Cognitive behavioural therapy and pharmacotherapy: Complementary or contradictory approaches to the treatment of anxiety?

Clinical Psychology Review

Volumn 18, Issue 3, 1998, Pages 307-340

  Westra, Henny A ^a   Stewart, Sherry H ^b  

^a QUEEN ELIZABETH II HEALTH SCIENCES CENTRE   (Canada)

^b NONE

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

ALPRAZOLAM; ANTIDEPRESSANT AGENT; BENZODIAZEPINE DERIVATIVE; BETA ADRENERGIC RECEPTOR BLOCKING AGENT; DIAZEPAM; FLUVOXAMINE; IMIPRAMINE; PHENELZINE; SEROTONIN UPTAKE INHIBITOR;

ANXIETY NEUROSIS; BEHAVIOR THERAPY; COGNITION; COGNITIVE THERAPY; DRUG EFFICACY; HUMAN; LONG TERM CARE; PSYCHOPHARMACOLOGY; REVIEW; TREATMENT INDICATION; TREATMENT OUTCOME;

EID: 0032054153     PISSN: 02727358     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1016/S0272-7358(97)00084-6     Document Type: Article

References (178)

1. Adler, D., & Price, J. H. (1985). Relation of agoraphobics' health locus of control orientation to severity of agoraphobia. Psychological Reports, 56, 619-625.
2. Alden, L. E., Bieling, P. J., & Wallace, S. T. (1994). Perfectionism in an interpersonal context: A self-regulation analysis of dysphoria and social anxiety. Cognitive Therapy and Research, 18, 297-316.
3. Alstrom, J. E., Nordlund, C. L., & Persson, G. (1984). Effects of four treatment methods on agoraphobic women not suitable for insight-oriented psychotherapy. Acta Psychiatra Scandanavia, 70, 1-17.
4. Anderson, C. A., & Arnoult, L. H. (1985). Attributional style and everyday problems in living: Depression, loneliness, and shyness. Social Cognition, 3, 16-35.
5. Antony, M. M., Brown, T. A., Craske, M. G., Barlow, D. H., Mitchell, W. B., & Meadows, E. A. (1995). Accuracy of heartbeat perception in panic disorder, social phobias, and nonanxious subjects. Journal of Anxiety Disorders, 9, 355-371.
6. Antony, M. M., Meadows, E. A., Brown, T. A., & Barlow, D. H. (1994). Cardiac awareness before and after cognitive-behavioural treatment for panic disorder. Journal of Anxiety Disorders, 8, 341-350.
7. Arkin, R. M., Appelman, A. J., & Burger, J. M. (1980). Social anxiety, self-presentation, and the self-serving bias in causal attribution. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 38, 23-35.
8. Aronson, T. A. (1987). A naturalistic study of imipramine in panic disorder and agoraphobia. American Journal of Psychiatry, 144, 1014-1019.
9. Ashton, H. (1984). Benzodiazepine withdrawal: An unfinished story. British Medical Journal, 288, 1135-1140.
10. Baer, L. (1994). Factor analysis of symptom subtypes of obsessive-compulsive disorder and their relation to personality and tic disorders. Journal of Clinical Psychiatry, 55, 18-23.
11. Ballenger, J. C., Burrows, G. D., DuPont, R. L., Lesser, I. M., Noyes, R. Pecknold, J. C., Rifkin, A., & Swinson, R. P. (1988). Alprazolam in panic disorder and agoraphobia: Results from a multicenter trial. Archives of General Psychiatry, 45, 413-422.
12. Bandura, A. (1977). Self-efficacy: Toward a unifying theory of behavioural change. Psychological Review, 84, 191-215.
13. Barlow, D. H. (1988). Anxiety and its disorders: The nature and treatment of anxiety and panic. New York: Guilford Press.
14. Baron, R. M., & Kenny, D. A. (1986). The moderator-mediator variable distinction in social psychological research: Conceptual, strategic, and statistical considerations. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 51, 1173-1182.
15. Beck, A. T., Laude, R., & Bohnert, M. (1974). Ideational components of anxiety neurosis. Archives of General Psychiatry, 31, 319-325.
16. Black, D. W., Wesner, R., Bowers, W., & Gabel, J. (1993). A comparison of fluvoxamine, cognitive therapy, and placebo in the treatment of panic disorder. Archives of General Psychiatry, 50, 44-50.
17. Blowers, C., Cobb, J., & Mathews, A. (1987). Generalised anxiety: A controlled treatment study. Behaviour Research and Therapy, 25, 493-502.
18. Borden, J. W., Clum, G. A., & Salmon, P. G. (1991). Mechanisms of change in the treatment of panic. Cognitive Therapy and Research, 15, 257-272.
19. Bouchard, S., Gauthier, J. G., Laberge, B., Plamondon, J., French, D., & Savard, P. F. A. (1994). In vivo exposure versus cognitive therapy in the treatment of panic disorder with agoraphobia. Paper presented at the annual meeting of the Association for Advancement of Behaviour Therapy, San Diego, CA.
20. Broadbeck, C., & Michelson, L. (1987). Problem-solving skills and attributional styles of agoraphobics. Cognitive Therapy and Research, 11, 593-610.
21. Brown, E. J., Juster, H. R., Heimberg, R. G., & Holle, C. (1994). Relationships among attributions for etiology, impairment, and response to treatment in patients with social phobia. Paper presented at the annual meeting of the Association for Advancement of Behaviour Therapy, San Diego, CA.
22. Bruce, T. J., Spiegel, D. A., Gregg, S. F., & Nuzzarello, A. (1995). Predictors of alprazolam discontinuation with and without cognitive behaviour therapy in panic disorder. American Journal of Psychiatry, 152, 11156-1160.
23. Burke, M., & Mathews, A. (1992). Autobiographical memory and clinical anxiety. Cognition and Emotion, 6, 23-35.
24. Butler, G. (1985). Exposure as a treatment for social phobia: Some instructive difficulties. Behaviour Research and Therapy, 23, 651-657.
25. Butler, G. (1993). Predicting outcome after treatment for generalized anxiety disorder. Behaviour Research and Therapy, 31, 211-213.
26. Chambless, D. L., Foa, E. B., Groves, G. A., & Goldstein, A. J. (1979). Flooding with Brevital in the treatment of agoraphobia: Countereffective. Behaviour Research and Therapy, 17, 243-251.
27. Chambless, D. L., & Gillis, M. M. (1993). Cognitive therapy of anxiety disorders. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 61, 248-260.
28. Charney, D. S., Woods, S. W., Goodman, W. K., Rifkin, B., Kinch, M., Aiken, B., Quadrino, L. M., & Heninger, G. R. (1986). Drug treatment of panic disorder: The comparative efficacy of imipramine, alprazolam, and trazadone. Journal of Clinical Psychiatry, 47, 580-586.
29. Clark, D. M., Salkovskis, P. M., Hackman, A., & Middleton, H. (1994). A comparison of cognitive therapy, applied relaxation and imipramine in the treatment of panic disorder. British Journal of Psychiatry, 164, 759-769.
30. Cloitre, M., Heimberg, R. G., Liebowitz, M. R., & Gitow, A. (1992). Perceptions of control in panic disorder and social phobia. Cognitive Therapy and Research, 16, 569-577.
31. Clum, G. A. (1989). Psychological interventions vs. drugs in the treatment of panic. Behaviour Therapy, 20, 429-457.
32. Clum, G. A., Clum, G. A., & Surls, R. (1993). A meta-analysis of treatments for panic disorder. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 61, 317-326.
33. Cohen, S. D., Monteiro, W., & Marks, I. M. (1984). Two-year follow-up of agoraphobics after exposure and imipramine. British Journal of Psychiatry, 144, 276-281.
34. Cox, B. J., Endler, N. S., Lee, P. A., & Swinson, R. P. (1992). A meta-analysis of treatments for panic disorder with agoraphobia: Imipramine, alprazolam, and in vivo exposure. Journal of Behaviour Therapy and Experimental Psychiatry, 23, 175-182.
35. Craske, M. G. (1994). Brief cognitive-behavioural treatment of panic. Paper presented at the annual meeting of the Association for the Advancement of Behaviour Therapy, San Diego, CA.
36. Craske, M. G., Street, L. L., Jayaraman, J., & Barlow, D. H. (1991). Attention versus distraction during in vivo exposure: Snake and spider phobias. Journal of Anxiety Disorders, 5, 199-211.
37. Curran, H. V. (1986). Tranquillizing memories: A review of the effects of benzodiazepines on human memory. Biological Psychology, 23, 179-213.
38. Curran, H. V. (1991). Benzodiazepines, memory and mood: A review. Psychopharmacology, 105, 1-8.
39. Curran, H. V., & Gorenstein, C. (1993). Differential effects of lorazepam and oxazepman on priming. International Clinical Psychopharmacology, 8, 37-42.
40. Davidson, J. R. T. (1997). Psychopharmacology of social phobia. Paper presented at the annual meeting of the Anxiety Disorders Association of America, New Orleans, LA.
41. de Beurs, E., van Balkom, A. J. L. M., Lange, A., Koele, P., & van Dyck, R. (1995). Treatment of panic disorder with agoraphobia: Comparison of fluvoxamine, placebo, and psychological panic management combined with exposure and of exposure in vivo alone. American Journal of Psychiatry, 152, 683-691.
42. den Boer, J. A., & Westenberg, H. G. M. (1990). Serotonin function in panic disorder: A double blind placebo controlled study with fluvoxamine and ritanserin. Psychopharmacology, 102, 85-94.
43. Derogatis, L. R. (1983). SCL-90 administration, scoring, and procedures manual. Towson, MD: Clinical Psychometric Press.
44. Doerfler, L. A., & Aron, J. (1995). Relationship of goal setting, self-efficacy, and self-evaluation in dysphoric and socially anxious women. Cognitive Therapy and Research, 19, 725-738.
45. Dunner, D. L., Ishiki, D., Avery, D. H., Wilson, L. G., & Hyde, T. S. (1986). Effect of alprazolam and diazepam on anxiety and panic attacks in panic disorder: A controlled study. Journal of Clinical Psychiatry, 47, 458-460.
46. Durham, R. C., & Turvey, A. A. (1987). Cognitive therapy vs. behaviour therapy in the treatment of chronic general anxiety. Behaviour Research and Therapy, 25, 229-234.
47. Echeburua, E., De Corral, P., Bajos, E. G., & Borda, M. (1993). Interactions between self-exposure and alprazolam in the treatment of agoraphobia without current panic: An exploratory study. Behavioural and Cognitive Psychotherapy, 21, 219-238.
48. Ehlers, A., & Breuer, P. (1992). Increased cardiac awareness in panic disorder. Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 101, 371-382.
49. Ehlers, A., & Breuer, P. (1995). Selective attention to physical threat in subjects with panic attacks and specific phobias. Journal of Anxiety Disorders, 9, 11-32.
50. Ehlers, A., Breuer, P., Dohn, D., & Fiegenbaum, W. (1995). Heartbeat perception and panic disorder: Possible explanations for discrepant findings. Behaviour Research and Therapy, 33, 69-76.
51. Ehlers, A., Margraf, J., Davies, S., & Roth, W. T. (1988). Selective processing of threat cues in subjects with panic attacks. Cognition and Emotion, 2, 201-219.
52. Emmelkamp, P. G. M., & Cohen-Kettenis, P. T. (1975). Relationship of locus of control to phobic anxiety and depression. Psychological Reports, 36, 390.
53. Evans, J., Williams, J. M. G., O'Loughlin, S., & Howells, K. (1992). Autobiographical memory and problem-solving strategies of parasuicide patients. Psychological Medicine, 22, 399-405.
54. Feske, U., & Chambless, D. L. (1995). Cognitive-behavioural versus exposure treatment for social phobia: A meta-analysis. Behaviour Therapy, 26, 695-720.
55. Foa, E. B., & Kozak, M. S. (1986). Emotional processing of fear: Exposure to corrective information. Psychological Bulletin, 99, 20-35.
56. Gelertner, C. S., Uhde, T. W., Cimbolic, P., Arnkoff, D. B., Vittone, B. J., Tancer, M. E., & Bartko, J. J. (1991). Cognitive-behavioural and pharmacological treatments of social phobia: A controlled study. Archives of General Psychiatry, 48, 938-945.
57. Golombok, S., Mathews, A., MacLeod, C., & Lader, M. (1990). The effects of diazepam on cognitive processing. Human Psychopharmacology Clinical and Experimental, 5, 143-147.
58. Golombok, S., Stavrou, A., Bonn, J., Mogg, K., Critchlow, S., & Rust, J. (1991). The effects of diazepam on anxiety-related cognition. Cognitive Therapy and Research, 15, 459-467.
59. Gorman, J. E., Dyak, J. D., & Reid, L. D. (1979). Methods of deconditioning persisting avoidance: Diazepam as an adjunct to response prevention. Bulletin of the Psychonomic Society, 14, 46-48.
60. Gould, R. A., Otto, M. W., & Pollack, M. H. (1994). A meta-analysis of treatment outcome for panic disorder. Paper presented at the annual meeting of the Association for Advancement of Behaviour Therapy, San Diego, CA.
61. Gould, R. A., Otto, M. W., Yap, L., & Pollack, M. H. (1994, November). Cognitive-behavioural and pharmacological treatment of social phobia: A meta-analysis. Paper presented at the annual meeting of the Association for the Advancement of Behaviour Therapy, San Diego, CA.
62. Gould, R. A., Otto, M. W., Yap, L., & Pollack, M. H. (1995). A meta-analysis of treatment outcome for generalized anxiety disorder. Paper presented at the annual meeting of the Association for the Advancement of Behaviour Therapy, Washington DC, USA.
63. Gray, J. A. (1969). Sodium amobarbital and effects of frustrative non-reward. Journal of Comparative and Physiological Psychology, 69, 55-64.
64. Gray, J. A. (1987). Interaction between drugs and behaviour therapy. In H. J. Eysenck & I. Martin (Eds.), Theoretical foundations of behaviour therapy (pp. 433-447). New York: Plenum Press.
65. Grayson, J. B., Foa, E. B., & Steketee, G. (1982). Habituation during exposure treatment: Distraction versus attention-focusing. Behaviour Research and Therapy, 20, 323-328.
66. Griegel, L. E., Brown, T. A., & Barlow, D. H. (1994). Breathing retraining in panic disorder: Physiological mechanisms or perceived controllability. Paper presented at the annual meeting of the Association for the Advancement of Behaviour Therapy, San Diego, CA.
67. Gruenbaum, A. (1993). The placebo concept in psychiatry and medicine. In A. Gruenbaum (Ed.), Validation in the clinical theory of psychoanalysis (pp. 60-107). Madison, WI: International Universities Press.
68. Hafner, J., & Marks, I. (1976). Exposure in vivo of agoraphobics: Contributions of diazepam, group exposure, and anxiety evocation. Psychological Medicine, 6, 71-88.
69. Hayward, P., Ahmad, T., & Wardle, J. (1994). Into the dangerous world: An in vivo study of information processing in agoraphobics. British Journal of Clinical Psychology, 33, 307-315.
70. Hayward, P., Wardle, J., & Higgit, A. (1989). Benzodiazepine research: Current findings and practical consequences. British Journal of Clinical Psychology, 28, 307-327.
71. Hecker, J. E., Fink, C. M., & Fritzler, B. K. (1993). Acceptability of panic disorder treatments: A survey of family practice physicians. Journal of Anxiety Disorders, 7, 373-384.
72. Hegel, M. T., Ahles, T. A., Boltwood, M. D., Martin, J. B., Matte-tope, D., & Ravaris, C. L. (1996). Heightened interoceptive attentional vigilance in panic disorder. Paper presented at the annual meeting of the Association for the Advancement of Behaviour Therapy, New York, NY.
73. Hegel, M. T., Ravaris, C. L., & Ahles, T. A. (1994). Combined cognitive-behavioral and time-limited alprazolam treatment of panic disorder. Behaviour Therapy, 25, 183-195.
74. Heimberg, R. G. (1994). Cognitive assessment strategies and the measurement of outcome of treatment for social phobia. Behaviour Research and Therapy, 32, 269-280.
75. Heimberg, R. G. Juster, H. R., Brown, E. J., Holle, C., Makris, G. S., Leung, A. W., Schneier, F. R., Gitow, A., & Liebowitz, M. R. (1994). Cognitive-behavioral versus pharmacological treatment of social phobia: Posttreatment and follow-up effects. Paper presented at the annual meeting of the Association for the Advancement of Behaviour Therapy, San Diego, CA.
76. Heimberg, R. G., Salzman, D. G., Holt, C. S., & Blendell, K. A. (1993). Cognitive-behavioural group treatment for social phobia: Effectiveness at five-year follow-up. Cognitive Therapy and Research, 17, 325-339.
77. Heimberg, R. G., Vermilyea, J. A., Dodge, C. S., Becker, R. E., & Barlow, D. H. (1987). Attributional style, depression, and anxiety: An evaluation of the specificity of depressive attributions. Cognitive Therapy and Research, 11, 537-550.
78. Hoffart, A., & Martinsen, E. W. (1990). Agoraphobia, depression, mental health locus of control, and attributional styles. Cognitive Therapy and Research, 14, 343-351.
79. Hope, D. A., Heimberg, R. G., & Bruch, M. A. (1995, November). Treatment of social phobia: Behavioural group therapy with and without cognitive restructuring. Paper presented at the annual meeting of the Association for the Advancement of Behaviour Therapy, Washington, DC, USA.
80. Hope, D. A., Heimberg, R. G., & Bruch, M. A. (1990). Dismantling cognitive-behavioural group therapy for social phobia. Behaviour Research and Therapy, 33, 637-650.
81. Hope, D. A., Rapee, R. M., Heimberg, R. G., & Dombeck, M. J. (1990). Representations of the self in social phobia: Vulnerability to social threat. Cognitive Therapy and Research, 14, 177-189.
82. Hoshmand, L. T., Helmes, E., Kazarian, S., & Tedatch, G. (1985). Evaluation of two relaxation training programs under medication and no-medication conditions. Journal of Clinical Psychology, 41, 22-29.
83. Jacobson, N. S., & Hollon, S. D. (1996). Prospects for future comparisons between drugs and psychotherapy: Lessons from the CBT-versus-pharmacotherapy exchange. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 64, 104-108.
84. Jaimez, T. L., & Telch, M. J. (1994). Cognitive appraisals and emotional responsivity to 35% carbon dioxide in panic disorder subjects pre and post cognitive-behavioural treatment. Paper presented at the annual meeting of the Association for Advancement of Behaviour Therapy, San Diego, CA.
85. Johansson, J., & Ost, L. G. (1982). Perception of autonomic reactions and actual heart rate in phobic patients. Journal of Behavioural Assessment, 4, 133-143.
86. Kalus, O., Asnis, G. M., Ribinson, E., Kahn, R., Friedman, J. M. H., Iqbal, N., Grosz, D., van Praag, H., & Cahn, W. (1991). Desipramine treatment in panic disorder. Journal of Affective Disorders, 21, 239-244.
87. Kaspi, S. P., McNally, R. J., & Amir, N. (1995). Cognitive processing of emotional information in posttraumatic stress disorder. Cognitive Therapy and Research, 19, 433-444.
88. Klein, D. F. (1996). Preventing hung juries about therapy studies. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 64, 81-87.
89. Klosko, J. S., Barlow, D. H., Tassinari, R., & Cerny, J. A. (1990). A comparison of alprazolam and behaviour therapy in treatment of panic disorder. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 58, 77-84.
90. Lader, M., & Petursson, H. (1983). Long-term effects of benzodiazepines. Neuropharmacology, 22, 527-533.
91. Liebowitz, M. R. (1989). Antidepressants in panic disorders. British Journal of Psychiatry, 155, 46-52.
92. Lelliott, P. T., Marks, I. M., Monteiro, W. O., Tsakiris, F., & Noshirvani, H. (1987). Agoraphobics 5 years after imipramine and exposure: Outcome and predictors. Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease, 175, 599-605.
93. Lucock, M. P., & Salkovskis, P. M. (1988). Cognitive factors in social anxiety and its treatment. Behaviour Research and Therapy, 4, 297-302.
94. MacLeod, C., Mathews, A., & Tata, P. (1986). Attentional bias in emotional disorders. Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 95, 15-20.
95. Margraf, J., Ehlers, A., Roth, W. T., Clark, D. B., Sheikh, J., Agras, W. S., & Taylor, C. B. (1991). How "blind" are double-blind studies? Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 59, 184-187.
96. Marks, I. M., Swinson, R. P., Basoglu, M., Kuch, K., Noshirvani, H., O'Sullivan, G., Lelliott, P. T., Kirby, M., McNamee, G., Sengun, S., & Wickwire, K. (1993). Alprazolam and exposure alone and combined in panic disorder with agoraphobia: A controlled study in London and Toronto. British Journal of Psychiatry, 162, 776-787.
97. Marks, I. M., Viswanathan, R., Lipsedge, M. S., & Gardner, R. (1972). Enhanced relief of phobias by flooding during waning diazepam effect. British Journal of Psychiatry, 121, 493-506.
98. Mathews, A., & MacLeod, C. (1985). Selective processing of threat cues in anxiety states. Behaviour Research and Therapy, 23, 563-569.
99. Mathews, A., Mogg, K., Kentish, J., & Eysenck, M. (1995). Effect of psychological treatment on cognitive bias in generalized anxiety disorder. Behaviour Research and Therapy, 33, 293-303.
100. Mathews, A., Mogg, K., May, J., & Eysenck, M. (1989). Implicit and explicit memory bias in anxiety. Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 98, 236-240.
101. Mattia, J. I., Heimberg, R. G., & Hope, D. A. (1993). The revised Stroop color-naming task in social phobics. Behaviour Research and Therapy, 31, 305-313.
102. Mattick, R. P., Andrews, G., Hadzi-Pavlovic, D., & Christensen, H. (1990). Treatment of panic and agoraphobia: An integrative review. Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease, 178, 567-576.
103. Mattick, R. P., Peters, L., & Clarke, J. C. (1989). Exposure and cognitive restructuring for social phobia: A controlled study. Behaviour Therapy, 20, 3-23.
104. Mavissakalian, M., & Michelson, L. (1986). Two-year follow-up of exposure and imipramine treatment of agoraphobia. American Journal of Psychiatry, 143, 1106-1112.
105. Maxmen, J. S., & Ward, N. G. (1995). Psychotropic drugs: Fast facts (2nd ed.). New York: Norton.
106. McGaugh, J. L. (1990). Significance and remembrance: The role of neuromodulatory systems. Psychological Science, 1, 15-25.
107. McGaugh, J. L. (1992). Affect, neuromodulatory systems and memory storage. In S. A. Christianson (Ed.), The handbook of emotion and memory research and theory (pp. 245-269). Hillsdale, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates.
108. McNally, R. J. (1995). Automaticity and the anxiety disorders. Behaviour Research and Therapy, 33, 747-754.
109. McNally, R. J. (1996). Methodological controversies in the treatment of panic disorder. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 64, 81-87.
110. McNally, R. J., Foa, E. B., & Donnell, C. D. (1989). Memory bias for anxiety information in patients with panic disorder. Cognition and Emotion, 3, 27-44.
111. McNally, R. J., Lasko, N. B., Macklin, M. L., & Pitman, R. K. (1995). Autobiographical memory disturbance in combat-related posttraumatic stress disorder. Behaviour Research and Therapy, 33, 619-630.
112. McNally, R. J., Litz, B. T., Prassas, A., Shin, L. M., & Weathers, F. W. (1994). Emotional priming of autobiographical memory in post-traumatic stress disorder. Cognition and Emotion, 8, 351-367.
113. McNaughton, N. (1984). Effects of anxiolytic drugs on the partial reinforcement extinction effect in runway and skinner box. Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology, 36B, 319-330.
114. Mellinger, G. D., Baiter, M. B., & Uhlenhuth, E. H. (1984). Prevalence and correlates of long-term regular use of anxiolytics. Journal of the American Medical Association, 251, 375-379.
115. Mersch, P. P. A., Emmelkamp, P. M. G., Bogels, S. M., & van der Sleen, J. (1989). Social phobia: Individual response patterns and the effects of behavioral and cognitive interventions. Behaviour Research and Therapy, 27, 421-434.
116. Michelson, L. (1987). Cognitive-behavioural assessment and treatment of agoraphobia. In L. Michelson, & L. M. Ascher (Eds.), Anxiety and stress disorders: Cognitive-behavioural assessment and treatment (pp. 16-27). New York: Guilford Press.
117. Michelson, L. K., & Marchione, K. (1991). Behavioural, cognitive and pharmacological treatments of panic disorder with agoraphobia: Critique and synthesis. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 59, 100-114.
118. Mogg, K., Bradley, B. P., Miller, N., & White, J. (1995). A follow-up study of cognitive bias in generalized anxiety disorder. Behaviour Research and Therapy, 33, 927-935.
119. Mogg, K., Mathews, A., & Eysenck, M. (1992). Attentional bias to threat in clinical anxiety states. Cognition and Emotion, 6, 149-159.
120. Mogg, K., Mathews, A., & Weinman, J. (1987). Memory bias in clinical anxiety. Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 96, 94-98.
121. Nagy, L. M., Krystal, J. H., Woods, S. W., & Charney, D. S. (1989). Clinical and medication outcome after short-term alprazolam and behavioural group treatment in panic disorder. Archives of General Psychiatry, 46, 993-999.
122. Norton, G. R., Dorward, J., & Cox, B. J. (1986). Factors associated with panic attacks in nonclinical subjects. Behaviour Therapy, 17, 239-252.
123. Norton, G. R., Harrison, B., Hauch, J., & Rhodes, L. (1985). Characteristics of people with infrequent panic attacks. Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 94, 216-221.
124. Noyes, R., Jr., Garvey, M. J., Cook, B., & Suelzer, M. (1991). Controlled discontinuation of benzodiazepine treatment for patients with panic disorder. American Journal of Psychiatry, 148, 517-523.
125. Nunn, J. D., Stevenson, R. J., & Whalan, G. (1984). Selective memory effects in agoraphobic patients. British Journal of Clinical Psychology, 23, 195-201.
126. Otto, M. W., Albano, A. M., & Pollack, M. H. (1994). Pharmacology and behaviour therapy: Efficacy, interactions, and issues for treating panic disorder. Workshop presented at the Association for the Advancement of Behaviour Therapy Annual Conference, San Diego, CA.
127. Overton, D. A. (1977). Drug state-dependent learning. In M. E. Jarvik (Ed.), Psychopharmacology in the practice of medicine (pp. 00-00)?5?. New York: Appleton-Century-Crofts.
128. Penava, S. J., Otto, M. W., & Pollard, M. H. (1995). An effect size analysis of treatment outcome studies for posttraumatic stress disorder. Paper presented at the annual meeting of the Association for Advancement of Behaviour Therapy, Washington, DC, USA.
129. Pennebaker, J. W. (1982). The psychology of physical symptoms. New York: Springer-Verlag.
130. Perry, K. J., Franklin, M. E., Mattia, J. I., & Foa, E. B. (1994). Autobiographical memory in generalized social phobia: Effects of emotional priming. Paper presented at the annual meeting of the Association for Advancement of Behaviour Therapy, San Diego, CA.
131. Peterson, R. A., & Reiss, S. (1992). Anxiety Sensitivity Index manual (2nd ed.). Worthington, OH: International Diagnostic Systems.
132. Pigott, T. A., Myers, K. R., & Williams, D. A. (1996). Obsessive-compulsive disorder: A neuropsychiatric perspective. In R. M. Rapee (Ed.), Current controversies in the anxiety disorders (pp. 134-160). New York: Guilford Press.
133. Preskorn, S. (1995). Comparison of the tolerability of bupropion, fluoxetine, imipramine, nefazodone, paroxetine, sertraline, and venlafaxine. Journal of Clinical Psychiatry, 56, 12-21.
134. Rachman, S., & Wilson, G. (1980). The effects of psychological therapy. Oxford: Permagon Press.
135. Rapee, R. M., Mattick, R., & Murrell, E. (1986). Cognitive mediation in the affective component of spontaneous panic attacks. Journal of Behaviour Therapy and Experimental Psychiatry, 17, 245-253.
136. Reiss, S., Peterson, R. A., Gursky, D. M., & McNally, R. J. (1986). Anxiety sensitivity, anxiety frequency, and the prediction of fearfulness. Behaviour Research and Therapy, 24, 1-8.
137. Rickels, K., Case, G., Winokur, A., & Swenson, C. (1984). Long-term benzodiazepine therapy: Benefits and risks. Psychopharmacology Bulletin, 20, 608-615.
138. Riley, W. T., McCormick, M. G. F., Simon, E. M., Stack, K., Pushkin, Y., Overstreet, M. M., Carmona, J. J., & Magakian, C. (1995). Effects of alprazolam dose on the induction and habituation processes during behavioural panic induction treatment. Journal of Anxiety Disorders, 9, 217-228.
139. Rose, M. P., McGlynn, F. D., & Lazarte, A. (1995). Control and attention influence snake phobics' arousal and fear during laboratory confrontations with a caged snake. Journal of Anxiety Disorders, 9, 293-302.
140. Roy-Byrne, P. P., & Swinson, R. P. L (1991). Interactions of benzodiazepines with psychological and behavioural treatment. In D. S. Crowley (Ed.), Benzodiazepines in clinical practice: Risks and benefits (pp. 202-211). Washington, DC: American Psychiatric Press.
141. Rusted, J., & Dighton, K. (1991). Selective processing of threat-related material by spider phobics in a prose recall task. Cognition and Emotion, 5, 123-132.
142. Sanderson, W. C., Rapee, R. M., & Barlow, D. H. (1989). The influence of an illusion of control on panic attacks induced via inhalation of 5.5% carbon dioxide-enriched air. Archives of General Psychiatry, 46, 157-162.
143. Schwartz, J. (1997). Obsessive-compulsive disorder. Science and Medicine, 4, 14-23.
144. Sharp, D. M., Power, K. G., Simpson, R. J., Swanson, V., Moodie, E., Anstee, J. A., & Ashford, J. J. (1996). Fluvoxamine, placebo and cognitive behaviour therapy used alone and in combination in the treatment of panic disorder and agoraphobia. Journal of Anxiety Disorders, 10, 219-242.
145. Sheehan, D. V. (1987). Benzodiazepines in panic disorder and agoraphobia. Journal of Affective Disorders, 13, 169-181.
146. Solyom, C., Solyom, L., LaPierre, Y., Pecknold, J. C., & Morton, L. (1981). Phenelzine and exposure in the treatment of phobias. Journal of Biological Psychiatry, 16, 239-248.
147. Stewart, S. H., Rioux, G. F., Connolly, J. F., Dunphy, S. C., & Teehan, M. D. (1996). Effects of oxazepam and lorazepam on implicit and explicit memory: Evidence for possible influences of time course. Psychopharmacology, 128, 139-149.
148. Stewart, S. H., & Westra, H. A. (1996). Patterns of benzodiazepine use and anxiety disorder symptoms. International Journal of Psychology, 31, 24.
149. Stewart, S. H., Westra, H. A., Thompson, C. E., & Conrad, B. E. (1997). Effects of naturalistic benzodiazepine use on the selective processing of threat cues among anxiety disorder patients. Manuscript under review.
150. Stroop, J. R. (1935). Studies of interference in serial verbal reactions. Journal of Experimental Psychology, 18, 643-661.
151. Taylor, S. (1996). Meta-analysis of cognitive-behavioural treatments for social phobia. Behaviour Therapy and Experimental Psychiatry, 27, 1-9.
152. Taylor, S., Koch, W. J., & McNally, R. J. (1992). How does anxiety sensitivity vary across the anxiety disorders? Journal of Anxiety Disorders, 6, 249-259.
153. Telch, M. J., Agras, W. S., Taylor, C. B., Roth, W. T., & Gallen, C. (1985). Combined pharmacological and behavioural treatment for agoraphobia. Behaviour Research and Therapy, 23, 325-335.
154. Telch, M. J., Lucas, J. A., & Nelson, P. (1989). Nonclinical panic in college students; An investigation of prevalence and symptomatology. Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 98, 300-306.
155. Telch, M. J., Schmidt, N. B., Frank, J. D., & Jaimez, T. L. (1994). Cognitive-behavioural treatment of panic disorder: An investigation of mechanisms of action and moderator variables. Paper presented at the annual meeting of the Association for the Advancement of Behaviour Therapy, San Diego, CA.
156. Telch, M. J., Silverman, A., & Schmidt, N. B. (1996). Effects of anxiety sensitivity and perceived control on emotional responding to caffeine challenge. Journal of Anxiety Disorders, 10, 21-36.
157. Telch, M. J., Tearnan, B. H., & Taylor, C. B. (1983). Anti-depressant medication in the treatment of agoraphobia: A critical review. Behaviour Research and Therapy, 21, 505-527.
158. The Quality Assurance Project. (1985). Treatment outlines for the management of anxiety states. Australian and New Zealand Journal of Psychiatry, 19, 138-151.
159. Thompson, C. E., Westra, H. A., Stewart, S. H., & MacDonald, A. (1996). The effects of benzodiazepine use on autobiographical memory in clinical anxiety. Paper presented at the annual meeting of the Association for the Advancement of Behaviour Therapy, New York City, NY.
160. Turner, S. M., Beidel, D. C., & Jacob, R. G. (1994). Social phobia: A comparison of behaviour therapy and atenolol. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 62, 350-358.
161. Tyrer, P., Owen, R., & Dawling, S. (1983). Gradual withdrawal of diazepam after long-term therapy. Lancet, 1, 520-522.
162. Vermilyea, J. A., Boice, R., & Barlow, D. H. (1984). Rachman and Hodgson (1974) a decade later: How do desynchronous response systems relate to the treatment of agoraphobia? Behaviour Research and Therapy, 22, 613-621.
163. Wallace, S. T., & Alden, L. E. (1995). Social anxiety and standard setting following social success or failure. Cognitive Therapy and Research, 19, 613-632.
164. Wardle, J. (1990). Behaviour therapy and benzodiazepines: Allies or antagonists? British Journal of Psychiatry, 156, 163-168.
165. Wardle, J., Hayward, P., Higgitt, A., Stabl, M., Blizard, R., & Gray, J. (1994). Effects of concurrent diazepam treatment on the outcome of exposure therapy in agoraphobia. Behaviour Research and Therapy, 32, 203-215.
166. Watson, D., & Friend, R. (1969). Measurement of social-evaluative anxiety. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 33, 448-457.
167. Watts, F. N., & Dalgleish, T. (1991). Memory for phobia-related words in spider phobics. Cognition and Emotion, 5, 313-329.
168. Watts, F. N., McKenna, F. P., Sharrock, R., & Tresize, L. (1986). Colour naming of phobia-related words. British Journal of Psychology, 77, 97-108.
169. Weingartner, H. J., Andreason, P., Eckardt, M., Hommer D., & Sirocco, K. (in press). Reflective functions and reality monitoring in alcoholic patients. Biological Psychiatry.
170. Weingartner, H. J., Hommer, D., Johnson, D., Andreason, P., & Eckardt, M. J. (in press). Impairments in reflective cognitive functions in alcoholics: A neuropharmacological model. Alcoholism: Clinical and Experimental Research.
171. Weingartner, H. J., Sirocco, K., Curran, V., & Wolkowitz, O. (1995). Memory facilitation following the administration of the benzodiazepine triazolam. Experimental and Clinical Psychopharmacology, 3, 298-303.
172. Westra, H. A., & Stewart, S. H. (1996). The impact of benzodiazepine use on treatment outcome from cognitive behavioural therapy in anxiety disorders: Preliminary analyses. Paper presented at the annual Dalhousie University Psychiatry Research Day, Halifax, Nova Scotia.
173. Wilhelm, S., McNally, R. J., & Baer, L. (1994). Autobiographical memory in obsessive-compulsive disorder. Paper presented at the annual meeting of the Association for the Advancement of Behaviour Therapy, San Diego, CA.
174. Williams, J. M. G. (1992). Autobiographical memory and emotional disorders. In S. A. Christianson (Ed.), The handbook of emotion and memory (pp. 451-477). Hillsdale, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates.
175. Williams, S. L., Kinney, P. J., & Falbo, J. (1989). Generalization of therapeutic changes in agoraphobia: The role of perceived self-efficacy. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 57, 436-442.
176. Williams, S. L., & Falbo, J. (1996). Cognitive versus performance-based treatment of panic and agoraphobia. Behavour Research and Therapy, 34, 253-263.
177. Zacharko, R., Koszycki, D., Mendella, P., & Bradwejn, J. (1995). Behavioural, neurochemical, anatomical, and electrophysiological correlates of panic disorder: Multiple transmitter interaction and neuropeptide colocalization. Progress in Neurobiology, 47, 371-423.
178. Zinbarg, R. E. (1993). Information processing and classical conditioning: Implications for exposure therapy and the integration of cognitive therapy and behaviour therapy. Journal of Behaviour Therapy and Experimental Psychiatry, 24, 129-139.