The 1998 European Resuscitation Council guidelines for adult advanced life support. A statement from the Working Group on advanced life support, and approved by the executive committee of the European Resuscitation Council

Resuscitation

Volumn 37, Issue 2, 1998, Pages 81-90

  Robertson, Colin ^a   Steen, Petter ^a   Adgey, Jennifer ^a   Bossaert, Leo ^a   Carli, Pierre ^a   Chamberlain, Douglas ^a   Dick, Wolfgang ^a   Ekstrom, Lars ^a   Hapnes, Svein A ^a   Holmberg, Stig ^a   Juchems, Rudolph ^a   Kette, Fulvio ^a   Koster, Rudy ^a   De Latorre, Francisco J ^a   Lindner, Karl ^a   Perales, Narcisco ^a  

^a NONE

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

ANTIARRHYTHMIC AGENT; HYPERTENSIVE AGENT;

AIRWAY; ALGORITHM; DEFIBRILLATION; HEART ARREST; HUMAN; PRACTICE GUIDELINE; PRIORITY JOURNAL; RESUSCITATION; REVIEW;

EID: 0032078397     PISSN: 03009572     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1016/S0300-9572(98)00035-5     Document Type: Article

References (120)

1. [1] Guidelines for advanced life support. A statement by the advanced life support working party of the European Resuscitation Council, 1992. Resuscitation 1992;24:111-21.
2. [2] Standards and guidelines for cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR) and emergency cardiac care (ECC). J Am Med Assoc 1986;255:2905-89.
3. [3] The ALS working group of the International advisory Committee on Resuscitation. The Universal Algorithm. Resuscitation 1997;34:109-11.
4. [4] Chamberlain DA, Cummins RO, Eisenberg M, et al. Resuscitation. Recommended guidelines for uniform reporting of data from out-of-hospital cardiac arrest: the Utstein style. Resuscitation 1991;22:1-26.
5. [5] Cummins RO, Chamberlain DA, et al. Recommended guidelines for uniform reporting of data from in-hospital resuscitation: the in-hospital "Utstein style". Resuscitation 1997;34:151-83.
6. [6] Spain D, Bradess V, Mohr C. Coronary atherosclerosis as a cause of unexpected and unexplained death. J Am Med Assoc 1960;174:384-8.
7. [7] Schatzkin A, Cupples LA, Fisher R, Heeren T, Morelock S, Mucatel M, Kannel WB. The epidemiology of sudden unexpected death: risk factors for men and women in the Framingham heart study. Am Heart J 1984;107:1300-6.
8. [8] Holmes DR, Davis K, Gersh BJ, Mock MB, Pettinger MB. Risk factor profiles of patients with sudden cardiac death and death from other cardiac causes: a report from the Coronary Artery Surgery Study (CASS). J Am Coll Cardiol 1989;13:524-30.
9. [9] Myerburg RJ, Kessler KM, Bassett AL, Castellanos A. A biological approach to sudden cardiac death: structure, function and cause. Am J Cardiol 1989;63:1512-6.
10. [10] Chamberlain D. Periarrest arrhythias. Br J Anaesth 1997;79:198-202.
11. [11] Surawicz B. Ventricular fibrillation. J Am Coll Cardiol 1985;5:438-548.
12. [12] Sedgewick ML, Dalziel K, Watson J, Carrington DJ, Cobbe SM. The causative rhythm in out-of-hospital cardiac arrests witnessed by the emergency medical services in the Heartstart Scotland project. Resuscitation 1994;27:55-9.
13. [13] Deluna AB, Courrel P, Ledercq JF. Ambulatory sudden cardiac death: mechanisms of production of fatal arrhythmia on the basis of data from 157 cases. Am Heart J 1989;117:151-9.
14. [14] Adgey AAJ, Devlin JE, Webb SW, Mulholland H. Initiation of ventricular fibrillation outside hospital in patients with acute ischaemic heart disease. Br Heart J 1982;47:55-61.
15. [15] Roth R, Stewart RD, Rogers K, Cannon GM. Out-of-hospital cardiac arrest: factors associated with survival. Ann Emerg Med 1984;13:237-43.
16. [16] Ekstrom L, Herlitz J, Wennerblom B, Axelsson A, Bang A, Holmberg S. Survival after cardiac arrest outside hospital over a 12-year period in Gothenburg. Resuscitation 1994;27:181-8.
17. [17] Tunstall-Pedoe H, Bailey L, Chamberlain D, Marsden A, Ward M, Zideman D. Survey of 3765 cardiopulmonary resuscitations in British hospitals (the BRESUS Study). Br Med J 1992;304:1347-51.
18. [18] Tortolani AJ, Risucci DA, Rosati RJ, Dixon R. In-hospital cardiopulmonary resuscitation: patient, arrest and resuscitation factors associated with survival. Resuscitation 1990;20:115-28.
19. [19] Hargarten KM, Steuven HA, Waite EM, et al. Prehospital experience with defibrillation of coarse ventricular fibrillation: a ten-year review. Ann Emerg Med 1990;19:157-62.
20. [20] Cobbe SM, Redmond MJ, Watson JM, Hollingsworth J, Carrington DJ. Heartstart Scotland - initial experience of a national scheme for out of hospital defibrillation. Br Med J 1991;302:1517-20.
21. [21] Neumar RW, Brown CG, Robitaille PL, et al. Myocardial high energy phosphate metabolism during ventricular fibrillation with total circulatory arrest. Resuscitation 1990;19:199-226.
22. [22] Mapin DR, Brown CG, Dzuonczyk R. Frequency analysis of the human and swine electrocardiogram during ventricular fibrillation. Resuscitation 1991;22:85-91.
23. [23] Larsen MP, Eisenberg MS, Cummins RO, Hallstrom AP. Predicting survival from out-of-hospital cardiac arrest: a graphic model. Ann Emerg Med 1993;22:1652-8.
24. [24] Greene HL, Dimarco JP, Kudenchuk PJ, et al. Comparison of monoplasic and biphasic defibrillating pulse waveforms for transthoracic cardioversion. Am J Cardiol 1995;75:1135-9.
25. [25] Bardy GH, Gliner BE, Kudenchuk PJ, et al. Truncated biphasic pulses for transthoracic defibrillation. Circulation 1995;91:1768-74.
26. [26] Kerber RE, Spencer KT, Kallock M, et al. Overlapping sequential pulses: a new waveform for transthoracic defibrillation. Circulation 1994;89:2369-79.
27. [27] Kerber RE, Kouba C, Martins JB, et al. Advance prediction of transthoracic impedence in human defibrillation and cardioversion: importance of impedence in determining the success of low energy shocks. Circulation 1984;70:303-8.
28. [28] Kerber RE, Martins JB, Kienzle MG, et al. Energy, current and success in defibrillation and cardioversion: Clinical studies using an automated, impedence-based energy adjustment method. Circulation 1988;77:1038-46.
29. [29] Bossaert L, Koster R. Defibrillation: methods and strategies. A statement for the Advanced Life Support Working Party of the European Resuscitation Council. Resuscitation 1992;24:211-25.
30. [30] Lermann BB, Deale OC. Relation between transcardiac and tranthoracic current during defibrillation in humans. Circ Res 1990;67:1420-6.
31. [31] Adgey AAJ, Dalzell GNW. Paddle/pad placement for defibrillation in adults. Br J Int Care 1994;Suppl:14-6.
32. [32] Sirna SJ, Ferguson DW, Charbonnier F, Kerber RE. Electrical cardioversion in humans: factors affecting transthoracic impedence. Am J Cardiol 1988;62:1048-52.
33. [33] Kerber RE. Electrical treatment of cardiac arrhythmias: defibrillation and cardioversion. Ann Emerg Med 1993;27:296-301.
34. [34] Alyward PE, Keiso R, Hite P, Charbonnier F, Kerber RE. Defibrillator electrode-chest wall coupling agents: Influence on transthoracic impedence and shock success. J Am Coll Cardiol 1985;6:682-6.
35. [35] Pagan-Carlo LA, Spencer KT, Robertson CE, et al. Transthoracic defibrillation: Importance of avoiding electrode placement directly on the female breast. J Am Coll Cardiol 1996;27:449-52.
36. [36] Kerber RE, Grayzel J, Kennedy J, Jensen SR. Elective cardioversion: influence of paddle electrode location and size on success rates and energy requirements. New Engl J Med 1981;305:658-62.
37. [37] Kerber RE, Martins JB, Kelly J, et al. Self-adhesive pre-applied electrode pads for defibrillation and cardioversion: experimental and clinical studies. J Am Coll Cardiol 1984;3:815-20.
38. [38] Bardy GH, Ivey TD, Allen MD, Johnson G, Greene HL. Evaluation of electrode polarity on defibrillation efficacy. Am J Cardiol 1989;63:433-7.
39. [39] Strickberger SD, Hummel JD, Horwood LE, et al. Effect of shock polarity on ventricular defibrillation threshold using a transvenous system. J Am Coll Cardiol 1994;24:1069-72.
40. [40] Weaver WD, Martin JS, Wirkus MJ, et al. Influence of external defibrillator electrode polarity on cardiac resuscitation. Pace 1993;16:285-90.
41. [41] Baskett PJF, Bossaert L, Carli P, et al. Guidelines for the advanced management of the airway and ventilation during resuscitation A statement by the Airway and Ventilation Management Group of the ERC. Resuscitation 1996;31:201-30.
42. [42] Gabbott DA, Baskett PJF. Management of the airway and ventilation during resuscitation. Br J Anaesth 1997;79:159-71.
43. [43] Nolan JP, Parr MJA. Aspects of resuscitation in trauma. Br J Anaesth 1997;79:226-40.
44. [44] Brimacombe JR, Berry A. The incidence of aspiration associated with the Laryngeal mask Airway: a meta-analysis of published literature. J Clin Anaesth 1995;7:297-305.
45. [45] Owens TM, Robertson P, Twomey C, et al. The incidence of gastro oesophageal reflux with the laryngeal mask. Anesth Analg 1995;80:980-4.
46. [46] Davis K, Johannigman JA, Johnson RC, Branson RD. Lung compliance following cardiac arrest. Acad Emerg Med 1995;2:874-8.
47. [47] Ornato JP, Bryson BL, Donovan PJ, et al. Measurement of ventilation during CPR. Crit Care Med 1983;11:79-82.
48. [48] Baskett PJF, Nolan J, Parr MJA. Tidal volumes which are perceived to be adequate for resuscitation. Resuscitation 1996;31:231-4.
49. [49] Cohen TJ, Tucker KJ, Lurie KG, et al. Active compression-decompression. A new method of cardiopulmonary resuscitation. J Am Med Assoc 1992;267:2916-23.
50. [50] Schwab TM, Callaham ML, Madsen CD, Utecht TA. A randomised clinical trial of active compression-decompression CPR vs. standard CPR in out of hospital cardiac arrest in two cities. J Am Med Assoc 1995;273:1261-8.
51. [51] Steill IG, Hebert PC, Wells GA, et al. The Ontario trial of active compression-decompression cardiopulmonary resuscitation for in-hospital and prehospital cardiac arrest. J Am Med Assoc 1996;275:1417-23.
52. [52] Plaisance P, Adnui F, Viuuni E, et al. Benefit of active compression decompression CPR as a prehospital advanced cardiac life support. Circulation 1997;95:955-61.
53. [53] Hapnes S, Robertson C. CPR-drug delivery routes and systems. Resuscitation 1992;24:137-42.
54. [54] Redding JS, Pearson JW. Evaluation of drugs for cardiac resuscitation. Anaesthesiology 1963;24:203-7.
55. [55] Redding JS, Pearson JW. Adrenaline in cardiac resuscitation. Am Heart J 1963;66:210-4.
56. [56] Woodhouse SP, Cox S, Boyd P, Case C, Weber M. High dose and standard dose adrenaline do not alter survival compared with placebo, in cardiac arrest. Resuscitation 1995;30:243-9.
57. [57] Herlitz J, Ekstrom L, Wennerblom B, Axelsson A, Bang A, Holmberg S. Adrenaline in out of hospital ventricular fibrillation. Does it make any difference? Resuscitation 1995;29:195-201.
58. [58] Callaham ML, Modsen CD, Barton CW, Saunders CE, Pointer J. A randomised clinical trial of high-dose epinephrine and noradrenaline vs. standard dose epinephrine in prehospital cardiac arrest. J Am Med Assoc 1992;268:2667-72.
59. [59] Abramson NS, Safar P, Sutton-Tyrrel K. A randomised clinical trial of escalating doses of high dose epinephrine during cardiac resuscitation [Abstract]. Crit Care Med 1995;23:178.
60. [60] Lindner KH, Ahnefeld FW, Prengel AW. Comparison of standard and high-dose adrenaline in the resuscitation of asystole and electromechanical dissociation. Acta Anaesth Scand 1991;35:253-6.
61. [61] Steill IG, Hebert PC, Weitzman BW, et al. High dose epinephrine in adult cardiac arrest. New Engl J Med 1992;327:1045-50.
62. [62] Brown CG, Martin DR, Pepe PE, et al. A comparison of standard-dose and high-dose epinephrine in cardiac arrest outside the hospital The Multicenter High-dose Epinephrine Study Group. New Engl J Med 1992;327:1051-5.
63. [63] Rivers EP, Wortsnan J, Rady MY, et al. The effect of total cumulative epinephrine dose adminstered during human CPR on haemodynamic, oxygen transport and utilisation variables in the post-resuscitation period. Chest 1994;5:1315-6.
64. [64] Tang W, Weil MH, Sun S, Noc M, Yang L, Gasmuri RJ. Epinephrine increases the severity of post-resuscitation myocardial dysfunction. Circulation 1995;92:3089-93.
65. [65] Lathers CM, Tyau LSY, Spino MM, et al. Cocaine-induced seizures, arrhythmias and sudden death. J Clin Pharmacol 1988;28:584-93.
66. [66] Lange RA, Cigarroa RG, Yancy CW, et al. Cocaine-induced coronary artery vasoconstriction. New Engl J Med 1989;321:1557-62.
67. [67] Sheperd RT. Mechanism of sudden death associated with volatile substance abuse. Hum Toxicol 1989;8:287-92.
68. [68] Boon NA. Solvent abuse and the heart (Editorial). Br Med J 1987;294:722.
69. [69] Lindner KH, Prengel AW, Pfenninger EG, et al. Vasopressin improves vital organ blood flow during closed-chest cardiopulmonary resuscitation in pigs. Circulation 1995;91:215-21.
70. [70] Lindner KH, Prengel AW, Brinkmann A, et al. Vasopressin administration in refractory cardiac arrest. Ann Intern Med 1996;124:1061-4.
71. [71] Babbs CF, Yim GKW, Whistler SJ, Tacker WA, Geddes LA. Elevation of ventricular defibrillation threshold in dogs by antiarrhythmic drugs. Am Heart J 1979;98:345-50.
72. [72] Chow MSS, Kluger J, Lawrence R, Fieldman A. The effect of lidocaine and bretylium on the defibrillation threshold during cardiac arrest and cardiopulmonary resuscitation. Proc Soc Exp Biol Med 1986;182:63-7.
73. [73] Dorian P, Fain ES, Davy JM, Winkle RA. Lidocaine causes a reversible, concentration-dependent increase in defibrillation energy requirements. J Am Coll Cardiol 1986;8:327-32.
74. [74] Echt DS, Black JN, Barbey JT, Coxe DR, Cato E. Evaluation of antiarrhythmic drugs on defibrillation energy requirements in dogs. Sodium channel block and action potential prolongation. Circulation 1989;79:1106-17.
75. [75] Natale A, Jones DL, Kim Y-H, Klein GJ. Effects of lidocaine on defibrillation threshold in the pig: Evidence of Anesthesia Related Increase. Pace 1991;14:1239-44.
76. [76] Kerber RE, Pandian NG, Jensen SR, et al. Effect of lidocaine and bretylium on energy requirements for transthoracic defibrillation; Experiemental studies. J Am Coll Cardiol 1986;7:397-405.
77. [77] Kerber RE, Jensen SR, Gascho JA, Grayzel J, Hoyt R, Kennedy J. Determinants of defibrillation: prospective analysis of 183 patients. Am J Cardiol 1983;52:739-45.
78. [78] Lake CL, Kron IL, Mentzer RM, Crampton RS. Lidocaine enhances intraoperative ventricular defibrillation. Anesth Analg 1986;65:337-40.
79. [79] von Planta M, Chamberlain D. Drug treatment of arrhythmias during cardiopulmonary resuscitation. Resuscitation 1992;24:227-32.
80. [80] Brown DC, Lewis AJ, Criley JM. Asystole and its treatment: The possible role of the parasympathetic nervous system in cardiac arrest. J Am Cardiol Exp Pharmacol 1979;8:448-52.
81. [81] Iseri LT, Humphrey SB, Sirer EJ. Prehospital bradyasystolic cardiac arrest. Ann Intern Med 1978;88:741-5.
82. [82] Coon GC, Clinton JE, Ruiz E. Use of atropine for bradyasystolic prehospital cardiac arrest. Ann Emerg Med 1981;10:462-7.
83. [83] Steuven HA, Tonsfeldt DJ, Thomson BM. Atropine in asystole: Human studies. Ann Emerg Med 1984;13:815-7.
84. [84] Chamberlain DA, Turner P, Sneddon JM. Effects of atropine on heart-rate in healthy man. Lancet 1967;ii:12-5.
85. [85] Steedman DJ, Robertson CE. Acid base changes in arterial and central venous blood during cardiopulmonary resuscitation. Arch Emerg Med 1992;9:169-76.
86. [86] Henreman PL, Ember JE, Marx JA. Development of acidosis in human beings during closed chest and open chest CPR. Ann Emerg Med 1988;17:672-5.
87. [87] Gilston A. Clinical and biochemical aspects of cardiac resuscitation. Lancet 1965;2:1039-43.
88. 2 production during cardiac arrest and resuscitation. Circulation 1989;80:684-92.
89. [89] Capparelli EV, Chow MSS, Kluger J, Fieldman A. Difference in systemic and myocardial blood acid-base status during cardiopulmonary resuscitation. Crit Care Med 1989;17:442-6.
90. 2 during cardiac resuscitation. J Appl Physiol 1990;68:1405-8.
91. [91] Kette F, Weil MH, Gazmuri RJ, Bisera J, Rackow EC. Intramyocardial hypercarbic acidosis during cardiac arrest and resuscitation. Crit Care Med 1993;21:901-6.
92. [92] Javaheri S, Clendending A, Papadakos N, et al. pH changes in the surface of brain and in cisternal fluid in dogs in cardiac arrest. Stroke 1984;15:553-8.
93. [93] Kette F, Weil MH, Gazmuri RJ. Buffer solutions may compromise cardiac resuscitation by reducing coronary perfusion pressure. J Am Med Assoc 1991;266:2121-6.
94. [94] Gazmuri RJ, von Planta M, Weil MH, Rackow EC. Cardiac effects of carbon dioxide-consuming and carbon dioxide-generating buffers during cardiopulmonary resuscitation. J Am Coll Cardiol 1990;15:482-549.
95. [95] Bleske BE, Rice TL, Warren EW, et al. The effect of sodium bicarbonate administration on the vasopressor effect of high-dose epinephrine during cardiopulmonary resuscitation in Swine. Am J Emerg Med 1993;11:439-43.
96. [96] Dybvik T, Strand T, Steen PA. Buffer therapy during out-of-hospital cardiopulmonary resuscitation. Resuscitation 1995;29:89-95.
97. [97] Koster RW. Correction of acidosis during cardio-pulmonary resuscitation. Resuscitation 1995;29:87-8.
98. [98] Caldwell G, Millar G, Quinn E, Vincent R, Chamberlain DA. Simple mechanical methods for cardioversion: defence of the precordial thump. Br Med J 1985;291:627-30.
99. [99] Robertson C. The precordial thump and cough techniques in advanced life support. Resuscitation 1992;24:133-5.
100. [100] Paracek EA, Munger MA, Rutherford WF, Gardner SF. Report of nitropatch explosions complicating defibrillation. Am J Emerg Med 1992;10:128-9.
101. [101] Adgey AAJ. The Belfast experience with resuscitation ambulances. Am J Emerg Med 1984;2:193-209.
102. [102] Sedgwick ML, Dalziel K, Watson J, Carrington DJ, Cobbe SM. Performance of an established system of first responder out of hospital defibrillation. Resuscitation 1993;26:75-88.
103. [103] Myerburg RJ, Conde CA, Sing RJ, et al. Clinical, electrophysiological and haemodynamic profile of patients resuscitated from prehospital cardiac arrest. Am J Med 1980;68:568-76.
104. [104] Isen LT, Humphrey SB, Sirer EJ. Prehospital bradyasystolic cardiac arrest. Ann Emerg Med 1978;88:741-5.
105. [105] Herlitz J, Ekstrom L, Wennerblom B, Axelsson A, Bang A, Holmberg S. Survival among patients with out-of-hospital cardiac arrest found in electromechanical dissociation. Resuscitation 1995;29:97-106.
106. [106] Sandoe E. Ventricular standstill and percussion (Editorial). Resuscitation 1996;32:3-4.
107. [107] Dowdle JR. Ventricular standstill and cardiac percussion. Resuscitation 1996;32:31-2.
108. [108] Scherf D, Bornemann C. Thumping of the precordium in ventricular standstill. Am J Cardiol 1960;5:30-40.
109. [109] Edgren E, Hedstrand N, Kelsey S, Sutton-Tyrrell K, Safar P, BRCT 1. Study group assessment of neurological prognosis in comatose survivors of cardiac arrest. Lancet 1994;343:1055-9.
110. [110] Roine RO, Kaste M, Kinnunen A, Nikki P, Sarna S, Kajaste S. Nimodipine after resuscitation from out-of-hospital ventricular fibrillation: A placebo controlled, double blind, randomized trial. J Am Med Assoc 1990;264:3171-7.
111. [111] Brain Resuscitation Clinical Trial II Study Group A randomized study of calcium entry blocker (lidoflazine) administration in the treatment of comatose survivors of cardiac arrest. New Engl J Med 1991;324:1225-31.
112. [112] Graves JR, Herlitz J, Axelsson A, Ekstrom L, Holmberg M, Lidquist J, Sunnerhagen K, Holmberg S. Survivors of out of hospital cardiac arrest: their prognosis, longevity and functional status. Resuscitation 1997;35:117-22.
113. [113] Cantu RC, Ames A, Digancinto G, et al. Hypotension: a major factor limiting recovery from cerebral ischaemia. J Surg Res 1969;9:525-9.
114. [114] Sieber FE, Traystman RJ. Special issues, glucose and the brain. Crit Care Med 1991;20:104-14.
115. [115] Longstreth WT, Inin TS. High blood glucose level on hospital admission and poor neurological recovery after cardiac arrest. Ann Neurol 1984;15:59-63.
116. [116] Buylaert WA, Calle PA, Honbreckts HN. The cerebral resuscitation study group Serum electrolyte disturbances in the post resuscitation period. Resuscitation 1989;17:S189-96.
117. [117] Cobb LA, Werner J, Trobough G. Sudden cardiac death: a decade's experience with out of hospital resuscitation. Mod Concepts Cardiovasc Dis 1980;49:31-9.
118. [118] The task force on the management of acute myocardial infarction of the European Society of Cardiology Acute Myocardial Infarction: prehospital and in-hospital management. Eur Heart J 1996;17:43-63.
119. [119] Guidelines for the early management of patients with acute myocardial infarction. A report of the ACC/AHA task force on assessment of diagnostic and therapeutic cardiovascular procedures. J Am Coll Cardiol 1996;16:249-92.
120. [120] Arntz HR, Bossaert L, Carli P, Chamberlain D, Davies M, Dellborg M et al. The Prehospital management of Acute Heart attacks: Report of a task force of ESC/ERC Resuscitation 1998 (in press).