Renal and urologic complications of inflammatory bowel disease

American Journal of Gastroenterology

Volumn 93, Issue 4, 1998, Pages 504-514

  Pardi, Darrell S ^a   Tremaine, William J ^a,b   Sandborn, William J ^a   McCarthy, James T ^a  

^a MAYO CLINIC   (United States)

^b NONE   (United States)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

ALLOPURINOL; AMINOSALICYLIC ACID DERIVATIVE; AZATHIOPRINE; CALCIUM; CITRATE POTASSIUM; CITRATE SODIUM; COLCHICINE; COLESTYRAMINE; CYCLOSPORIN; IMMUNOSUPPRESSIVE AGENT; MAGNESIUM; OXALIC ACID; SALAZOSULFAPYRIDINE; STEROID;

AMYLOIDOSIS; BLADDER FISTULA; CLINICAL TRIAL; CYSTOCOLIC FISTULA; CYSTOGRAPHY; CYSTOSCOPY; ENTERITIS; GENITAL SYSTEM DISEASE; GLOMERULONEPHRITIS; HUMAN; HYPEROXALURIA; ILEAL CONDUIT; ILEUM DYSFUNCTION; INTERSTITIAL NEPHRITIS; INTESTINE FISTULA; INTRAMUSCULAR DRUG ADMINISTRATION; INTRAVENOUS DRUG ADMINISTRATION; KIDNEY DISEASE; KIDNEY TUBULE ACIDOSIS; NEPHROLITHIASIS; OBSTRUCTIVE UROPATHY; ORAL DRUG ADMINISTRATION; POSTOPERATIVE COMPLICATION; PRIORITY JOURNAL; REVIEW; TOPICAL DRUG ADMINISTRATION; URINARY TRACT DISEASE; UROGENITAL TRACT CANCER;

AMYLOIDOSIS; FEMALE; GENITAL DISEASES, FEMALE; GENITAL DISEASES, MALE; GLOMERULONEPHRITIS; HUMANS; INFLAMMATORY BOWEL DISEASES; KIDNEY CALCULI; KIDNEY DISEASES; MALE; URETERAL OBSTRUCTION; UROLOGIC DISEASES;

EID: 0032056278     PISSN: 00029270     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1111/j.1572-0241.1998.156_b.x     Document Type: Review

References (185)

1. 1. Greenstein AJ, Janowitz HD, Sachar DB. The extra-intestinal complications of Crohn's disease and ulcerative colitis: A study of 700 patients. Medicine 1976;55:401-12.
2. 2. Shield DE, Lytton B, Weiss RM, et al. Urologic complications of inflammatory bowel disease. J Urol 1976;115:701-6.
3. 3. Chapin LE, Scudamore HH, Baggenstoss AH, et al. Regional enteritis: Associated visceral changes. Gastroenterology 1956;30:404-15.
4. 4. Greenstein AJ, Kark AE, Dreiling DA. Crohn's disease of the colon. I. Fistula in Crohn's disease of the colon, classification, presenting features and management in 63 patients. Am J Gastroenterol 1974; 62:419-29.
5. 5. Talamini MA, Broe PJ, Cameron JL. Urinary fistulas in Crohn's disease. Surg Gyn Ob 1982;154:553-6.
6. 6. McNamara MJ, Fazio VW, Lavery IC, et al. Surgical treatment of enterovesical fistulas in Crohn's disease. Dis Colon Rectum 1990; 33:271-6.
7. 7. Greenstein AJ, Sachar DB, Tzakis A, et al. Course of enterovesical fistulas in Crohn's disease. Am J Surg 1984;147:788-92.
8. 8. Sarr MG, Fishman EK, Goldman SM, et al. Enterovesical fistulas. Surg Gyn OB 1987;164:41-8.
9. 9. Karamchandani MC, West CF. Vesicoenteric fistulas. Am J Surg 1984;147:681-3.
10. 10. Pontari MA, McMillen MA, Garvey RH, et al. Diagnosis and treatment of enterovesical fistulas. Am Surg 1992;58:258-63.
11. 11. Moisey CU, Williams JL. Vesico-intestinal fistulas. Br J Urol 1972; 44:662-6.
12. 12. King RM, Beart RW, McIlrath DC. Colovesical and rectovesical fistulas. Arch Surg 1982;117:680-3.
13. 13. Fazio VW, Jones IT, Jagelman DG. Rectourethral fistulas in Crohn's disease. Surg Gyn OB 1987;164:148-50.
14. 14. Slaney G, Muller S, Clay J, et al. Crohn's disease involving the penis. Gut 1986;27:329-33.
15. 15. Mountain JC. Cutaneous ulceration in Crohn's disease. Gut 1970;11: 18-26.
16. 16. Shike M, Jeejeebhoy KN, Cannon JJ, et al. Low output cardiac failure in a woman with Crohn's disease receiving long term TPN. Gastroenterology 1980;78:605-19.
17. 17. Davidson ED. Crohn's disease with spontaneous cutaneous-urachovesiculoenteric fistula. Dig Dis Sci 1980;25:460-3.
18. 18. Sagar PM, Dozios RR, Wolff BG. Long-term results of ileal pouchanal anastomosis in patients with Crohn's disease. Dis Colon Rectum 1996;39:893-8.
19. 19. Ginzburg L, Oppenheimer GD. Urologic complications of regional ileitis. J Urol 1948;59:948-52.
20. 20. Koelbel G, Schmiedl U, Majer MC, et al. Diagnosis of fistulas and sinus tracts in patients with Crohn disease: Value of MR imaging. AJR 1989;152:999-1003.
21. 21. Margolin ML, Korelitz BI. Management of bladder fistulas in Crohn's disease. J Clin Gastroenterol 1989;11:399-402.
22. 22. Outwater E, Schiebler MC. Pelvic fistulas: Findings on MR images. AJR 1993;160:327-30.
23. 23. Goldman SM, Fishman EK, Gatewood OMB, et al. Computerized tomography in the diagnosis of enterovesical fistulas. AJR 1985;144: 1229-33.
24. 24. McVary KT, Marshall FF. Urinary fistulas. In: Gillenwater JY, Grayhack JT, Howards SS, et al., eds. Adult and pediatric urology, 3rd ed. St. Louis: Mosby, 1996:1368-77.
25. 25. Kaisary AV, Grant RW. 'Beehive on the bladder': A sign of colovesical fistula. Ann R Coll Surg Engl 1981;63:195-7.
26. 26. Joffe N. Roentgenologic abnormalities of the urinary bladder secondary to Crohn's disease. AJR 1976;127:297-302.
27. 27. Van Outryve M. Endoscopic ultrasonography in inflammatory bowel disease, paracolorectal inflammatory pathology, and extramural abnormalities. Gastrointest Endosc Clin NA 1995;5:861-7.
28. 28. Tio TL, Kallimanis GE. Endoscopic ultrasonography of perianorectal fistulas and abscesses. Endoscopy 1994;26:813-5.
29. 29. Gorcey S, Katzka I. Is operation always necessary for enterovesical fistulas in Crohn's disease? J Clin Gastroenterol 1989;11:396-8.
30. 30. Rames RA, Bissada N, Adams DB. Extent of bladder and ureteric involvement and urologic management of patients with enterovesical fistulas. Urology 1991;38:523-5.
31. 31. Amin M. Treatment options in vesicoenteric fistulas. Am J Surg 1984;147:705.
32. 32. Hanauer SB, Smith MD. Rapid closure of Crohn's disease fistulas with continuous intravenous cyclosporine. Am J Gastroenterol 1993; 88:646-9.
33. 33. Korelitz BI, Adler DJ, Mendelsohn RA, et al. Long-term experience with 6-mercaptopurine in the treatment of Crohn's disease. Am J Gastroenterol 1993;88:1198-1205.
34. 34. Fleckenstein P, Knudson L, Pedersen EB, et al. Obstructive uropathy in inflammatory bowel disease. Scand J Gastroenterol 1977;12:519-23.
35. 35. Siminovitch JMP, Fazio VW. Ureteral obstruction secondary to Crohn's disease: A need for ureterolysis? Am J Surg 1980;139:95-8.
36. 36. Present DH, Rabinowitz JG, Banks PA, et al. Obstructive hydronephrosis - a frequent but seldom recognized complication of granulomatous disease of the bowel. N Engl J Med 1969;280:523-8.
37. 37. Block GE, Enker WE, Kirsner JB. Significance and treatment of occult obstructive uropathy complicating Crohn's disease. Ann Surg 1973;178:323-32.
38. 38. Schofield PF, Staff WG, Moore T. Ureteral involvement in regional ileitis (Crohn's disease). J Urol 1968;99:412-6.
39. 39. Redish MH. Ureteral complications and alterations of ureteral tonus in regional ileitis. N Engl J Med 1952;246:993-6.
40. 40. Goldman HJ, Glickman SI. Ureteral obstruction in regional ileitis. J Urol 1962;88:616-20.
41. 41. Kyle J. Urinary complications of Crohn's disease. World J Surg 1980;4:153-60.
42. 42. Kent GG, McGowan GE, Hyams JS, et al. Hypertension associated with unilateral hydronephrosis as a complication of Crohn's disease. J Ped Surg 1987;22:1049-50.
43. 43. Edwards FC, Truelove SC. The course and prognosis of ulcerative colitis. III. Complications. Gut 1964;5:1-15.
44. 44. Dinkel E, Dittrich M, Peters H, et al. Real-time ultrasound in Crohn's disease: Characteristic features and clinical implications. Ped Radiol 1986;16:8-12.
45. 45. Hyams JS. Extraintestinal manifestations of inflammatory bowel disease in children. J Ped Gastroenterol Nutr 1994;19:7-21.
46. 46. Minocha A, Anderson MW, Eaton BG, et al. Crohn's disease complicating male genitourinary tract without overlying cutaneous involvement. Am J Gastroenterol 1996;91:1463-4.
47. 47. Shum DT, Guenther L. Metastatic Crohn's disease. Arch Dermatol 1990;126:645-8.
48. 48. Cockburn AG, Krolikowski J, Balogh K, et al. Crohn disease of penile and scrotal skin. Urology 1980;15:596-8.
49. 49. Kao MS, Paulson JD, Askin FB. Crohn's disease of the vulva. Ob Gynecol 1975;46:329-33.
50. 50. Ninan T, Aggett PJ, Smith F, et al. Atypical genital involvement in a child with Crohn's disease. J Pediatr Gastroenterol Nutr 1992;15: 330-3.
51. 51. Sansui ID, Gonzalez E, Venable DD. Pyoderma gangrenosum of penile and scrotal skin. J Urol 1982;127:547-9.
52. 52. Slaney G, Muller S, Clay J, et al. Crohn's disease involving the penis. Gut 1986;27:329-33.
53. 53. Rodgers ME, Feakins R. Chronic penile ulceration: A further case of Crohn's disease. Int J STD AIDS 1995;6:146.
54. 54. Wijesurendra CS, Singh G, Manuel ARG, et al. Balanoposthitis: An unusual feature of Crohn's disease. Int J STD AIDS 1993;4:184.
55. 55. Gelzayd EA, Breuer RI, Kirsner JB. Nephrolithiasis in inflammatory bowel disease. Am J Dig Dis 1968;13:1027-34.
56. 56. McLeod RS, Churchill DN. Urolithiasis complicating inflammatory bowel disease. J Urol 1992;148:974-8.
57. 57. Nightingale JM. The short-bowel syndrome. Eur J Gastroenterol Hepatol 1995;7:514-20.
58. 58. Caudarella R, Rizzoli E, Pironi L, et al. Renal stones in patients with inflammatory bowel disease. Scan Microscopy 1993;7:371-80.
59. 59. Clark JH, Fitzgerald JF, Bergstein JM. Nephrolithiasis in childhood inflammatory bowel disease. J Ped Gastroenterol Nutr 1985;4:829-34.
60. 60. Harper J, Mansell MA. Treatment of enteric hyperoxaluria. Postgrad Med J 1991;67:219-22.
61. 61. Deren JJ, Porush JG, Levitt MF, et al. Nephrolithiasis as a complication of ulcerative colitis and regional enteritis. Ann Intern Med 1962;56:843-53.
62. 62. Smith LH, Fromm H, Hofmann AF. Acquired hyperoxaluria, nephrolithiasis, and intestinal disease. Description of a syndrome. N Engl J Med 1972;286:1371-5.
63. 63. Smith LH. The pathophysiology and medical treatment of urolithiasis. Semin Nephrol 1990;10:31-52.
64. 64. Woolfson RG, Mansell MA. Hyperoxaluria and renal calculi. Postgrad Med J 1994;70:695-8.
65. 65. Reisner GS, Wilansky DL, Schneiderman C. Uric acid lithiasis in the ileostomy patient. Br J Urol 1973;45:340-3.
66. 66. Christie PM, Knight GS, Hill GL. Comparison of relative risk of urinary stone formation after surgery for ulcerative colitis: Conventional ileostomy vs. J-pouch. A comparative study. Dis Colon Rectum 1996;39:50-4.
67. 67. Stelzner M, Phillips JD, Saleh S, et al. Nephrolithiasis and urine ion changes in ulcerative colitis patients undergoing colectomy and endorectal ileal pullthrough. J Surg Res 1990;48:552-6.
68. 68. Earnest DL, Johnson G, Williams HE, et al. Hyperoxaluria in patients with ileal resection: An abnormality in dietary oxalate absorption. Gastroenterology 1974;66:1114-22.
69. 69. Williams AW, Wilson DM. Dietary intake, absorption, metabolism, and excretion of oxalate. Semin Nephrol 1990;10:2-8.
70. 70. Stauffer JQ, Humphreys MH, Weir GJ. Acquired hyperoxaluria with regional enteritis after ileal resection. Ann Intern Med 1973;79:383-91.
71. 71. Dobbins JW, Binder HJ. Effect of bile salts and fatty acids on the colonic absorption of oxalate. Gastroenterology 1976;70:1096-1100.
72. 72. Dobbins JW, Binder HJ. Importance of the colon in enteric hyperoxaluria. N Engl J Med 1977;296:298-301.
73. 73. Allison MJ, Cook HM, Milne DB, et al. Oxalate degradation by gastrointestinal bacteria from humans. J Nutr 1986;116:455-60.
74. 74. Argenzio RA, Liacos JA, Allison MJ. Intestinal oxalate-degrading bacteria reduce oxalate absorption and toxicity in guinea pigs. J Nutr 1988;118:787-92.
75. 75. Buchman AL, Moukarzel AA, Ament ME. Excessive urinary oxalate excretion occurs in long-term TPN patients both with and without ileostomies. J Am Coll Nutr 1995;14:24-8.
76. 76. Shike M, Jeejeebhoy KN, Cannon JJ, et al. Low output cardiac failure in a woman with Crohn's disease receiving long term TPN. Gastroenterology 1980;78:605-19.
77. 77. Grover PK, Ryall RL. Urate and calcium oxalate stones: from repute to rhetoric to reality. Min Elect Metab 1994;20:361-70.
78. 78. Akhan O, Ozmen MN, Coskun M, et al. Systemic oxalosis: Pathognomonic renal and specific extrarenal findings on US and CT. Pediatr Radiol 1995;25:15-6.
79. 79. Crook ED, Cook WJ, Bergman SM. Rapid renal deterioration secondary to oxalate in a patient with diabetic gastroenteropathy. Am J Kid Dis 1995;26:68-71.
80. 80. Wharton R, D'Agati V, Magun AM, et al. Acute deterioration of renal function associated with enteric hyperoxaluria. Clin Nephrol 1990; 34:116-21.
81. 81. Lindsjo M, Ljunghall S, Fellstrom B, et al. Treatment of enteric hyperoxaluria with calcium-containing organic marine hydrocolloid. Lancet 1989;2:701-4.
82. 82. Marangell M, Vitale C, Petrarulo M, et al. Pathogenesis of severe hyperoxalaemia in Crohn's disease-related renal failure on maintenance haemodialysis: Successful management with pyridoxine. Nephrol Dial Transplant 1992;7:960-4.
83. 83. O'Loughlin EV, Robson L, Scott B, et al. Membranous glomerulonephritis in a patient with Crohn's disease of the small bowel. J Ped Gastroenterol Nutr 1985;4:135-9.
84. 84. Schofield PM, Williams PS. Proliferative glomerulonephritis associated with Crohn's disease. Br Med J 1984;289:1039.
85. 85. Glassman M, Kaplan M, Spivak W. Immune-complex glomerulonephritis in Crohn's disease. J Ped Gastroenterol Nutr 1986;5:966-9.
86. 86. Hirsch DJ, Jindal KK, Trillo A, et al. Acute renal failure in Crohn's disease due to IgA nephropathy. Am J Kid Dis 1992;20:189-90.
87. 87. Wilcox GM, Richter JM. Glomerulonephritis associated with sclerosing colangitis. Gastroenterology 1990;98:A211.
88. 88. Nand N, Ward MK, Morley AR. Nephrotic syndrome in ulcerative colitis. Nephrol Dial Transplant 1991;6:227 (letter).
89. 89. Moayyedi P, Fletcher S, Harnden P, et al. Mesangiocapillary glomerulonephritis associated with ulcerative colitis: Case report of two patients. Nephrol Dial Transplant 1995;10:1923-4.
90. 90. Thomas DM, Nicholls AJ, Feest TG. Ulcerative colitis and glomerulonephritis: Is there an association? Nephrol Dial Transplant 1990; 5:628-9.
91. 91. Wilcox GM, Aretz HT, Roy MA, et al. Glomerulonephritis associated with inflammatory bowel disease. Gastroenterology 1990;98:786-91.
92. 92. Stokke KT, Teisberg PA, Myhre E, et al. Nephrotic syndrome in ulcerative colitis. Scand J Gastroenterol 1976;11:571-6.
93. 93. Presti ME, Neuschwander-Tetri BA, Vogler CA, et al. Sclerosing cholangitis, inflammatory bowel disease, and glomerulonephritis. Dig Dis Sci 1997;42:813-6.
94. 94. Peeters AJ, van den Wall Bake AWL, Daha MR, et al. Inflammatory bowel disease and ankylosing spondylitis associated with cutaneous vasculitis, glomerulonephritis, and circulating IgA immune complexes. Ann Rheum Dis 1990;49:638-40.
95. 95. Molina-Perez M, Gonzalez-Reimers E, Santolaria-Fernandez F, et al. Rapidly progressive glomerulonephritis and inflammatory bowel disease. Dis Colon Rectum 1995;38:1006-7.
96. 96. Jensen EJ, Baggenstoss AH, Bargen JA. Renal lesions associated with chronic ulcerative colitis. Am J Med Sci 1950;219:281-90.
97. 97. Zermoski J, Permian P, Lagercrantz R, et al. Immunologic studies in ulcerative colitis. VII. Anti-colon antibodies of different immunoglobulin classes. Clin Exp Immunol 1970;7:469-75.
98. 98. Fiasse R, Lurhuma AZ, Combiaso CL, et al. Circulating immune complexes and disease activity in Crohn's disease. Gut 1978;19: 611-7.
99. 99. Hodgson HJF, Potter BJ, Jewell DP. Immune complexes in ulcerative colitis and Crohn's disease. Clin Exp Immunol 1977;29:187-96.
100. 100. Teisberg P, Gjone E. Humoral immune system activity in inflammatory bowel disease. Scand J Gastroenterol 1975;10:545-9.
101. 101. Bendixen G, Goltermann N, Jarnum S, et al. Immunoglobulin and albumin turnover in ulcerative colitis. Scand J Gastroenterol 1970;5: 433-41.
102. 102. Winstanley PA, Young JB, Axon ATR, et al. Renal proximal tubular dysfunction in Crohn's disease. Br Med J 1984;288:1612-3.
103. 103. Lefebvre S, Rousseau G, St-Louis P, et al. Urinary glutathion-transferase dosage: A marker for identification of 5-aminosalicylates induced renal toxicity in patients with inflammatory bowel disease? Gastroenterology 1997;112:A1024.
104. 104. Sninsky CA. New salicylates as maintenance treatment in ulcerative colitis. Gut 1995;36:640 (letter).
105. 105. Zeier M, Schmidt R, Andrassy K, et al. Idiopathic interstitial nephritis complicating ulcerative colitis. Nephrol Dial Transplant 1990;5:901.
106. 106. Archimandritis AJ, Weetch MS. Kidney granuloma in Crohn's disease. Br Med J 1993;307:540-1.
107. 107. Bonnet J, Lemann M, Prunat A, et al. Renal function in patients with inflammatory bowel disease on long-term mesalamine or olsalazine. Gastroenterology 1995;108:A786 (abstract).
108. 108. Victorino RM, Lucas MB, de Moura MC. Severe osteomalacia associated with renal tubular acidosis in Crohn's disease. Dig Dis Sci 1986;31:322-6.
109. 109. Kennedy AC, Burton JA, Allison MM. Tuberculosis as a continuing cause of renal amyloidosis. Br Med J 1974;3:795-7.
110. 110. Brownstein MH, Helwig EB. Secondary systemic amyloidosis: Analysis of underlying disorders. S Med J 1971;64:491-6.
111. 111. Verbank J, Lameire N, Praet M, et al. Renal amyloidosis as a complication of Crohn's disease. Acta Clin Belg 1979;34:6-13.
112. 112. Moschcowitz E. The clinical aspects of amyloidosis. Ann Intern Med 1936;10:73-89.
113. 113. Rand JA, Brandt LJ, Becker NH, et al. Ulcerative colitis complicated by amyloidosis. Am J Gastroenterol 1980;74:185-7.
114. 114. Shovron PJ. Amyloidosis and inflammatory bowel disease. Am J Dig Dis 1977;22:209-13.
115. 115. Gilat T, Revach M, Sohar E. Deposition of amyloid in the gastrointestinal tract. Gut 1969;10:98-104.
116. 116. Gertz MA, Kyle RA. Amyloidosis: Prognosis and treatment. Semin Arthr Rheum 1994;24:124-38.
117. 117. Vernon SE. Amyloid colitis. Dis Colon Rectum 1982;25:728-30.
118. 118. Johnson DH, Guthrie TH, Tedesco FJ, et al. Amyloidosis masquerading as inflammatory bowel disease with a mass lesion simulating malignancy. Am J Gastroenterol 1982;77:141-4.
119. 119. Casad DE, Bocian JJ. Primary systemic amyloidosis simulating acute idiopathic ulcerative colitis. Am J Dig Dis 1965;10:63-74.
120. 120. Goldgraber MB, Kirsner JB. "Specificdiseases simulating "nonspecificulcerative colitis (lymphopathia venereum, acute vasculitis, scleroderma, and secondary amyloidosis). Ann Intern Med 1957;47: 939-55.
121. 121. Werther JL, Schapira A, Rubenstein O, et al. Amyloidosis in regional enteritis. Am J Med 1960;29:416-23.
122. 122. Fausa O, Nygaard K, Elgjo K. Amyloidosis in Crohn's disease. Scand J Gastroenterol 1977;12:657-62.
123. 123. Lowdell CP, Shousha S, Parkins RA. The incidence of amyloidosis complicating inflammatory bowel disease. Dis Colon Rectum 1986; 29:351-4.
124. 124. Greenstein AJ, Sachar DB, Nannan Panday AK, et al. Amyloidosis and inflammatory bowel disease. A 50 year experience with 25 patients. Medicine 1992;71:261-70.
125. 125. Rashid H, Blake D, Gokal R, et al. The association of renal amyloidosis with regional enteritis (Crohn's disease) - report of two cases and review of the literature. Clin Nephrol 1980;14:154-7.
126. 126. Mir-Madjlessi SH, Brown CH, Hawk WA. Amyloidosis associated with Crohn's disease. Am J Gastroenterol 1972;58:563-77.
127. 127. Maxwell MH, Adams DA, Goldman R. Corticosteroid therapy of amyloid nephrotic syndrome. Ann Intern Med 1964;60:539-55.
128. 128. Gorevic PD, Rosenthal CJ, Franklin EC. Amyloid-related serum component (SAA) - studies in acute infection, medullary thyroid cancer, and postsurgery, behavior as an acute-phase reactant. Clin Immunol Immunopathol 1976;6:89-93.
129. 129. DeBeer FC, Mallya RK, Fagan EA, et al. Serum amyloid-A protein concentration in inflammatory diseases and its relationship to the incidence of reactive systemic amyloidosis. Lancet 1982;2:231-4.
130. 130. Husby G. Amyloidosis. Semin Arthr Rheum 1992;22:67-82.
131. 131. Mandelstam P, Simmons DE, Mitchell B. Regression of amyloid in Crohn's disease after bowel resection. A 19 year follow-up. J Clin Gastroenterol 1989;11:324-6.
132. 132. Gitkind MJ, Wright SC. Amyloidosis complicating inflammatory bowel disease. Dig Dis Sci 1990;35:906-8.
133. 133. Ravid M, Shapira J, Keder I, et al. Regression of amyloidosis secondary to granulomatous ileitis following surgical resection and colchicine administration. Acta Hepato-Gastroenterol 1979;26:513-5.
134. 134. Becker SA, Baas D, Nissim F. Crohn's ileitis complicated by amyloidosis: Observations and therapeutic considerations. J Clin Gastroenterol 1985;7:296-300.
135. 135. Efstratiadis G, Mainas A, Leontsini M. Renal amyloidosis complicating Crohn's disease. J Clin Gastroenterol 1996;22:308-10.
136. 136. Meyers S, Janowitz HD, Gumasti VV, et al. Colchicine therapy of the renal amyloidosis of ulcerative colitis. Gastroenterology 1988;94: 1503-7.
137. 137. Steinhoff J, Schulz E, Herbst EW, et al. Therapy of amyloid nephrosis due to Crohn's disease: plasmapheresis plus azathioprine? Wien Med Wochenschr 1988;138:49-54.
138. 138. Lovat LB, Madhoo S, Pepys MB, et al. Long-term survival in systemic amyloid A amyloidosis complicating Crohn's disease. Gastroenterology 1997;112:1362-5.
139. 139. Kjellstrand CM. Side effects of steroids and their treatment. Transplant Proc 1975;7:123-9.
140. 140. Quade F. Undesirable effects of glucocorticoids. Acta Med Scand 1969;(suppl 500):77-80.
141. 141. Present DH, Meltzer SJ, Krumholz MP, et al. 6-Mercaptopurine in the management of inflammatory bowel disease: Short-and long-term toxicity. Ann Intern Med 1989;111:641-9.
142. 142. Pearson DC, May GR, Fick GH, et al. Azathioprine and 6-mercaptopurine in Crohn's disease. A metaanalysis. Ann Intern Med 1995; 122:132-42.
143. 143. Falagas ME, Gorbach SL. Clindamycin and metronidazole. Med Clin NA 1995;79:845-67.
144. 144. Goodman TA, Polisson RP. Methotrexate: Adverse reactions and major toxicity. Rheumat Dis Clin NA 1994;20:513-28.
145. 145. Schnabel A, Gross WL. Low-dose methotrexate in rheumatic diseases - efficacy, side effects, and risk factors for side effects. Semin Arthr Rheum 1994;23:310-27.
146. 146. Rhodes J, Coles GA. An alternative view of 5-ASA formulations (letter). Gut 1995;36:639.
147. 147. Marteau P, Nelet F, LeLu M, et al. Adverse events in patients treated with 5-ASA: 1993-94 pharmacovigilance report for Pentasa in France. Aliment Pharmacol Ther 1996;10:949-56.
148. 148. Barbour VM, Williams PF. Nephrotic syndrome associated with sulfasalazine. Br Med J 1990;301:818.
149. 149. Thuluvath PJ, Ninkovic M, Calam J, et al. Mesalzine induced interstitial nephritis. Gut 1994;35:1493-6.
150. 150. Wilcox GM, Reynolds JR, Galvanek EG. Nephrotoxicity associated with olsalazine. Am J Med 1996;100:238-40.
151. 151. Dwarakanath AD, Michael J, Allan RN. Sulfasalazine induced renal failure. Gut 1992;33:1006-7.
152. 152. Masson EA, Rhodes JM. Mesalazine associated diabetes insipidus presenting as weight loss. Gut 1992;33:563-4.
153. 153. Mehta RP. Acute interstitial nephritis due to 5-aminosalicylic acid. Can Med Assoc J 1990;143:1031-2.
154. 154. World MJ, Stevens PE, Ashton MA, et al. Mesalazine-associated interstitial nephritis. Nephrol Dial Transplant 1996;11:614-21.
155. 155. Hanauer SB, Verst-Brasch C, Regali G. Renal safety of long-term mesalamine therapy in inflammatory bowel disease. Gastroenterology 1997;112:A991.
156. 156. Colombel JF, Brabant G, Gubler MC, et al. Renal insufficiency in infant: Side-effect of prenatal exposure to mesalazine? Lancet 1994; 344:620-1 (letter).
157. 157. Riley SA, Lloyd DR, Mani V. Tests of renal function in patients with quiescent colitis: Effects of drug treatment. Gut 1992;33:1348-52.
158. 158. Stretch GL, Campbell BJ, Dwarakanath AD, et al. 5-Aminosalicylic acid absorption and metabolism ulcerative colitis patients receiving maintenance sulfasalazine, olsalazine, or mesalamine. Aliment Pharmacol Ther 1996;10:941-7.
159. 159. Sandborn WJ. A review of immune modifier therapy for inflammatory bowel disease: Azathioprine, 6-mercaptopurine, cyclosporine, and methotrexate. Am J Gastroenterol 1996;91:423-33.
160. 160. Bennett WM. The nephrotoxicity of immunosuppressive drugs. Clin Nephrol 1995;43(suppl 1):S3-7.
161. 161. Feutren G, Mihatsch MJ, for the International Kidney Biopsy Registry of Cyclosporine in Autoimmune Diseases. Risk factors for cyclosporine-induced nephropathy in patients with autoimmune diseases. N Engl J Med 1992;326:1654-60.
162. 162. Stange EF, Modigliani R, Pena AS, et al. European trial of cyclosporine in chronic active Crohn's disease: A 12-month study. Gastroenterology 1995;109:774-82.
163. 163. Jewell DP, Lennard-Jones JE, and the Cyclosporine Study Group of Great Britain and Ireland. Oral cyclosporine for chronic active Crohn's disease: A multicentre controlled trial. Eur J Gastroenterol Hepatol 1994;6:499-505.
164. 164. Feagan BG, McDonald JWD, Rochon J, et al. Low-dose cyclosporine for the treatment of Crohn's disease. N Engl J Med 1994;330:1846-51.
165. 165. Brynskov J, Freund L, Rasmussen SN, et al. A placebo-controlled, double-blind randomized trial of cyclosporine therapy in active chronic Crohn's disease. N Engl J Med 1989;321:845-50.
166. 166. Lichtiger S, Present DH, Kornbluth A, et al. Cyclosporine in severe ulcerative colitis refractory to steroid therapy. N Engl J Med 1994; 330:1841-5.
167. 167. Sandborn WJ. A critical review of cyclosporine therapy in inflammatory bowel disease. Infl Bowel Dis 1995;1:48-63.
168. 168. Block GE, Hurst RD. Complications of the surgical treatment of ulcerative colitis and Crohn's disease. In: Kirsner JB, Shorter RG, eds. Inflammatory Bowel Disease, 4th ed. Baltimore: Williams and Wilkins, 1995:898-922.
169. 169. Setti-Carraro P, Ritchie JK, Wilkinson KH, et al. The first 10 years' experience of restorative proctocolectomy for ulcerative colitis. Gut 1994;35:1070-5.
170. 170. Tank ES, Ernst CB, Woolson ST, et al. Urinary tract complications of anorectal surgery. Am J Surg 1972;123:118-22.
171. 171. Kartheuser AH, Dozios RR, LaRusso NF, et al. Comparison of surgical treatment of ulcerative colitis associated with primary sclerosing cholangitis: Ileal pouch-anal anastomosis versus Brooke ileostomy. Mayo Clin Proc 1996;71:748-56.
172. 172. Lapides J. Urecholine regimen for rehabilitating the atonic bladder. J Urol 1964;91:658-9.
173. 173. Watts JM, DeDombal FT, Goligher JC. Early results of surgery for ulcerative colitis. Br J Surg 1966;53:1005-14.
174. 174. Bauer JL, Gelernt IM, Salky B, et al. Sexual dysfunction following proctocolectomy for benign disease of the colon and rectum. Ann Surg 1983;197:363-7.
175. 175. Fazio VW, Ziv Y, Church JM, et al. Ileal pouch-anal anastomoses complications and function in 1005 patients. Ann Surg 1995;222:120-7.
176. 176. Yeager ES, Van Heerden JA. Sexual dysfunction following proctocolectomy and abdominoperineal resection. Ann Surg 1980;191:169-70.
177. 177. Metcalf AM, Dozios RR, Kelly KA. Sexual function in women after proctocolectomy. Ann Surg 1986;204:624-7.
178. 178. Nakajima H, Munakata A, Yoshida Y. Extraintestinal cancers in Crohn's disease. Digestion 1990;47:1-7.
179. 179. Satsangi J, Marshall J, Roskell D, et al. Ulcerative colitis complicated by renal cell carcinoma: A series of three patients. Gut 1996;38:148-50.
180. 180. Greenstein AJ, Gennuso R, Sachar DB, et al. Extraintestinal cancers in inflammatory bowel disease. Cancer 1985;56:2914-21.
181. 181. Schoenfield PS, Butler JA, Denobile J. Adenocarcinoma in an enterovesiculo-cutaneous fistula. Am J Gastroenterol 1996;91:608-9.
182. 182. Ekbom A, Helmick C, Zack M, et al. Extracolonic malignancies in inflammatory bowel disease. Cancer 1991;67:2015-9.
183. 183. Pitts WR. Re: Crohn's disease developing in ileal conduit. J Urol 1982;127:554 (letter).
184. 184. Walser EM, Kopecky KK, Rowland R. Diffuse ileal conduit stenosis from Crohn's disease. Urol Radiol 1990;12:160-2.
185. 185. McLaughlin TC. Crohn's disease developing in an ileal conduit. J Urol 1981;125:420-1.