Structural complexity and the time course of grammatical development

Cognition

Volumn 66, Issue 3, 1998, Pages 249-301

  Frank, Robert ^a  

^a JOHNS HOPKINS UNIVERSITY   (United States)

Author keywords

Language acquisition; Syntax; Tree adjoining grammar

Indexed keywords

ARTICLE; CHILD; FEMALE; HUMAN; INFANT; LANGUAGE DEVELOPMENT; LEARNING; LINGUISTICS; MALE; PRESCHOOL CHILD; SEMANTICS;

CHILD; CHILD LANGUAGE; CHILD, PRESCHOOL; FEMALE; HUMANS; INFANT; LANGUAGE DEVELOPMENT; MALE; PSYCHOLINGUISTICS; SEMANTICS; VERBAL LEARNING;

EID: 0032085492     PISSN: 00100277     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1016/S0010-0277(98)00024-9     Document Type: Article

References (121)

1. Altmann, G., Steedman, M., 1988. Interaction with context during human sentence processing. Cognition 30, 191-238.
2. Amidon, A., Carey, P., 1972. Why five-year-olds cannot understand before and after. Journal of Verbal Learning and Verbal Behavior 11, 417-423.
3. Bever, T., 1970. The cognitive basis for linguistic structures. In: Hayes, J.R. (Ed.), Cognition and the Development of Language. John Wiley, New York, pp. 279-362.
4. Bloom, L., Lahey, M., Hood, L., Lifter, K., Fiess, K., 1980. Complex sentences: acquisition of syntactic connectives and the semantic relations they encode. Journal of Child Language 7, 235-261.
5. Borer, H., Wexler, K., 1987. The maturation of syntax. In: Roeper, T., Williams, E. (Eds.), Parameter Setting. Reidel, Dordrecht, pp. 123-172.
6. Brennan, V., 1991. Formal semantics of telegraphic speech. In: Plunkett, B. (Ed.), UMOP 15: Issues in Psycholinguistics. Graduate Linguistics Students Association, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, MA, pp. 1-44.
7. Brown, R., 1973. A First Language: the Early Stages. Harvard University Press, Cambridge, MA.
8. Browning, M., 1987. Null Operator Constructions. PhD thesis, MIT, Cambridge, MA.
9. Cairns, H.S., McDaniel, D., Ryan Hsu, J., Rapp, M., 1994. A longitudinal study of principles of control and pronominal reference in child English. Language 70 (2), 260-288.
10. Chomsky, N., 1957. Syntactic Structures. Mouton, The Hague, Netherlands.
11. Chomsky, N., 1959. On certain formal properties of grammars. Information and Control 2(2), 137-167.
12. Chomsky, N., 1965. Aspects of the Theory of Syntax. MIT Press, Cambridge, MA.
13. Chomsky, N., 1977. On Wh-movement. In: Culicover, P., Wasow, T., Akmajian, A. (Eds.), Formal Syntax. Academic Press, New York, pp. 71-132.
14. Chomsky, N., 1981. Lectures on Government and Binding. Foris, Dordrecht.
15. Chomsky, N., 1986. Barriers. MIT Press, Cambridge, MA.
16. Cinque, G., 1990. Types of Ā-Dependencies. MIT Press, Cambridge, MA.
17. Clark, R., 1992. The selection of syntactic knowledge. Language Acquisition 2(2), 83-149.
18. Cohen Sherman, J., Lust, B., 1993. Children are in control. Cognition 46, 1-51.
19. Crain, S., Fodor, J.D., 1993. Competence and performance in child language. In: Dromi, E. (Ed.), Language and Cognition: a Developmental Perspective. Ablex, Norwood, NJ.
20. Crain, S., McKee, C., Emiliani, M., 1990 Visiting relatives in Italy. In: Frazier, L., de Villiers, J. (Eds.), Language Processing and Language Acquisition. Kluwer, Dordrecht, pp. 335-356.
21. Crain, S., Nakayama, M., 1987. Structure dependence in grammar formation. Language 63 (3), 522-543.
22. Crain, S., Steedman, M., 1985. On not being led up the garden path: the use of context by the syntactic processor. In: Dowty, D., Karttunen, L., Zwicky, A. (Eds.), Natural Language Parsing: Psychological, Computational and Theoretical Perspectives. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, UK.
23. Crain, S., Thornton, R., Murasugi, K., 1987. Capturing the evasive passive. Paper presented at the 12th BU Conference on Language Development, Boston, MA.
24. Cromer, R.F., 1987. Language growth with experience without feedback. Journal of Psycholinguistic Research 16 (3), 223-231.
25. de Villiers, J., Tager Flusberg, H.B., Hakuta, K., Cohen, M., 1979. Children's comprehension of relative clauses. Journal of Psycholinguistic Research 8 (5), 499-518.
26. de Villiers, J., Roeper, T., Vainikka, A., 1990. The acquisition of long distance rules. In: Frazier, L., de Villiers, J. (Eds.), Language Processing and Language Acquisition. Kluwer, Dordrecht, pp. 257-297.
27. Demuth, K., 1989. Maturation and the acquisition of the Sesotho passive. Language 65, 56-80.
28. Deprez, V., Pierce, A., 1993. Negation and functional projections in early grammar. Linguistic Inquiry 24, 25-67.
29. Dowty, D., 1975. The Montague-Adjukewicz system of syntactic-semantic categories as a linguistic theory of syntactic category and grammatical relations. Paper presented at the Annual Meeting of the Linguistic Society of America, San Francisco, CA.
30. Dowty, D., 1982. Grammatical relations and Montague grammar. In: Jacobson, P., Pullum, G. (Eds.), The Nature of Syntactic Representation. Reidel, Dordrecht, pp. 79-130.
31. Dresher, B.E., Kaye, J.D., 1990. A computational learning model for metrical phonology. Cognition 34, 137-195.
32. Drozd, K., 1993. Unification Categorial Grammar of Child English Negation. PhD thesis, University of Arizona, Tuscon, AZ.
33. Fanselow, G., 1990. Scrambling as NP-movement. In: Grewendorf, G., Sternefeld, W. (Eds.), Scrambling and Barriers. John Benjamins, Amsterdam, pp. 113-140.
34. Felix, S., 1984. Maturational aspects of universal grammar. In: Gripper, C., Davies, A., Howatt, A.P.R. (Eds.), Interlanguage. Edinburgh University Press.
35. Fox, D., Grodzinsky, Y., Crain, S., 1995. An experimental study of children's passive. In: Schütze, C., Ganger, J., Broihier, K. (Eds.), MIT Working Papers in Linguistics 26: Papers on Language Processing and Acquisition. MIT Department of Linguistics and Philosophy, pp. 249-264.
36. Frank, R., 1992. Syntactic Locality and Tree Adjoining Grammar: Grammatical, Acquisition and Processing Perspectives. PhD thesis, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA.
37. Frank, R., 1993. Grammatical complexity and the time course of language acquisition. In: Proceedings of the 15th Annual Conference of the Cognitive Science Society. Lawrence Erlbaum, Hillsdale, NJ., pp. 37-48.
38. Frank, R., to appear. From regular to context-free to mildly context-sensitive tree rewriting systems: the path of child language acquisition. In: Proceedings of the 3rd International Workshop on Tree Adjoining Grammar. CLSI.
39. Frank, R., Kapur, S., 1996. On the use of triggers in parameter setting. Linguistic Inquiry 27 (4), 623-660.
40. Frank, R., Kroch, A., 1994. Nominal structures and structural recursion. Computational Intelligence 10 (4), 453-470.
41. Frank, R., Kroch, A., 1995. Generalized transformations and the theory of grammar. Studia Linguistica 49 (2), 103-151.
42. Frank, R., Lee, Y.-S., Rambow, O., 1992. Scrambling as non-operator movement and the special status of subjects. In: Barbiers, S., den Dikken, M., Levelt, C. (Eds.), Proceedings of 3rd Leiden Conference for Junior Linguists. University of Leiden, pp. 135-154.
43. Frazier, L., Fodor, J.D., 1978. The sausage machine: a new two stage parsing model. Cognition 6, 291-325.
44. Gerken, L.A., Jusczyk, P., Mandel, D., 1994. When prosody fails to cue syntactic structure: 9-month-olds' sensitivity to phonological versus syntactic phrases. Cognition 51 (3), 237-265.
45. Gibson, E., 1991. A Computational Theory of Human Linguistic Processing: Memory Limitations and Processing Breakdown. PhD thesis, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, PA.
46. Gibson, E., Wexler, K., 1994. Triggers. Linguistic Inquiry 25 (3), 407-454.
47. Gleitman, L., 1990. The structural sources of verb meanings. Language Acquisition 1, 3-55.
48. Gold, E.M., 1967. Language identification in the limit. Information and Control 10, 447-474.
49. Goodluck, H., 1981. Children's grammar of complement-subject interpretation. In: Tavakolian, S., (Ed.), Language Acquisition and Linguistic Theory. MIT Press, Cambridge, MA, pp. 139-166.
50. Goodluck, H., 1990. Knowledge integration in processing and acquisition: comments on Grimshaw and Rosen. In: Frazier, L., de Villiers, J. (Eds.), Language Processing and Language Acquisition. Kluwer, Dordrecht, pp. 369-382.
51. Goodluck, H., Behne, D., 1992. Development in control and extraction. In: Weissenborn, J., Goodluck, H., Roeper, T. (Eds.), Theoretical Studies in Language Acquisition. Lawrence Erlbaum, Hillsdale, NJ, pp. 151-171.
52. Goodluck, H., Tavakolian, S., 1982. Competence and processing in children's grammar of relative clauses. Cognition 11, 1-28.
53. Gorrell, P., Crain, S., Fodor, J.D., 1989. Contextual information and temporal terms. Journal of Child Language 16, 623-632.
54. Grimshaw, J., 1981. Form, function, and the language acquisition device. In: Baker, C.L., McCarthy, J.J. (Eds.), The Logical Problem of Language Acquisition. MIT Press, Cambridge, MA, pp. 165-182.
55. Grimshaw, J., to appear. Extended projection and locality. In: Coopmans, P., Everaert, M., Grimshaw, J. (Eds.), Lexical Structure. Lawrence Erlbaum, Hillsdale, NJ.
56. Hamburger, H., Crain, S., 1982. Relative acquisition. In: Kuczaj, S. (Ed.), Language Development, Vol. 1: Syntax and Semantics. Lawrence Erlbaum, Hillsdale, NJ, pp. 245-274.
57. Hamburger, H., Crain, S., 1984. Acquisition of cognitive compiling. Cognition 17, 85-136.
58. Heycock, C., 1987. The structure of the Japanese causative. Technical Report MS-CIS-87-55, Department of Computer and Information Sciences, University of Pennsylvania, PA.
59. Hirsh-Pasek, K., Kemler Nelson, D., Jusczyk, P., Wright Cassidy, K., Druss, B., Kennedy, L., 1987. Clauses are perceptual units for young infants. Cognition 26, 269-286.
60. Hsu, J.R., Cairns, H.S., Fiengo, R., 1985. The development of grammars underlying children's interpretation of complex sentences. Cognition 20, 25-48.
61. Jarvella, R., 1971. Syntactic processing of connected speech. Journal of Verbal Learning and Verbal Behavior 10, 409-416.
62. Johnson, H.L., 1975. The meaning of before and after for preschool children. Journal of Experimental Child Psychology 19, 88-99.
63. Joshi, A.K., 1987. An introduction to tree adjoining grammars. In: Manaster-Ramer, A. (Ed.). The Mathematics of Language. John Benjamins, Amsterdam, Netherlands, pp. 87-114.
64. Joshi, A.K., 1989. A possible mathematical specification of degree-0 or degree-0 plus a little learnability. Behavioral and Brain Sciences 12, 345-347.
65. Joshi, A.K., 1990. Processing crossed and nested dependencies: an automaton perspective on the psy-cholinguistic results. Language and Cognitive Processes 5 (1), 1-27.
66. Joshi, A.K., Levy, L., Takahashi, M., 1975. Tree adjunct grammars. Journal of the Computer and System Sciences 10 (1), 136-163.
67. Joshi, A.K., Vijay-Shanker, K., Weir, D., 1991. The convergence of mildly context-sensitive grammatical formalisms. In: Sells, P., Shieber, S., Wasow, T. (Eds.), Foundational Issues in Natural Language Processing. MIT Press, Cambridge, MA, pp. 31-81.
68. Kapur, S., 1994. Some applications of formal learning theory results to natural language acquisition. In: Lust, B., Hermon, G., Kornfilt, J. (Eds.), Syntactic Theory and First Language Acquisition: Vol. 2: Binding, Dependencies and Learnability. Lawrence Erlbaum, Hillsdale, NJ. pp. 491-508.
69. Kayne, R., 1994. The Antisymmetry of Syntax. MIT Press, Cambridge, MA.
70. Kroch, A., 1987. Unbounded dependencies and subjacency in a tree adjoining grammar. In: Manaster-Ramer, A. (Ed.), The Mathematics of Language. John Benjamins, Amsterdam, Netherlands, pp. 143-172.
71. Kroch, A., 1989. Asymmetries in long distance extraction in a tree adjoining grammar. In: Baltin, M., Kroch, A. (Eds.), Alternative Conceptions of Phrase Structure. University of Chicago Press, Chicago, IL, pp. 66-98.
72. Kroch, A., Joshi, A.K., 1985. The linguistic relevance of tree adjoining grammar. Technical Report MS-CS-85-16, Department of Computer and Information Sciences, University of Pennsylvania, PA.
73. Kroch, A., Santorini, B., 1991. The derived constituent structure of the West Germanic verb raising construction. In: Freidin, R. (Ed.), Principles and Parameters in Comparative Grammar. MIT Press, Cambridge, MA, pp. 269-338.
74. Landau, B., Gleitman, L., 1985. Language and Experience. Harvard University Press, Cambridge, MA.
75. Larson, R., 1987. 'Missing prepositions' and the analysis of English free relative clauses. Linguistic Inquiry 18, 239-266.
76. Lebeaux, D., 1988. Language Acquisition and the Form of the Grammar. PhD thesis, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, MA.
77. Lee, Y.-S., 1993. Scrambling as case-driven obligatory movement. PhD thesis, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA.
78. Lee, Y.-S., Rambow, O., 1992. Scrambling in Korean: a TAG analysis. Paper presented at the 66th Annual Meeting of the LSA, Philadelphia, PA.
79. Lightfoot, D., 1989. The child's trigger experience: degree-0 learnability. Behavioral and Brain Sciences 12, 321-334.
80. Lightfoot, D., 1991. How to Set Parameters: Arguments from Language Change. MIT Press, Cambridge, MA.
81. Lust, B., 1994. Functional projection of CP and phrase structure parameterization: an argument for the strong continuity hypothesis. In: Lust, B., Suñer, M., Whitman, J. (Eds.), Syntactic Theory and First Language Acquisition: Vol. 1: Heads, Projections and Learnability. Lawrence Erlbaum, Hillsdale, NJ, pp. 85-118.
82. MacWhinney, B., Snow, C., 1985. The child language data exchange system. Journal of Child Language 12, 271-296.
83. Mahajan, A., 1990. The A/A-bar Distinction and Movement Theory. PhD thesis, MIT, Cambridge, MA.
84. Maratsos, M., Fox, D., Becker, J., Chalkley, M., 1985. Semantic restrictions in children's passives. Cognition 19, 167-192.
85. Matthei, E., 1982. The acquisition of prenominal modifier sequences. Cognition 11, 301-332.
86. McDaniel, D., 1989. Partial and multiple Wh-movement. Natural Language and Linguistic Theory 7, 565-604.
87. McDaniel, D., Cairns, H.S., 1990 Processing and acquisition of control structures by young children. In: Frazier, L., de Villiers, J. (Eds.), Language Processing and Language Acquisition. Kluwer, Dordrecht, pp. 313-325.
88. McKee, C., 1994. Object-control adjectives: lexical factors in syntactic development. Paper presented at the 68th Annual Meeting of the LSA.
89. Morgan, J., 1986 From Simple Input to Complex Grammars. MIT Press, Cambridge, MA.
90. Osherson, D., Stob, M., Weinstein, S., 1984. Learning theory and natural language. Cognition 17, 1-28.
91. Otsu, Y., 1981. Universal Grammar and Syntactic Development in Children: Toward a Theory of Syntactic Development. PhD thesis, MIT, Cambridge, MA.
92. Otsu, Y., 1994. Early acquisition of scrambling in Japanese. In: Hoekstra, T., Schwartz, B.D. (Eds.), Language Acquisition Studies in Generative Grammar. John Benjamins, Amsterdam, Netherlands, pp. 253-264.
93. Partee, B., Rooth, M., 1983. Generalized conjunction and type ambiguity. In: Bauerle, R., Schwarze, C., von Stechow, A. (Eds.), Meaning, Use and Interpretation of Language. Walter de Gruyter, Berlin, pp. 361-383.
94. Pérez-Leroux, A.T., 1993. Empty Categories and the Acquisition of Wh-Movement. PhD thesis, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, MA.
95. Pesetsky, D., 1987. Wh-in-situ: movement and unselective binding. In: Reuland, E., ter Meulen, A. (Eds.), The Representation of (In)definiteness. MIT Press, pp. 98-129.
96. Piaget, J., 1967. Logique et connaissance scientifique. In: Piaget, J. (Ed.), Encyclopedie de la Pleide, Vol. 22. Gallimard, Paris, France.
97. Piattelli-Palmarini, M. (Ed.), 1980. Language and Learning: the Debate between Jean Piaget and Noam Chomsky. Harvard University Press, Cambridge, MA.
98. Pinker, S., 1984. Language Learnability and Language Development. Harvard University Press, Cambridge, MA.
99. Pinker, S., 1989. Learnability and Cognition. MIT Press, Cambridge, MA.
100. Pullum, G., 1996. Learnability, hyperlearning, and the poverty of the stimulus. In: Proceedings of the 22nd Annual Meeting of the Berkeley Linguistics Society. Berkeley Linguistics Society, CA.
101. Rainbow, O., 1994. Formal and Computational Aspects of Natural Language Syntax. PhD thesis, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA.
102. Rambow, O., Joshi, A.K., 1994. A processing model for free word order languages. In: Clifton, C., Jr., Frazier, L., Rayner, K., (Eds.), Perspectives on Sentence Processing. Lawrence Erlbaum, Hillsdale, NJ, pp. 267-301.
103. Rizzi, L., 1990. Relativized Minimality. MIT Press, Cambridge, MA.
104. Roeper, T., de Villiers, J., 1994. Lexical links in the wh-chain. In: Lust, B. Hermon, G., Kornfilt, J. (Eds.), Syntactic Theory and First Language Acquisition: Vol. 2: Binding, Dependencies and Learnability. Lawrence Erlbaum, Hillsdale, NJ, pp. 357-390.
105. Saito, M., 1992. Long distance scrambling in Japanese. Journal of East Asian Linguistics 1, 69-118.
106. Smith, M., 1974. Relative clause formation between 29-36 months: a preliminary report. In: Papers and Reports on Child Language Development, Volume 8. Committee on Linguistics, Stanford University, pp. 104-110.
107. Tavakolian, S., 1981. The conjoined clause analysis of relative clauses. In: Tavakolian, S., (Ed.), Language Acquisition and Linguistic Theory. MIT Press, Cambridge, MA, pp. 167-187.
108. Thornton, R., 1990. Adventures in Long-Distance Moving: the Acquisition of Complex Wh-Questions. PhD thesis, University of Connecticut, Storrs, CT.
109. Thornton, R., 1995. Referentiality and wh-movement in child English: Juvenile D-Linkuency. Language Acquisition 4 (1,2), 139-175.
110. Thornton, R., Crain, S., 1994. Successful cyclic movement. In: Hoekstra, T., Schwartz, B.D. (Eds.), Language Acquisition Studies in Generative Grammar. John Benjamins, Amsterdam, Netherlands, pp. 215-252.
111. Townsend, D.J., Ottaviano, D., Bever, T., 1979. Immediate memory for words from main and subordinate clauses at different age levels. Journal of Psycholinguistic Research 8 (1), 83-101.
112. Trueswell, J.C., Tanenhaus, M.K., 1994. Toward a lexicalist framework for constraint-based syntactic ambiguity resolution. In:Clifton, C., Jr., Frazier, L., Rayner, K., (Eds.), Perspectives on Sentence Processing. Lawrence Erlbaum, Hillsdale, NJ, pp. 155-179.
113. Tyler, L., Marslen-Wilson, W., 1978. Some developmental aspects of sentence processing and memory. Journal of Child Language 5, 113-129.
114. Vijay-Shanker, K., 1987. A Study of Tree Adjoining Grammars. PhD thesis, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA.
115. Webelhuth, G., 1989. Syntactic Saturation Phenomena and the Modern Germanic Languages. PhD thesis, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, MA.
116. Weinberg, A., 1990. Child grammars - radically different or more of the same?: comments on de Villiers, Roeper and Vainikka. In: Frazier, L., de Villiers, J. (Eds.), Language Processing and Language Acquisition. Kluwer, Dordrecht, pp. 299-311.
117. Wexler, K., 1990. On unparsable input in language acquisition. In: Frazier, L., de Villiers, J. (Eds.), Language Processing and Language Acquisition. Kluwer, Dordrecht, pp. 105-117.
118. Wexler, K., 1992. Some issues in the growth of control. In: Larson, R., Iatridou, S., Lahiri, U., Higginbotham, J. (Eds.), Grammar and Control. Kluwer, Dordrecht.
119. Wexler, K., 1994. Optional infinitives, head movement and the economy of derivations. In: Lightfoot, D., Hornstein, N., (Eds.), Verb Movement. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, pp. 305-350.
120. Wexler, K., Culicover, P., 1980. Formal Principles of Language Acquisition. MIT Press, Cambridge, MA.
121. Yngve, V., 1960. A model and an hypothesis for language structure. Proceedings of the American Philosophical Society 104, 444-466.