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Volumn 23, Issue 2, 1998, Pages 190-208

Family strategies and the institutional confinement of "idiot" children in Victorian England

(1)  Wright, David a  

a NONE

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EID: 0032044152     PISSN: 03631990     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1177/036319909802300206     Document Type: Article
Times cited : (24)

References (76)
  • 1
    • 0009974962 scopus 로고
    • Family history at the crossroads
    • Tamara Hareven, "Family History at the Crossroads," Journal of Family History, 12 (1985): xv.
    • (1985) Journal of Family History , vol.12
    • Hareven, T.1
  • 2
    • 0004207857 scopus 로고
    • Boston
    • The classic enunciation of this thesis is David Rothman, The Discovery of the Asylum (Boston, 1971) and Andrew Scull, Museums of Madness: The Social Organisation of Insanity in Nineteenth Century England (London, 1979). For an extension of these arguments, see Rothman, Conscience and Convenience: The Asylum and Its Alternatives in Progressive America (Boston, 1980) and Scull, The Most Solitary of Afflictions: Madness and Society in Britain 1700-1900 (London, 1993).
    • (1971) The Discovery of the Asylum
    • Rothman, D.1
  • 3
    • 0003936082 scopus 로고
    • London
    • The classic enunciation of this thesis is David Rothman, The Discovery of the Asylum (Boston, 1971) and Andrew Scull, Museums of Madness: The Social Organisation of Insanity in Nineteenth Century England (London, 1979). For an extension of these arguments, see Rothman, Conscience and Convenience: The Asylum and Its Alternatives in Progressive America (Boston, 1980) and Scull, The Most Solitary of Afflictions: Madness and Society in Britain 1700-1900 (London, 1993).
    • (1979) Museums of Madness: The Social Organisation of Insanity in Nineteenth Century England
    • Scull, A.1
  • 4
    • 0003547728 scopus 로고
    • Boston
    • The classic enunciation of this thesis is David Rothman, The Discovery of the Asylum (Boston, 1971) and Andrew Scull, Museums of Madness: The Social Organisation of Insanity in Nineteenth Century England (London, 1979). For an extension of these arguments, see Rothman, Conscience and Convenience: The Asylum and Its Alternatives in Progressive America (Boston, 1980) and Scull, The Most Solitary of Afflictions: Madness and Society in Britain 1700-1900 (London, 1993).
    • (1980) Conscience and Convenience: The Asylum and Its Alternatives in Progressive America
    • Rothman1
  • 5
    • 0003597091 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • London
    • The classic enunciation of this thesis is David Rothman, The Discovery of the Asylum (Boston, 1971) and Andrew Scull, Museums of Madness: The Social Organisation of Insanity in Nineteenth Century England (London, 1979). For an extension of these arguments, see Rothman, Conscience and Convenience: The Asylum and Its Alternatives in Progressive America (Boston, 1980) and Scull, The Most Solitary of Afflictions: Madness and Society in Britain 1700-1900 (London, 1993).
    • (1993) The Most Solitary of Afflictions: Madness and Society in Britain 1700-1900
    • Scull1
  • 6
    • 0018552031 scopus 로고
    • Asylum and society: An approach to institutional change
    • Jamil Zainoldin and Peter Tyor, "Asylum and Society: An Approach to Institutional Change," Journal of Social History, 13 (1979): 23-48.
    • (1979) Journal of Social History , vol.13 , pp. 23-48
    • Zainoldin, J.1    Tyor, P.2
  • 7
    • 0018550612 scopus 로고
    • Lunacy in the industrial revolution: A study of asylum admissions in Lancashire, 1848-1850
    • John Walton, "Lunacy in the Industrial Revolution: A Study of Asylum Admissions in Lancashire, 1848-1850," Journal of Social History, 13 (1979): 1-22.
    • (1979) Journal of Social History , vol.13 , pp. 1-22
    • Walton, J.1
  • 11
    • 0028685962 scopus 로고
    • Women, families and the provincial hospital for the insane, British Columbia, 1905-1915
    • Mary-Ellen Kelm, "Women, Families and the Provincial Hospital for the Insane, British Columbia, 1905-1915," Journal of Family History, 19, no. 2 (1994): 177-93.
    • (1994) Journal of Family History , vol.19 , Issue.2 , pp. 177-193
    • Kelm, M.-E.1
  • 12
    • 0031111813 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Getting out of the asylum: Understanding the confinement of the insane in the nineteenth century
    • David Wright, "Getting Out of the Asylum: Understanding the Confinement of the Insane in the Nineteenth Century," Social History of Medicine, 10 (1997): 137-55.
    • (1997) Social History of Medicine , vol.10 , pp. 137-155
    • Wright, D.1
  • 13
    • 85033534472 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The county Committee of Visiting Magistrates constituted to inspect the county asylum retained responsibility for licensing private homes within their jurisdiction. Separate laws governed Scotland and Ireland
    • The county Committee of Visiting Magistrates constituted to inspect the county asylum retained responsibility for licensing private homes within their jurisdiction. Separate laws governed Scotland and Ireland.
  • 15
    • 0010189598 scopus 로고
    • London
    • The formal legal definition of idiocy was the following: "Every person whose mind from his birth by a perpetual infirmity is so deficient as to be incapable of directing him in any matter which requires thought or judgement"; Charles P. Philips, The Law Concerning Lunatics, Idiots and Persons of Unsound Mind (London, 1858), 1-2.
    • (1858) The Law Concerning Lunatics, Idiots and Persons of Unsound Mind , pp. 1-2
    • Philips, C.P.1
  • 16
    • 85033513674 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The individuals giving testimony to the local medical practitioner I will hereafter refer to as "testifiers" or "informants."
    • The individuals giving testimony to the local medical practitioner I will hereafter refer to as "testifiers" or "informants."
  • 17
    • 85033523080 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Order for the Reception of a Private Patient, Sched (A) No. 1, Sects. 4, 8
    • Order for the Reception of a Private Patient, Sched (A) No. 1, Sects. 4, 8.
  • 18
    • 85033520361 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The certification of insanity in nineteenth century England
    • in press
    • See David Wright, "The Certification of Insanity in Nineteenth Century England," History of Psychiatry, in press.
    • History of Psychiatry
    • Wright, D.1
  • 19
    • 85033539894 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The 1853 Asylums (Amendment) Act established a structure of the certificates [Certificate Sched. (A) No. 2, Sects. 4,5,8,10,11,12,13] that continued until 1887, when the Idiots Act required only one medical signature for private "idiot" patients
    • The 1853 Asylums (Amendment) Act established a structure of the certificates [Certificate Sched. (A) No. 2, Sects. 4,5,8,10,11,12,13] that continued until 1887, when the Idiots Act required only one medical signature for private "idiot" patients.
  • 20
    • 85033504304 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Although pauper reception orders were signed by the relieving officer of the Poor Law Union, the address of the spouse or next of kin was listed next to a line inquiring the address of the person to be notified in case of the death of the inmate
    • Although pauper reception orders were signed by the relieving officer of the Poor Law Union, the address of the spouse or next of kin was listed next to a line inquiring the address of the person to be notified in case of the death of the inmate.
  • 21
    • 0019753252 scopus 로고
    • The decision to institutionalise: Families with exceptional children in 1900
    • The author is grateful to Richard Smith for suggesting this technique. For a similar exercise in the linkage of hospital admission records and the census enumerators' schedules, see Mark Friedberger, "The Decision to Institutionalise: Families with Exceptional Children in 1900," Journal of Family History, 6 (1981): 396-409; Marguerite Dupree, "Family Care and Hospital Care: The 'Sick Poor' in Nineteenth-Century Glasgow," Social History of Medicine, 6 (1993): 195-212.
    • (1981) Journal of Family History , vol.6 , pp. 396-409
    • Friedberger, M.1
  • 22
    • 0027648642 scopus 로고
    • Family care and hospital care: The 'sick poor' in nineteenth-century Glasgow
    • The author is grateful to Richard Smith for suggesting this technique. For a similar exercise in the linkage of hospital admission records and the census enumerators' schedules, see Mark Friedberger, "The Decision to Institutionalise: Families with Exceptional Children in 1900," Journal of Family History, 6 (1981): 396-409; Marguerite Dupree, "Family Care and Hospital Care: The 'Sick Poor' in Nineteenth-Century Glasgow," Social History of Medicine, 6 (1993): 195-212.
    • (1993) Social History of Medicine , vol.6 , pp. 195-212
    • Dupree, M.1
  • 23
    • 85033539133 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • note
    • The following study of occupations will focus on the occupation of the male guardians listed on the reception orders, cross-referenced with the occupations listed in the decennial census household schedules. The paucity of information in the census records about mother's occupation prohibits a detailed discussion of the work of the primary caregiver except in cases in which the father had died or the mother herself signed the reception orders.
  • 24
    • 85033514519 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Unfortunately these records are no longer extant
    • Unfortunately these records are no longer extant.
  • 25
    • 0003883151 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Cambridge
    • This tripartite classification was similar to the famous York Retreat, where patients were admitted free of charge, at a reduced rate, or as full fee-paying clients. Anne Digby, Madness, Morality and Medicine: A Study of the York Retreat (Cambridge, 1985), 181.
    • (1985) Madness, Morality and Medicine: A Study of the York Retreat , pp. 181
    • Digby, A.1
  • 26
    • 85033532875 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • "Letter Copying Book," no. 1. (January 1854 to April 1863), Surrey Record Office (SRO) 392/2/8/3, 54
    • "Letter Copying Book," no. 1. (January 1854 to April 1863), Surrey Record Office (SRO) 392/2/8/3, 54.
  • 27
    • 85033525588 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • note
    • The total number of admissions depended not only on the financial position of the society but also on the numbers who may have died or been discharged in a particular year. Thus, the extraordinarily large number of admissions in 1864 reflected not only the relatively prosperous condition of the charity but also the fact that several inmates had died from an outbreak of Scarlatina.
  • 28
    • 85033542746 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • note
    • Several factors may account for this. There was a commonly held belief in medical circles that mental deficiency was more prevalent in boys than girls. The general reports of the 1871 and 1881 census confirm this, the latter estimating that congenital mental deficiency was 30 percent more likely in male offspring than in female; General Report, Census of England and Wales, 1881, PP [1883] 80, 657. The disproportionate admission rate may have been a direct policy of the Board of Management, although the annual reports do not reveal any stated ratios or "goals." The selection of boys may have reflected the general bias of Victorian society toward the need for self-sufficient males and older cultural notions of apprenticeship.
  • 29
    • 85033517529 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • note
    • Out of 2,004 patients, 1,902 had a listed status on admission; of these, 1,202 were charitable, 298 were subsidized, and 399 private. Five percent were unlisted. These statuses are relevant to the time of first admissions only. It is clear from the records that some inmates moved between categories. There was no bar to private families who sought to secure for children (already admitted to the asylum) election as reduced fee-paying cases. Similarly, familie receiving charitable relief could seek reelection for another five-year term for patients who were in the asylum or since discharged. In addition, some patients moved from private to reduced fee paying or vice versa. These changes were not systematically recorded, so only the status of first admissions can be relied on.
  • 30
    • 0010097783 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Familial care of idiot children in Victorian England
    • ed. Richard Smith and Peregrine Horden (London)
    • David Wright, "Familial Care of Idiot Children in Victorian England," in The Locus of Care, ed. Richard Smith and Peregrine Horden (London, 1998), 176-97.
    • (1998) The Locus of Care , pp. 176-197
    • Wright, D.1
  • 33
    • 0004330779 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • chapter 1
    • William Llewellyn Parry-Jones, The Trade in Lunacy: A Study of Private Madhouses in England in the Eighteenth and Nineteenth Centuries (London,1972), passim; MacKenzie, Psychiatry for the Rich, chapter 1.
    • Psychiatry for the Rich
    • MacKenzie1
  • 35
    • 0010205693 scopus 로고
    • Levelled to the same common standard?: Social class in the lunatic asylum, 1780-1860
    • ed. Owen Ashton (London)
    • Len Smith, "Levelled to the Same Common Standard?: Social Class in the Lunatic Asylum, 1780-1860," in The Duty of Discontent: Essays for Dorothy Thompson, ed. Owen Ashton (London, 1995), 142-66; Digby, Madness, Morality and Medicine, 183-86, and Tables 8.7 to 8.9
    • (1995) The Duty of Discontent: Essays for Dorothy Thompson , pp. 142-166
    • Smith, L.1
  • 36
    • 0003883151 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • and Tables 8.7 to 8.9
    • Len Smith, "Levelled to the Same Common Standard?: Social Class in the Lunatic Asylum, 1780-1860," in The Duty of Discontent: Essays for Dorothy Thompson, ed. Owen Ashton (London, 1995), 142-66; Digby, Madness, Morality and Medicine, 183-86, and Tables 8.7 to 8.9
    • Madness, Morality and Medicine , pp. 183-186
    • Digby1
  • 39
    • 85033522547 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Annual Report, 1858, SRO 392/1/2/1, 130
    • Annual Report, 1858, SRO 392/1/2/1, 130.
  • 40
    • 85033532120 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Some families paid as much as £250/annum
    • Some families paid as much as £250/annum.
  • 42
    • 0010088858 scopus 로고
    • The use of published census data in migration studies
    • ed. E. Antony Wrigley (Cambridge, UK)
    • Migration, of course, is notoriously difficult to gauge, and I will be using only the crudest of indicators - namely, a comparison of the county of birth of parents versus the county of thier census enumeration. D. E. Baines, "The Use of Published Census Data in Migration Studies," in Nineteenth Century Society: Essays in the Use of Quantitative Methods for the Study of Social Data, ed. E. Antony Wrigley (Cambridge, UK, 1972), 311-35. There have been several studies to suggest that individuals giving berthplace information to census enumerators were not always consistent in their identification of town of birth. Both Anderson and Dupree found approximately 8 percent of cases in their respective samples gave different birthplaces from the previous census. This does not hold true for the identification of county of birth, as cited in Marguerite W. Dupree, "Family Structure in the Staffordshire Potteries, 1840-1880" (D.Phil, thesis, Oxford, 1981), 428.
    • (1972) Nineteenth Century Society: Essays in the Use of Quantitative Methods for the Study of Social Data , pp. 311-335
    • Baines, D.E.1
  • 43
    • 0004125595 scopus 로고
    • D.Phil, thesis, Oxford
    • Migration, of course, is notoriously difficult to gauge, and I will be using only the crudest of indicators - namely, a comparison of the county of birth of parents versus the county of thier census enumeration. D. E. Baines, "The Use of Published Census Data in Migration Studies," in Nineteenth Century Society: Essays in the Use of Quantitative Methods for the Study of Social Data, ed. E. Antony Wrigley (Cambridge, UK, 1972), 311-35. There have been several studies to suggest that individuals giving berthplace information to census enumerators were not always consistent in their identification of town of birth. Both Anderson and Dupree found approximately 8 percent of cases in their respective samples gave different birthplaces from the previous census. This does not hold true for the identification of county of birth, as cited in Marguerite W. Dupree, "Family Structure in the Staffordshire Potteries, 1840-1880" (D.Phil, thesis, Oxford, 1981), 428.
    • (1981) Family Structure in the Staffordshire Potteries, 1840-1880 , pp. 428
    • Dupree, M.W.1
  • 44
    • 85033513471 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Of the 134 households located: 107 present, 21 not present, and 6 were families whose children were admitted before census night and therefore excluded from this calculation
    • Of the 134 households located: 107 present, 21 not present, and 6 were families whose children were admitted before census night and therefore excluded from this calculation.
  • 45
    • 85033528240 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Certificate of insanity for James Allan, 1881; Census for England and Wales 1881 RG11/646,43a
    • Certificate of insanity for James Allan, 1881; Census for England and Wales 1881 RG11/646,43a.
  • 46
    • 0010183199 scopus 로고
    • (Gloucester), Table 4
    • A private domestic servant in the southeast of England at the time might cost £12 to £14/annum in wages and the same again in room and board. Pamela Horn, The Rise & Fall of the Victorian Servant (Gloucester, 1986), 130, Table 4.
    • (1986) The Rise & Fall of the Victorian Servant , pp. 130
    • Horn, P.1
  • 49
    • 0016582996 scopus 로고
    • From madness to mental illness: Medical men as moral entrepreneurs
    • Andrew Scull, "From Madness to Mental Illness: Medical Men as Moral Entrepreneurs," European Journal of Sociology 11 (1975): 219-61.
    • (1975) European Journal of Sociology , vol.11 , pp. 219-261
    • Scull, A.1
  • 51
    • 85033544202 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Letter to the board, 22/8/1864; SRO 392/2/8/2,43
    • Letter to the board, 22/8/1864; SRO 392/2/8/2,43.
  • 52
    • 85033533588 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Minutes of the Case Committee, SRO 392/5/1/1, 64
    • Minutes of the Case Committee, SRO 392/5/1/1, 64.
  • 53
    • 85033516608 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • note
    • The mean household size for England and Wales (1861 census) was 5.4. One would expect larger than normal household sizes, because households including Earlswood families would have, by definition, at least one parent and at least one child. This, however, does not detract from the point about life-cycle poverty, made below.
  • 54
    • 0024160141 scopus 로고
    • Households, families and individuals in 1851: Some preliminary results from the national sample from the 1851 census of Great Britain
    • Michael Anderson, $Households, Families and Individuals in 1851: Some Preliminary Results from the National Sample from the 1851 Census of Great Britain,$ Continuity and Change, 3 (1988): 421-38; Marguerite Dupree, Family Structure in the Staffordshire Potteries 1840-80 (Oxford, 1995), chapter 2.
    • (1988) Continuity and Change , vol.3 , pp. 421-438
    • Anderson, M.1
  • 55
    • 0024160141 scopus 로고
    • (Oxford), chapter 2
    • Michael Anderson, $Households, Families and Individuals in 1851: Some Preliminary Results from the National Sample from the 1851 Census of Great Britain,$ Continuity and Change, 3 (1988): 421-38; Marguerite Dupree, Family Structure in the Staffordshire Potteries 1840-80 (Oxford, 1995), chapter 2.
    • (1995) Family Structure in the Staffordshire Potteries 1840-80
    • Dupree, M.1
  • 56
    • 0010158565 scopus 로고
    • Regional and temporal variations in the structure of the British household since 1851
    • ed. Theo Barker and Michael Drake (London)
    • Richard Wall, $Regional and Temporal Variations in the Structure of the British Household since 1851,$ in Population & Society in Britain, 1850-1980, ed. Theo Barker and Michael Drake (London, 1982), 83. Precise figures for the residence of nonconjugal kin are extremely difficult, considering the inconsistency of census enumerators who returned some kin as servants under the $relationship to head of household$ column of the census for England and Wales.
    • (1982) Population & Society in Britain, 1850-1980 , pp. 83
    • Wall, R.1
  • 57
    • 85033505714 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Certificate of insanity and reception order for Frederick Everitt, 1871, RG10/535,23
    • Certificate of insanity and reception order for Frederick Everitt, 1871, RG10/535,23.
  • 58
    • 85033507323 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Certificate of insanity and reception order for Eva Aldridge, 1871, RG10/1097,77-8
    • Certificate of insanity and reception order for Eva Aldridge, 1871, RG10/1097,77-8.
  • 60
    • 0010099624 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Walton, "Lunacy in the Industrial Revolution," 8-11. Although Walton's findings are, as he concedes, ambiguous - inasmuch as in addition to the statistically significant number of families coming from the most urban areas - the predominantly rural districts in his sample contributed more than the "smaller industrial centers." Ibid., 8.
    • Lunacy in the Industrial Revolution , pp. 8-11
    • Walton1
  • 61
    • 85033278583 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Walton, "Lunacy in the Industrial Revolution," 8-11. Although Walton's findings are, as he concedes, ambiguous - inasmuch as in addition to the statistically significant number of families coming from the most urban areas - the predominantly rural districts in his sample contributed more than the "smaller industrial centers." Ibid., 8.
    • Lunacy in the Industrial Revolution , pp. 8
  • 62
    • 85033517453 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Town size was calculated using the population tables in the census reports. For the years 1866, 1876, 1886, I simply averaged the population size given for the census five years before and five years after the year in question
    • Town size was calculated using the population tables in the census reports. For the years 1866, 1876, 1886, I simply averaged the population size given for the census five years before and five years after the year in question.
  • 63
    • 0004062130 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Note the similarity to Mark Finnane's case study of 133 admission warrants for the Omagh district asylum, which revealed that 80 percent were living with their nearest relative in a "nuclear family," Finnane, Insanity and the Insane in Post-Famine Ireland, 132.
    • Insanity and the Insane in Post-Famine Ireland , pp. 132
    • Finnane1
  • 64
    • 0024155040 scopus 로고
    • Brenchley: A study in migratory movements in a mid-nineteenth century rural parish
    • Wojciechowska found that 89 percent of agricultural workers in Brenchley, Kent, in 1851 were living in their county of birth. Bogusia Wojciechowska, "Brenchley: A Study in Migratory Movements in a Mid-Nineteenth Century Rural Parish," Local Population Studies, 41 (1988): 35. Other local studies based on male heads of household vary in the residence from 53 percent in a Durham coal field to 97 percent of a Yorkshire ironstone mine. Melvyn Jones, "Combining Estate Records with Census Enumerators' Schedules Books to Study Nineteenth Century Communities: The Case of the Tankersley Ironstone Miners, c. 1850," Local Population Studies, 26(1988): 13-27; Martin White, "Family Migration in Victorian Britain: The Case of Grantham and Scunthorpe," Local Population Studies, 24 (1981): 41-50; William Turner, "Patterns of Migration of Textile Workers into Accrington in the Early Nineteenth Century," Local Population Studies, 30 (1983): 30, Table 3; Michael Sill, "Mid-Nineteenth Century Labour Mobility: The Case of the Coal-Miners of Hetton-Le-Hole, Co. Durham," in Local Population Studies, 22 (1979): 45, Table 1.
    • (1988) Local Population Studies , vol.41 , pp. 35
    • Wojciechowska, B.1
  • 65
    • 0024161655 scopus 로고
    • Combining estate records with census enumerators' schedules books to study nineteenth century communities: The case of the tankersley ironstone miners, c. 1850
    • Wojciechowska found that 89 percent of agricultural workers in Brenchley, Kent, in 1851 were living in their county of birth. Bogusia Wojciechowska, "Brenchley: A Study in Migratory Movements in a Mid-Nineteenth Century Rural Parish," Local Population Studies, 41 (1988): 35. Other local studies based on male heads of household vary in the residence from 53 percent in a Durham coal field to 97 percent of a Yorkshire ironstone mine. Melvyn Jones, "Combining Estate Records with Census Enumerators' Schedules Books to Study Nineteenth Century Communities: The Case of the Tankersley Ironstone Miners, c. 1850," Local Population Studies, 26(1988): 13-27; Martin White, "Family Migration in Victorian Britain: The Case of Grantham and Scunthorpe," Local Population Studies, 24 (1981): 41-50; William Turner, "Patterns of Migration of Textile Workers into Accrington in the Early Nineteenth Century," Local Population Studies, 30 (1983): 30, Table 3; Michael Sill, "Mid-Nineteenth Century Labour Mobility: The Case of the Coal-Miners of Hetton-Le-Hole, Co. Durham," in Local Population Studies, 22 (1979): 45, Table 1.
    • (1988) Local Population Studies , vol.26 , pp. 13-27
    • Jones, M.1
  • 66
    • 0024157949 scopus 로고
    • Family migration in Victorian Britain: The case of Grantham and Scunthorpe
    • Wojciechowska found that 89 percent of agricultural workers in Brenchley, Kent, in 1851 were living in their county of birth. Bogusia Wojciechowska, "Brenchley: A Study in Migratory Movements in a Mid-Nineteenth Century Rural Parish," Local Population Studies, 41 (1988): 35. Other local studies based on male heads of household vary in the residence from 53 percent in a Durham coal field to 97 percent of a Yorkshire ironstone mine. Melvyn Jones, "Combining Estate Records with Census Enumerators' Schedules Books to Study Nineteenth Century Communities: The Case of the Tankersley Ironstone Miners, c. 1850," Local Population Studies, 26(1988): 13-27; Martin White, "Family Migration in Victorian Britain: The Case of Grantham and Scunthorpe," Local Population Studies, 24 (1981): 41-50; William Turner, "Patterns of Migration of Textile Workers into Accrington in the Early Nineteenth Century," Local Population Studies, 30 (1983): 30, Table 3; Michael Sill, "Mid-Nineteenth Century Labour Mobility: The Case of the Coal-Miners of Hetton-Le-Hole, Co. Durham," in Local Population Studies, 22 (1979): 45, Table 1.
    • (1981) Local Population Studies , vol.24 , pp. 41-50
    • White, M.1
  • 67
    • 0024161655 scopus 로고
    • Patterns of migration of textile workers into accrington in the early nineteenth century
    • Table 3
    • Wojciechowska found that 89 percent of agricultural workers in Brenchley, Kent, in 1851 were living in their county of birth. Bogusia Wojciechowska, "Brenchley: A Study in Migratory Movements in a Mid-Nineteenth Century Rural Parish," Local Population Studies, 41 (1988): 35. Other local studies based on male heads of household vary in the residence from 53 percent in a Durham coal field to 97 percent of a Yorkshire ironstone mine. Melvyn Jones, "Combining Estate Records with Census Enumerators' Schedules Books to Study Nineteenth Century Communities: The Case of the Tankersley Ironstone Miners, c. 1850," Local Population Studies, 26(1988): 13-27; Martin White, "Family Migration in Victorian Britain: The Case of Grantham and Scunthorpe," Local Population Studies, 24 (1981): 41-50; William Turner, "Patterns of Migration of Textile Workers into Accrington in the Early Nineteenth Century," Local Population Studies, 30 (1983): 30, Table 3; Michael Sill, "Mid-Nineteenth Century Labour Mobility: The Case of the Coal-Miners of Hetton-Le-Hole, Co. Durham," in Local Population Studies, 22 (1979): 45, Table 1.
    • (1983) Local Population Studies , vol.30 , pp. 30
    • Turner, W.1
  • 68
    • 0024161655 scopus 로고
    • Mid-nineteenth century labour mobility: The case of the coal-miners of Hetton-Le-Hole, Co. Durham
    • Table 1
    • Wojciechowska found that 89 percent of agricultural workers in Brenchley, Kent, in 1851 were living in their county of birth. Bogusia Wojciechowska, "Brenchley: A Study in Migratory Movements in a Mid-Nineteenth Century Rural Parish," Local Population Studies, 41 (1988): 35. Other local studies based on male heads of household vary in the residence from 53 percent in a Durham coal field to 97 percent of a Yorkshire ironstone mine. Melvyn Jones, "Combining Estate Records with Census Enumerators' Schedules Books to Study Nineteenth Century Communities: The Case of the Tankersley Ironstone Miners, c. 1850," Local Population Studies, 26(1988): 13-27; Martin White, "Family Migration in Victorian Britain: The Case of Grantham and Scunthorpe," Local Population Studies, 24 (1981): 41-50; William Turner, "Patterns of Migration of Textile Workers into Accrington in the Early Nineteenth Century," Local Population Studies, 30 (1983): 30, Table 3; Michael Sill, "Mid-Nineteenth Century Labour Mobility: The Case of the Coal-Miners of Hetton-Le-Hole, Co. Durham," in Local Population Studies, 22 (1979): 45, Table 1.
    • (1979) Local Population Studies , vol.22 , pp. 45
    • Sill, M.1
  • 70
    • 85033524886 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Unfortunately, there is no systematic and detailed information on the number of families who may have wanted to confine children but did not know any subscribers of the institution or information on who applied but were never elected
    • Unfortunately, there is no systematic and detailed information on the number of families who may have wanted to confine children but did not know any subscribers of the institution or information on who applied but were never elected.
  • 72
    • 85033524829 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • note
    • Given the distribution of children, one would expect a randome selection of the children to be weighted toward the higher ranks. For example, the probability of the ranking first, second, and third of three families with one child, two children, and three children would be 1/2, 1/3, and 1/6, respectively. Thus, to evaluate properly the ranking data, one must set up a probability of the respective ranks and compare the data found with it.
  • 73
    • 85033505619 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • note
    • The first-ranked children were significant at the 5 percent level using a two sample t test and an f test, and significant to a 1.2 percent level using a z test (the NH assumed the proportions of families in category 1 [random] and category 2 [ranks found] were equal in the two samples). The combined first and second rank are significant to a 0.2 percent level. The first-and second-eldest children of charitable families were also significant using the Kolgomorov-Smirnov test.
  • 74
    • 33750164820 scopus 로고
    • Some issues concerning families and their property in rural England, 1250-1800
    • ed. Richard M. Smith (London), Table 1.9
    • Richard M. Smith, "Some Issues Concerning Families and Their Property in Rural England, 1250-1800," in Land, Kinship and Life-Cycle, ed. Richard M. Smith (London, 1985), 68-69, Table 1.9.
    • (1985) Land, Kinship and Life-Cycle , pp. 68-69
    • Smith, R.M.1
  • 76
    • 80052727269 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The abandonment of legitimate children in nineteenth-century Milan and the European context
    • ed. Wall and Henderson
    • Volker Hunecke, "The Abandonment of Legitimate Children in Nineteenth-Century Milan and the European Context," in Poor Women and Children in the European Past, ed. Wall and Henderson, 117-35.
    • Poor Women and Children in the European Past , pp. 117-135
    • Hunecke, V.1


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