informed by Charles Fairman, The Law of Martial Rule (Chicago, 1930), pp. 1-19; W.S. Holdsworth, 'Martial Law Historically Considered', The Law Quarterly Review (London), XVIII (1902), pp. 117-32; H. Erle Richards, 'Martial Law', The Law Quarterly Review (London), XVIII (1902), pp. 132-42.
    • (1902) The Law Quarterly Review , vol.18 , pp. 117-132
    • Holdsworth, W.S.1
  • 138
    • 0010097948 scopus 로고
    • Martial law
    • London
    • 99 The following discussions of martial law are informed by Charles Fairman, The Law of Martial Rule (Chicago, 1930), pp. 1-19; W.S. Holdsworth, 'Martial Law Historically Considered', The Law Quarterly Review (London), XVIII (1902), pp. 117-32; H. Erle Richards, 'Martial Law', The Law Quarterly Review (London), XVIII (1902), pp. 132-42.
    • (1902) The Law Quarterly Review , vol.18 , pp. 132-142
    • Richards, H.E.1
  • 139
    • 0010205839 scopus 로고
    • 98 Harrington, 'Seven Models' (1658), p. 524.
    • (1658) Seven Models , pp. 524
  • 140
    • 0010140380 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • note
    • 99 See note 77, above.
  • 141
    • 0010131056 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Seven models
    • ed. Toland
    • 100 Harrington, Seven Models, in Oceana, ed. Toland, p. 529.
    • Oceana , pp. 529
  • 142
    • 0003875105 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • where the importance of dividing an enemy's command while preserving the unity of ones own, is stressed
    • 101 See for example, Maehiavelli, Art of War, p. 173, where the importance of dividing an enemy's command while preserving the unity of ones own, is stressed.
    • Art of War , pp. 173
    • Maehiavelli1
  • 143
    • 0010213090 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • ed. Pocock
    • 102 Harrington, Oceana, ed. Pocock, p. 25.
    • Oceana , pp. 25
    • Harrington1


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