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Samples were cleaned of exterior organic carbon and coatings of manganese/iron oxides with successive leaches in a 50:50 mixture of 30% peroxide and 1 M NaOH. A final short leach in a 50:50 mixture of peroxide and 1% perchloric acid was used to remove all remaining organic stains. These precleaning steps removed 15 to 25% of the original coral weight. Immediately before final dissolution and graphitization, corals were soaked in 10% HCl to remove an additional 7 to 30% of aragonite. This procedure overcomes contamination problems from modern carbon that result from storage and handling and organic carbon from polyp and crust material. Samples were carefully chosen to avoid secondary calcification from endolithic activity.
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We measured the spatial variation in Cd/Ca ratios from within a single modern D. cristagalli to check for vital effects. These biologically induced nonthermodynamic deviations from equilibrium for a particular tracer have been found to dominate the stable carbon and oxygen isotope signatures of deep-sea corals (12). A coral from 550 m in the South Pacific Ocean had an average Cd/Ca value of 0.172 nmol/mol with 1 SD of 0.016 μmol/mol. There was no within-coral spatial pattern to this variation. Although D. cristagalli may contain vital effects for Cd/Ca, this 10% SD is smaller than the signal in JFA 24.8 and does not have the top-to-bottom coherence we find in the 15.4-ka sample. For these reasons we believe sample JFA 24.8 has faithfully captured a change in the [Cd] of the past water masses.
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230Th age is small.
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49
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2642678372
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We thank S. Griffin, C. Masiello, and B. Grant for laboratory assistance. Discussions with D. Sigman, W. S. Broecker, and A. L. van Geen helped improve the manuscript. Supported by the National Science Foundation. J.F.A. was supported by a NASA Global Change fellowship and a grant from Tokyo Electric and Power Company.
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