The persistent use of negative affect by anxious individuals to estimate risk

Journal of Personality and Social Psychology

Volumn 74, Issue 5, 1998, Pages 1350-1363

  Gasper, Karen ^a   Clore, Gerald L ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF ILLINOIS AT URBANA CHAMPAIGN   (United States)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

AFFECT; ANXIETY DISORDER; ARTICLE; DECISION MAKING; FACTORIAL ANALYSIS; FEMALE; HIGH RISK BEHAVIOR; HUMAN; MALE; PERSONALITY TEST; PSYCHOLOGICAL ASPECT; QUESTIONNAIRE; STATISTICAL MODEL;

AFFECT; ANXIETY DISORDERS; FACTOR ANALYSIS, STATISTICAL; FEMALE; HUMANS; JUDGMENT; LIKELIHOOD FUNCTIONS; MALE; PERSONALITY TESTS; QUESTIONNAIRES; RISK-TAKING;

EID: 0032067667     PISSN: 00223514     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1037/0022-3514.74.5.1350     Document Type: Article

References (42)

1. Abramson, L. Y., Metalsky, G. I., & Alloy, L. B. (1989). Hopelessness depression: A theory-based subtype of depression. Psychological Review, 96, 358-372.
2. Ahrens, A. H., & Haaga, A. F. (1993). The specificity of attributional style and expectations to positive and negative affectivity, depression, and anxiety. Cognitive Therapy and Research, 17, 83-98.
3. Beck, A. T. (1967). Depression: Causes and treatment. Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press.
4. Bower, G. H. (1981). Mood and memory. American Psychologist, 36, 129-148.
5. Broadbent, D., & Broadbent, M. (1988). Anxiety and attentional bias: State and trait. Cognition and Emotion, 2, 165-183.
6. Butler, G., & Mathews, A. (1983). Cognitive processes in anxiety. Advanced Behavior Research Therapy, 5, 51-62.
7. Butler, G., & Mathews, A. (1987). Anticipatory anxiety and risk perception. Cognitive Therapy and Research, 11, 551-565.
8. Clore, G. L. (1992). Cognitive phenomenology: Feelings and the construction of judgment. In L. L. Martin & A. Tesser (Eds.), The construction of social judgments (pp. 133-163). Hillsdale, NJ: Erlbaum.
9. Clore, G. L., & Parrott, W. G. (1991). Moods and their vicissitudes: The informational properties of affective thoughts and feelings. In J. Forgas (Ed.), Emotion and social judgments (pp. 107-123). Elmsford, NY: Pergamon Press.
10. Clore, G. L., Schwarz, N., & Conway, M. (1994). Affective causes and consequences of social information processing. In R. S. Wyer & T. K. Srull (Eds.), Handbook of social cognition (2nd ed., pp. 323-341). Hillsdale, NJ: Erlbaum.
11. Constans, J. I., & Mathews, A. M. (1993). Mood and the subjective risk of future events. Cognition and Emotion, 7, 545-560.
12. Damasio, A. R. (1994). Descartes' error. New York: Putnam.
13. Diener, E., & Diener, C. (1996). Most people are happy. Psychological Science, 7, 181-185.
14. Drake, S. (1988). Anxiety and working memory capacity. Cognition and Emotion, 2, 145-154.
15. Forgas, J. P., & Bower, G. H. (1988). Affect in social and personal judgments. In K. Fiedler & J. Forgas (Eds.), Affect, cognition and social behavior: New evidence and Integrative attempts (pp. 183-208). Toronto: Hogrefe.
16. Greenberg, M. S., Vazquez, C. V., & Alloy, L. B. (1988). Depression versus anxiety: Differences in self- and other schemata. In L. B. Alloy (Ed.), Cognitive processes in depression (pp. 109-142). New York: Guilford Press.
17. Isen, A. (1984). Towards understanding the role of affect in cognition. In R. S. Wyer & T. K. Srull (Eds.), Handbook of social cognition (Vol. 3, pp. 179-236). Hillsdale, NJ: Erlbaum.
18. Johnson, E. J., & Tversky, A. (1983). Affect, generalization, and the perception of risk. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 45, 21-31.
19. Kellner, D., Locke, K. D., & Audrain, P. C. (1993). The influence of attribution on the relevance of negative feelings to personal satisfaction. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 19, 21-29.
20. Kendall, P. C., Finch, A. J., Averbach, S. M., Hooke, J. F., & Mikulka, P. J. (1976). The State-Trait Anxiety Inventory: A systematic evaluation. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 44, 406-412.
21. Kuklinski, J. H., Riggle, E., Ottati, V., Schwarz, N., & Wyer, R. S. (1991). The cognitive and affective bases of political tolerance judgments. American Journal of Political Science, 35, 1-27.
22. MacLeod, C., & Cohen, I. L. (1993). Anxiety and the interpretation of ambiguity: A text comprehension study. Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 102, 238-247.
23. MacLeod, C., & Donnellan, A. M. (1993). Individual differences in anxiety and the restriction of working memory capacity. Personality and Individual Differences, 15, 163-173.
24. Martin, L. L., Seta, J. J., & Crelia, R. A. (1990). Assimilation and contrast as a function of people's willingness and ability to expend effort in forming an impression. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 59, 27-37.
25. Mathews, A. (1988). Anxiety and the processing of threatening information. In V. Hamilton, G. H. Bower, & N. H. Frijda (Eds.), Cognitive perspective on emotion and motivation (pp. 265-284). Dordrecht, The Netherlands: Kluwer Academic.
26. Mathews, A., & MacLeod, C. (1985). Selective processing of threat cues in anxiety states. Behavior Research and Therapy, 23, 563-569.
27. Mathews, A., & MacLeod, C. (1994). Cognitive approaches to emotion and emotional disorders. Annual Review of Psychology, 45, 25-50.
28. Neisser, U. (1976). Cognition and reality: Principles and implications of cognitive psychology. New York: Freeman.
29. Salovey, P., & Birnbaum, D. (1989). Influence of mood on health relevant cognitions. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 57, 539-551.
30. Schwarz, N., & Clore, G. L. (1983). Mood, misattribution, and judgments of well-being: Informative and directive functions of affective states. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 45, 513-523.
31. Schwarz, N., & Clore, G. L. (1988). How do I feel about it? The informative function of affective states. In K. Fiedler & J. Forgas (Eds.), Affect, cognition and social behavior: New evidence and integrative attempts (pp. 44-62). Toronto: Hogrefe.
32. Schwarz, N., & Clore, G. L. (1996). Feelings and phenomenal experiences. In E. T. Higgins & A. Kruglanski (Eds.), Social psychology: A handbook of basic principles (pp. 433-465). New York: Guilford Press.
33. Smith, S. M., & Petty, R. E. (1995). Personality moderators of mood congruency effects on cognition: The role of self-esteem and negative mood regulation. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 68, 1092-1107.
34. Snyder, M. (1993). Basic research and practical problems: The promise of a "functional" personality and social psychology. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 19, 251-264.
35. Spielberger, C. D., Gorsuch, R. L., & Lushene, R. E. (1970). Manual for the State-Trait Anxiety Inventory. Palo Alto, CA: Consulting Psychologist Press.
36. Steele, C. M. (1988). The psychology of self-affirmation: Sustaining the integrity of the self. Advances in Experimental Social Psychology, 21, 261-302.
37. Taylor, S. E., & Brown, J. D. (1988). Illusion and well-being: A social psychological perspective on mental health. Psychological Bulletin, 103, 193-210.
38. Tversky, A., & Kahneman, D. (1973). Availability: A heuristic for judging frequency and probability. Cognitive Psychology, 5, 207-232.
39. Watson, D., Clark, L. A., & Carey, G. (1988). Positive and negative affectivity and their relationship to anxiety and depressive disorders. Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 97, 346-353.
40. Watson, D., Clark, L. A., & Tellegen, A. (1988). Development and validation of brief measures of positive and negative affect: The PANAS scales. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 54, 1063-1070.
41. Watson, D., & Kendall, P. C. (1989). Understanding anxiety and depression: Their relation to negative and positive affective states. In P. C. Kendall & D. Watson (Eds.), Anxiety and depression: Distinctive and overlapping features (pp. 3-26). San Diego, CA: Academic Press.
42. Watson, D., & Tellegen, A. (1985). Toward a consensual structure of mood. Psychological Bulletin, 98, 219-235.