Positron annihilation lifetime studies of free volume in a polymer electrolyte PEO complexed with NH4I

Journal of Polymer Science, Part B: Polymer Physics

Volumn 36, Issue 6, 1998, Pages 969-976

  Haldar, B ^a   Singru, R M ^a   Chandra, S ^b  

^a INDIAN INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY KANPUR   (India)

^b BANARAS HINDU UNIVERSITY   (India)

Author keywords

Analysis of positron lifetime spectra; Conducting polymers; Electrical conductivity in polymer electrolytes; Free volume in polymers; Positron annihilation

Indexed keywords

AMMONIUM COMPOUNDS; COMPLEXATION; CONDUCTIVE PLASTICS; ELECTRIC CONDUCTIVITY OF SOLIDS; SALTS; VOLUME MEASUREMENT;

FREE VOLUME; POLYMER COMPLEXES; POLYMER ELECTROLYTES; POSITRON LIFETIME SPECTROSCOPY;

POLYETHYLENE OXIDES;

EID: 0032050738     PISSN: 08876266     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1002/(SICI)1099-0488(19980430)36:6<969::AID-POLB4>3.0.CO;2-B     Document Type: Article

References (56)

1. J. R. MacCallum and C. A. Vincent, Eds., Polymer Electrolyte Reviews 1, Elsevier Applied Science, London, 1987; J. R. MacCallum and C. A. Vincent, Eds., Polymer Electrolyte Reviews 2, Elsevier Applied Science, London, 1989; J. R. Owens, in Superionic Solids and Solid Electrolytes - Recent Trends, A. L. Laskar and S. Chandra, Eds., Academic Press, New York, 1989, p. 111.
2. J. R. MacCallum and C. A. Vincent, Eds., Polymer Electrolyte Reviews 1, Elsevier Applied Science, London, 1987; J. R. MacCallum and C. A. Vincent, Eds., Polymer Electrolyte Reviews 2, Elsevier Applied Science, London, 1989; J. R. Owens, in Superionic Solids and Solid Electrolytes - Recent Trends, A. L. Laskar and S. Chandra, Eds., Academic Press, New York, 1989, p. 111.
3. J. R. MacCallum and C. A. Vincent, Eds., Polymer Electrolyte Reviews 1, Elsevier Applied Science, London, 1987; J. R. MacCallum and C. A. Vincent, Eds., Polymer Electrolyte Reviews 2, Elsevier Applied Science, London, 1989; J. R. Owens, in Superionic Solids and Solid Electrolytes - Recent Trends, A. L. Laskar and S. Chandra, Eds., Academic Press, New York, 1989, p. 111.
4. M. A. Ratner and D. F. Shriver, Chem. Rev., 88, 109 (1988).
5. J. S. Tonge and D. F. Shriver, in Polymers for Electronic Applications, J. H. Lai, Ed., CRC Press, Boca Raton, FL, 1989, p. 157.
6. M. B. Armand, Annu. Rev. Mater. Sci., 16, 245 (1986).
7. B. Scrosati, in Proceedings of the Second International Symposium on Solid State Physics - II, M. A. K. L. Dissanayake, K. Tennakone, and O. A. Ileperuma, Eds., Nova Science Publishers, New York, 1992, p. 147.
8. S. Chandra, in Proceedings of the Second International Symposium on Solid State Physics - II, M. A. K. L. Dissanayake, K. Tennakone, and O. A. Ileperuma, Eds., Nova Science Publishers, New York, 1992, p. 161.
9. S. A. Hashmi, Ajay Kumar, K. K. Maurya, and S. Chandra, J. Phys. D, 23, 1307 (1990).
10. B. Haldar, R. M. Singru, K. K. Maurya, and S. Chandra, Phys. Rev. B, 54, 7143 (1996).
11. K. K. Maurya, N. Srivastava, S. A. Hashmi, and S. Chandra, J. Mater. Sci., 27, 6357 (1992).
12. See, for example, L. C. E. Struik, Physical Aging in Amorphous Polymers and Other Materials, Elsevier Scientific, Amsterdam, 1978; J. D. Ferry, Visco-Elastic Properties of Polymers, John Wiley & Sons, New York, 1980; M. R. Tant and G. L. Wilkes, Polym. Eng. Sci., 21, 14 (1981).
13. See, for example, L. C. E. Struik, Physical Aging in Amorphous Polymers and Other Materials, Elsevier Scientific, Amsterdam, 1978; J. D. Ferry, Visco-Elastic Properties of Polymers, John Wiley & Sons, New York, 1980; M. R. Tant and G. L. Wilkes, Polym. Eng. Sci., 21, 14 (1981).
14. See, for example, L. C. E. Struik, Physical Aging in Amorphous Polymers and Other Materials, Elsevier Scientific, Amsterdam, 1978; J. D. Ferry, Visco-Elastic Properties of Polymers, John Wiley & Sons, New York, 1980; M. R. Tant and G. L. Wilkes, Polym. Eng. Sci., 21, 14 (1981).
15. As, for example, R. Simha and T. Somcynsky, Macromolecules, 2, 342 (1969); J. E. McKinney and R. Simha, Macromolecules, 7, 894 (1974); ibid., 9, 430 (1976).
16. As, for example, R. Simha and T. Somcynsky, Macromolecules, 2, 342 (1969); J. E. McKinney and R. Simha, Macromolecules, 7, 894 (1974); ibid., 9, 430 (1976).
17. As, for example, R. Simha and T. Somcynsky, Macromolecules, 2, 342 (1969); J. E. McKinney and R. Simha, Macromolecules, 7, 894 (1974); ibid., 9, 430 (1976).
18. As, for example, J. E. Kluin, H. Moaddel, M. Y. Ruan, Z. Yu, A. M. Jamieson, R. Simha, and J. D. McGervey, Am. Chem. Soc. Symp. Series, 20, 535 (1993).
19. Z. L. Peng, B. Wang, S. Q. Li, S. J. Wang, H. Liu, and H. Q. Xie, Phys. Lett. A, 194, 228 (1994); Z. L. Peng, B. Wang, S. Q. Li, and S. J. Wang, J. Appl. Phys., 77, 334 (1995).
20. Z. L. Peng, B. Wang, S. Q. Li, S. J. Wang, H. Liu, and H. Q. Xie, Phys. Lett. A, 194, 228 (1994); Z. L. Peng, B. Wang, S. Q. Li, and S. J. Wang, J. Appl. Phys., 77, 334 (1995).
21. M. Forsyth, P. Meakin, D. R. MacFarlane, and A. J. Hill, J. Phys. Condens. Matter, 7, 7601 (1995).
22. Y. C. Jean, in Positron Spectroscopy of Solids, A. Dupasquier and A. P. Mills, Jr., Eds., IOS Press, Amsterdam, 1995, p. 563.
23. See, for examples, J. R. Stevens, in Methods of Experimental Physics, R. A. Fava, Ed., Academic Press, London, 1980, p. 371; W. Brandt and A. Dupasquier, Eds., Positron Solid State Physics, North-Holland, Amsterdam, 1983; D. M. Schrader and Y. C. Jean, Eds., Positron and Positronium Chemistry, Elsevier Science, Amsterdam, 1988; Y. C. Jean, Microchem. J., 42, 72 (1990).
24. See, for examples, J. R. Stevens, in Methods of Experimental Physics, R. A. Fava, Ed., Academic Press, London, 1980, p. 371; W. Brandt and A. Dupasquier, Eds., Positron Solid State Physics, North-Holland, Amsterdam, 1983; D. M. Schrader and Y. C. Jean, Eds., Positron and Positronium Chemistry, Elsevier Science, Amsterdam, 1988; Y. C. Jean, Microchem. J., 42, 72 (1990).
25. See, for examples, J. R. Stevens, in Methods of Experimental Physics, R. A. Fava, Ed., Academic Press, London, 1980, p. 371; W. Brandt and A. Dupasquier, Eds., Positron Solid State Physics, North-Holland, Amsterdam, 1983; D. M. Schrader and Y. C. Jean, Eds., Positron and Positronium Chemistry, Elsevier Science, Amsterdam, 1988; Y. C. Jean, Microchem. J., 42, 72 (1990).
26. See, for examples, J. R. Stevens, in Methods of Experimental Physics, R. A. Fava, Ed., Academic Press, London, 1980, p. 371; W. Brandt and A. Dupasquier, Eds., Positron Solid State Physics, North-Holland, Amsterdam, 1983; D. M. Schrader and Y. C. Jean, Eds., Positron and Positronium Chemistry, Elsevier Science, Amsterdam, 1988; Y. C. Jean, Microchem. J., 42, 72 (1990).
27. H. Nakanishi, S. J. Wang, and Y. C. Jean, in Positron Annihilation Studies of Fluids, S. C. Sharma, Ed., World Scientific, Singapore, 1988, p. 292.
28. S. J. Tao, J. Chem. Phys., 56, 5499 (1972).
29. Q. Deng, F. Zandiehnadem, and Y. C. Jean, Macromolecules, 25, 1090 (1992).
30. Q. Deng and Y. C. Jean, Macromolecules, 26, 30 (1993).
31. Y. C. Jean and Q. Deng, J. Polym. Sci., Polym. Phys., 30, 1359 (1992).
32. K. J. Heater and P. L. Jones, Nucl. Instrum. Methods B, 56-57, 610 (1991).
33. C. L. Wang, B. Wang, S. Q. Li, and S. J. Wang, J. Phys. Condens. Matter, 5, 7515 (1993).
34. Z. Yu, U. Yahsi, J. D. McGervey, A. M. Jamieson, and R. Simha, J. Polym. Sci., Polym. Phys., 32, 2637 (1994).
35. M. Welander and F. H. J. Maurer, Mater. Sci. Forum, 105-110, 1811 (1991).
36. Y. C. Jean, Y. Rhee, Y. Lou, H. L. Yen, H. Cao, K. Cheong, and Y. Gu, Phys. Rev. B, 54, 1785 (1996).
37. P. Kirkegaard, M. Eldrup, O. E. Mogensen, and N. J. Pedersen, Comput. Phys. Commun., 23, 307 (1981); PATFIT package, Riso National Laboratory, Roskilde, Denmark (1989).
38. P. Kirkegaard, M. Eldrup, O. E. Mogensen, and N. J. Pedersen, Comput. Phys. Commun., 23, 307 (1981); PATFIT package, Riso National Laboratory, Roskilde, Denmark (1989).
39. S. W. Provencher, Comput. Phys. Commun., 27, 213 (1982); 27, 229 (1982).
40. S. W. Provencher, Comput. Phys. Commun., 27, 213 (1982); 27, 229 (1982).
41. R. B. Gregory and Y. Zhu, Nucl. Instrum. Methods A, 290, 172 (1990); R. B. Gregory, ibid., 302, 496 (1991); R. B. Gregory, J. Appl. Phys., 70, 4665 (1991).
42. R. B. Gregory and Y. Zhu, Nucl. Instrum. Methods A, 290, 172 (1990); R. B. Gregory, ibid., 302, 496 (1991); R. B. Gregory, J. Appl. Phys., 70, 4665 (1991).
43. R. B. Gregory and Y. Zhu, Nucl. Instrum. Methods A, 290, 172 (1990); R. B. Gregory, ibid., 302, 496 (1991); R. B. Gregory, J. Appl. Phys., 70, 4665 (1991).
44. Z. Yu, J. D. McGervey, A. M. Jamieson, and R. Simha, Macromolecules, 28, 6268 (1995).
45. R. N. Haward, Ed., The Physics of Glassy Polymers, Applied Science, London, 1973.
46. S. A. Hashmi, J. Mater. Sci. Lett., 10, 1153 (1991).
47. V. Ravindrachary, H. R. Sreepad, A. Chandrasekhara, C. Ranganathaiah, and S. Gopal, Phys. Rev. B, 46, 11471 (1992).
48. O. E. Mogensen, Abstracts of Fourth International Workshop on Positron and Positronium Chemistry, Strasbourg, France, 1993.
49. H. Nakanishi, Y. C. Jean, E. G. Smith, and T. C. Sandreczki, J. Polym. Sci., Polym. Phys., 27, 1419 (1989).
50. M. Minier, C. Berthier, and W. Gorecki, Solid State Ionics, 9-10, 1125 (1983).
51. M. Minier, C. Berthier, and W. Gorecki, J. Phys., 45, 739 (1984).
52. Y. Kobayashi, W. Zheng, E. F. Meyer, J. D. McGervey, A. M. Jamieson, and R. Simha, Macromolecules, 22, 2302 (1989).
53. C. M. McCullagh, Z. Yu, A. M. Jamieson, J. Blackwell, and J. D. McGervey, Macromolecules, 28, 6100 (1995).
54. R. E. Robertson, R. Simha, and J. G. Curro, Macromolecules, 18, 2239 (1985).
55. D. Rigby and R. J. Roe, Macromolecules, 23, 5312 (1990).
56. B. Haldar, Ph.D. Thesis, Indian Institute of Technology, Kanpur, 1996 (unpublished).