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1
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85033529013
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note
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Archives nationales, Series W (hereafter A.N. W), carton 432, plaquette 971, pièce 47. Born in 1767, the Princess of Monaco was the younger daughter of Jacques Philippe, comte de Stainville, and Thérèse de Clermont d'Amboise. Her eldest uncle, the duc de Choiseul, former minister and secretary of state, had died the year before she was born; her aunt Béatrix de Choiseul, duchesse de Grammont, had been executed by the same tribunal three months earlier. The fifteen-year-old mademoiselle de Stainville had married Joseph Grimaldi, Prince of Monaco, in 1782. After Monaco was annexed to France in 1793, Madame de Monaco journeyed to Paris to establish residency to protect her property. She was arrested there in the winter of 1793-94. See Jean-Joël Brégeon, Les Grimaldi de Monaco (Paris: Criterion, 1991), 197, 285, and Gaston Maugras, La Disgrace du duc et de la duchesse de Choiseul (Paris: Librairie Plon, 1903), 453-55.
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2
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85033515667
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Paris: Criterion
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Archives nationales, Series W (hereafter A.N. W), carton 432, plaquette 971, pièce 47. Born in 1767, the Princess of Monaco was the younger daughter of Jacques Philippe, comte de Stainville, and Thérèse de Clermont d'Amboise. Her eldest uncle, the duc de Choiseul, former minister and secretary of state, had died the year before she was born; her aunt Béatrix de Choiseul, duchesse de Grammont, had been executed by the same tribunal three months earlier. The fifteen-year-old mademoiselle de Stainville had married Joseph Grimaldi, Prince of Monaco, in 1782. After Monaco was annexed to France in 1793, Madame de Monaco journeyed to Paris to establish residency to protect her property. She was arrested there in the winter of 1793-94. See Jean-Joël Brégeon, Les Grimaldi de Monaco (Paris: Criterion, 1991), 197, 285, and Gaston Maugras, La Disgrace du duc et de la duchesse de Choiseul (Paris: Librairie Plon, 1903), 453-55.
-
(1991)
Les Grimaldi de Monaco
, pp. 197
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-
Brégeon, J.-J.1
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3
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85033507979
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Paris: Librairie Plon
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Archives nationales, Series W (hereafter A.N. W), carton 432, plaquette 971, pièce 47. Born in 1767, the Princess of Monaco was the younger daughter of Jacques Philippe, comte de Stainville, and Thérèse de Clermont d'Amboise. Her eldest uncle, the duc de Choiseul, former minister and secretary of state, had died the year before she was born; her aunt Béatrix de Choiseul, duchesse de Grammont, had been executed by the same tribunal three months earlier. The fifteen-year-old mademoiselle de Stainville had married Joseph Grimaldi, Prince of Monaco, in 1782. After Monaco was annexed to France in 1793, Madame de Monaco journeyed to Paris to establish residency to protect her property. She was arrested there in the winter of 1793-94. See Jean-Joël Brégeon, Les Grimaldi de Monaco (Paris: Criterion, 1991), 197, 285, and Gaston Maugras, La Disgrace du duc et de la duchesse de Choiseul (Paris: Librairie Plon, 1903), 453-55.
-
(1903)
La Disgrace du Duc et de la Duchesse de Choiseul
, pp. 453-455
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Maugras, G.1
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4
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85033541479
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A.N. W 431, plaq. 968, 11.
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A.N. W 431, plaq. 968, 11.
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5
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85033511215
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Ibid., 9.
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Ibid., 9.
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6
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85033534517
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Ibid., 8.
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Ibid., 8.
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8
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85033519357
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Blanc, 228, n. 113.
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Blanc, 228, n. 113.
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9
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85033538707
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Paris: Henri Pion
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On the creation of the tribunal, see Emile Campardon, Le Tribunal révolutionnaire de Paris (Paris: Henri Pion, 1866), I: 5-23; James Logan Godfrey, Revolutionary Justice: A Study of the Organization, Personnel, and Procedure of the Paris Tribunal, 1793-1795 (Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 1951), 3-24; and Henri Wallon, Histoire du Tribunal révolutionnaire de Paris (Paris: Librairie Hachette, 1880-1882), I: 41-79.
-
(1866)
Le Tribunal Révolutionnaire de Paris
, vol.1
, pp. 5-23
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Campardon, E.1
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10
-
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0010088845
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-
Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press
-
On the creation of the tribunal, see Emile Campardon, Le Tribunal révolutionnaire de Paris (Paris: Henri Pion, 1866), I: 5-23; James Logan Godfrey, Revolutionary Justice: A Study of the Organization, Personnel, and Procedure of the Paris Tribunal, 1793-1795 (Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 1951), 3-24; and Henri Wallon, Histoire du Tribunal révolutionnaire de Paris (Paris: Librairie Hachette, 1880-1882), I: 41-79.
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(1951)
Revolutionary Justice: A Study of the Organization, Personnel, and Procedure of the Paris Tribunal, 1793-1795
, pp. 3-24
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Godfrey, J.L.1
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11
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85033541218
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Paris: Librairie Hachette
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On the creation of the tribunal, see Emile Campardon, Le Tribunal révolutionnaire de Paris (Paris: Henri Pion, 1866), I: 5-23; James Logan Godfrey, Revolutionary Justice: A Study of the Organization, Personnel, and Procedure of the Paris Tribunal, 1793-1795 (Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 1951), 3-24; and Henri Wallon, Histoire du Tribunal révolutionnaire de Paris (Paris: Librairie Hachette, 1880-1882), I: 41-79.
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(1880)
Histoire du Tribunal Révolutionnaire de Paris
, vol.1
, pp. 41-79
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Wallon, H.1
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14
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0010097775
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Paris: Imprimerie Nationale
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See, for example, the case of Catherine-Elisabeth Durand, the widow Pasdeloup, who was imprisoned in the Bastille for selling patriotic pamphlets on the street in the summer of 1771; that of Elisabeth Fleury, the shop girl of one M. Simon, publisher to the Parlement, who was imprisoned in July 1771, also for trafficking in patriotic pamphlets; and of Louise-Charlotte Pestrelle and her daughter, who were imprisoned the following summer for their part in the "Affaire des libelles contre le Parlement Maupeou." See Frantz Funck-Brentano, Les Lettres de Cachet àParis, étude suivie d'une liste des prisonniers de la Bastille (1650-1789) (Paris: Imprimerie Nationale, 1903), 386, 389. On women's involvement in the Maupeou crisis, see particularly Dale van Kley, "The Religious Origins of the Patriot and Ministerial Parties in Pre-Revolutionary France: Controversy over the Chancellor's Constitutional Coup, 1771-1775," Historical Reflections 18, no. 2 (1992): 17-63, esp. 41-48.
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(1903)
Les Lettres de Cachet Àparis, Étude Suivie D'une Liste des Prisonniers de la Bastille (1650-1789)
, pp. 386
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-
Funck-Brentano, F.1
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15
-
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0010140239
-
The religious origins of the patriot and ministerial parties in pre-revolutionary france: Controversy over the chancellor's constitutional coup, 1771-1775,"
-
esp. 41-48
-
See, for example, the case of Catherine-Elisabeth Durand, the widow Pasdeloup, who was imprisoned in the Bastille for selling patriotic pamphlets on the street in the summer of 1771; that of Elisabeth Fleury, the shop girl of one M. Simon, publisher to the Parlement, who was imprisoned in July 1771, also for trafficking in patriotic pamphlets; and of Louise-Charlotte Pestrelle and her daughter, who were imprisoned the following summer for their part in the "Affaire des libelles contre le Parlement Maupeou." See Frantz Funck-Brentano, Les Lettres de Cachet àParis, étude suivie d'une liste des prisonniers de la Bastille (1650-1789) (Paris: Imprimerie Nationale, 1903), 386, 389. On women's involvement in the Maupeou crisis, see particularly Dale van Kley, "The Religious Origins of the Patriot and Ministerial Parties in Pre-Revolutionary France: Controversy over the Chancellor's Constitutional Coup, 1771-1775," Historical Reflections 18, no. 2 (1992): 17-63, esp. 41-48.
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(1992)
Historical Reflections
, vol.18
, Issue.2
, pp. 17-63
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Van Kley, D.1
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17
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85033531841
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Paris: Cujas
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André Laingui and Arlette Lebigre, Le droit pénal, vol. 1 of Histoire du droit pénal (Paris: Cujas, 1979), 1: 91.
-
(1979)
Le Droit Pénal, Vol. 1 of Histoire du Droit Pénal
, vol.1
, Issue.1
, pp. 91
-
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Laingui, A.1
Lebigre, A.2
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18
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85033531635
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A.N. W 268, plaq. 10, 1 bis. My thanks to Carla Hesse for sharing her notes on this dossier with me
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A.N. W 268, plaq. 10, 1 bis. My thanks to Carla Hesse for sharing her notes on this dossier with me.
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21
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85033536660
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Paris: Bureau de la Jurisprudence générale
-
Law 5, De statu hominum: Non debet calamitas matris nocere ei qui in ventre est, quoted in D. and A. Dalloz, Répertoire méthodique et alphabétique de législation, de doctrine et de jurisprudence (Paris: Bureau de la Jurisprudence générale, 1855), 35: 683.
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(1855)
Répertoire Méthodique et Alphabétique de Législation, de Doctrine et de Jurisprudence
, vol.35
, pp. 683
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Dalloz, D.A.1
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22
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85033527308
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Alençon
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Jean Verdier, La Jurisprudence de la Médecine en France, ou Traitée historique et juridique des Etablissements, Reglemens, Police, Devoirs, Fonctions, Honneurs, Droits et Privilèges des trois Corps de Médecine; avec les Devoirs, Fonctions et Autorité des Juges à leur égard (Alençon, 1762), 2: 329-34.
-
(1762)
La Jurisprudence de la Médecine en France, Ou Traitée Historique et Juridique des Etablissements, Reglemens, Police, Devoirs, Fonctions, Honneurs, Droits et Privilèges des Trois Corps de Médecine; Avec Les Devoirs, Fonctions et Autorité des Juges À Leur Égard
, vol.2
, pp. 329-334
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Verdier, J.1
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23
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84879109160
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Paris: Librairie Académique Perrin, Although Anchel does not cite an archivai source for this story, his position as archivist at the National Archives and his assertion that he has taken his work "exclusively from archival documents, that it owes almost nothing to previous authors and nothing at all to imagination, of which he has none" (vii) seem adequate reasons for trusting Madame Lescombat's tale
-
Robert Anchel, Crimes et châtiments au XVIIIe siècle (Paris: Librairie Académique Perrin, 1933), 69-70. Although Anchel does not cite an archivai source for this story, his position as archivist at the National Archives and his assertion that he has taken his work "exclusively from archival documents, that it owes almost nothing to previous authors and nothing at all to imagination, of which he has none" (vii) seem adequate reasons for trusting Madame Lescombat's tale.
-
(1933)
Crimes et Châtiments Au Xviiie Siècle
, pp. 69-70
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Anchel, R.1
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24
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84925911714
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Female sexual attitudes and the rise of illegitimacy: A case study
-
Cissie Fairchilds, "Female Sexual Attitudes and the Rise of Illegitimacy: A Case Study," Journal of Interdisciplinary History 8, no. 4 (1978), 630 and n. 8.
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(1978)
Journal of Interdisciplinary History
, vol.8
, Issue.4
, pp. 630
-
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Fairchilds, C.1
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25
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85033529381
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In Fairchilds's study of déclarations de grossesse in Aix-en-Provence between 1727 and 1789, she found only 57 cases (out of 3,001 in the sample) in which upper-class women made declarations
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Ibid., 634, n. 15. In Fairchilds's study of déclarations de grossesse in Aix-en-Provence between 1727 and 1789, she found only 57 cases (out of 3,001 in the sample) in which upper-class women made declarations.
-
Journal of Interdisciplinary History
, Issue.15
, pp. 634
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26
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0347995568
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On pleading the belly: A history of the jury of matrons
-
James C. Oldham, "On Pleading the Belly: A History of the Jury of Matrons," Criminal Justice History 6 (1985): 3.
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(1985)
Criminal Justice History
, vol.6
, pp. 3
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Oldham, J.C.1
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28
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0008440016
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1722; London: Penguin Library
-
See Daniel Defoe, The Fortunes and Misfortunes of the Famous Moll Flanders (1722; London: Penguin Library, 1978), 260, and John Gay, The Beggar's Opera, ed. Edgar Roberts (London: E. Arnold, 1969), 7, 62.
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(1978)
The Fortunes and Misfortunes of the Famous Moll Flanders
, pp. 260
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Defoe, D.1
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29
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0010143290
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-
ed. Edgar Roberts London: E. Arnold
-
See Daniel Defoe, The Fortunes and Misfortunes of the Famous Moll Flanders (1722; London: Penguin Library, 1978), 260, and John Gay, The Beggar's Opera, ed. Edgar Roberts (London: E. Arnold, 1969), 7, 62.
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(1969)
The Beggar's Opera
, vol.7
, pp. 62
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John, G.1
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32
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85033533121
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The administration of the english criminal law in the eighteenth century: Trial jury verdicts and pardons in surrey
-
Legal Research Institute of the School of Law, University of Warwick, 15-18 Sept. 22, cited in Oldham, "On Pleading the Belly," 19
-
J. M. Beattie, "The Administration of the English Criminal Law in the Eighteenth Century: Trial Jury Verdicts and Pardons in Surrey" (paper presented at the History of Law, Labour and Crime Conference, Legal Research Institute of the School of Law, University of Warwick, 15-18 Sept. 1983), 22, cited in Oldham, "On Pleading the Belly," 19.
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(1983)
History of Law, Labour and Crime Conference
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Beattie, J.M.1
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33
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85033535456
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Oldham, 21.
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Oldham, 21.
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34
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0010158556
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Paris: Société de l'Histoire de la Révolution française
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A lawyer from Calvados, Henri-Larivière (1761-1838), had ties to the Girondins. In early June 1793, he was placed under arrest and fled Paris; he remained in hiding until May 1795, when he resumed his place in the convention. See August Kuscinski, Dictionnaire des conventionnels (Paris: Société de l'Histoire de la Révolution française, 1916), 328; Colin Jones, The Longman Companion to the French Revolution (London: Longman, 1988), 362.
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(1916)
Dictionnaire des Conventionnels
, pp. 328
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Kuscinski, A.1
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35
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0004305144
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London: Longman
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A lawyer from Calvados, Henri-Larivière (1761-1838), had ties to the Girondins. In early June 1793, he was placed under arrest and fled Paris; he remained in hiding until May 1795, when he resumed his place in the convention. See August Kuscinski, Dictionnaire des conventionnels (Paris: Société de l'Histoire de la Révolution française, 1916), 328; Colin Jones, The Longman Companion to the French Revolution (London: Longman, 1988), 362.
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(1988)
The Longman Companion to the French Revolution
, pp. 362
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Jones, C.1
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39
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85033513290
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I have defined childbearing age as being between fifteen and forty-five
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I have defined childbearing age as being between fifteen and forty-five.
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40
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85033505298
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Eighteen of those who claimed pregnancy did so during germinal year two and after, with ten of the claims being made during the first nine days of Thermidor
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Eighteen of those who claimed pregnancy did so during germinal year two and after, with ten of the claims being made during the first nine days of Thermidor.
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41
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0010927223
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for the text of the law, see the Archives parlementaires 91: 484; for a discussion of the law
-
The Law of 10 June (22 prairial year II) eliminated the public cross-examination of defendants, the office of defense counsel, and the need to call defense witnesses; allowed "moral" as well as material evidence to be heard in court; and permitted the tribunal to pronounce only verdicts of acquittal or death. This law set in motion the "Great Terror," during which the abbreviated court procedure produced a tremendous increase in sentences, most of them to death. For a brief summary of the law, see Jones, The Longman Companion, 113; for the text of the law, see the Archives parlementaires 91: 484; for a discussion of the law, see Georges Lefebvre, "Sur la loi du 22 prairial," in Etudes sur la Révolution française, ed. Georges Lefebvre (Paris: Presses Universitaires de France, 1963), 110.
-
The Longman Companion
, pp. 113
-
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Jones1
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42
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85033526863
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Sur la loi du 22 prairial
-
ed. Georges Lefebvre Paris: Presses Universitaires de France
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The Law of 10 June (22 prairial year II) eliminated the public cross-examination of defendants, the office of defense counsel, and the need to call defense witnesses; allowed "moral" as well as material evidence to be heard in court; and permitted the tribunal to pronounce only verdicts of acquittal or death. This law set in motion the "Great Terror," during which the abbreviated court procedure produced a tremendous increase in sentences, most of them to death. For a brief summary of the law, see Jones, The Longman Companion, 113; for the text of the law, see the Archives parlementaires 91: 484; for a discussion of the law, see Georges Lefebvre, "Sur la loi du 22 prairial," in Etudes sur la Révolution française, ed. Georges Lefebvre (Paris: Presses Universitaires de France, 1963), 110.
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(1963)
Etudes Sur la Révolution Française
, pp. 110
-
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Lefebvre, G.1
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43
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0004336303
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and A.N. W 263-433
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In July, the tribunal condemned 935 individuals (129 of them women) to death, 35 percent of the total number it condemned throughout the entire period. See Godfrey, Revolutionary Justice, 137, and A.N. W 263-433.
-
Revolutionary Justice
, pp. 137
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Godfrey1
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44
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85033513379
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Un témoin de la révolution française à paris: Jean-gabriel-philippe morice
-
Paris
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36. A.N. W 431, plaq. 968. Their indictment was for having left France "the better to conspire against the people," for corresponding with the "enemies of the Republic," and displaying clearly their "hope and desire for the counter-revolution." For the record, Joly de Fleury appears to have been quite a character. She had been separated from her husband for most of their marriage. In 1778, her father had her incarcerated in a convent because of her "scandalous conduct"; after leaving the convent, Madame de Fleury journeyed to Italy, where she seems to have taken up with a manservant named Joseph Tosi. The two returned together to France. During the Revolution, Tosi served on the Revolutionary Committee for the Bonnet-Rouge Section in Paris. When Madame de Fleury was arrested, she wrote to Tosi to ask for his help and he responded, "I have not forgotten, citoyenne, the time when I had the honor to offer you my hand to enter your carriage. The only service I would offer you presently is to give you my hand to mount to the guillotine." H. de Broc, "Un témoin de la Révolution française à Paris: Jean-Gabriel-Philippe Morice," in Revue des questions historiques (Paris, 1892), VIII: 472, quoted in Paul Bisson de Barthélemy, Les Joly de Fleury: Procureurs généraux au parlement de Paris au XVIIIe siècle (Paris: Société d'Edition d'Enseignement Supérieur, 1964), 45. On Tosi, see also Albert Soboul and Raymonde Monnier, Répertoire du personnel sectionnaire parisien en l'an II (Paris: Publications de la Sorbonne, 1985), 472
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(1892)
Revue des Questions Historiques
, vol.8
, pp. 472
-
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De Broc, H.1
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45
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0010177160
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Paris: Société d'Edition d'Enseignement Supérieur
-
A.N. W 431, plaq. 968. Their indictment was for having left France "the better to conspire against the people," for corresponding with the "enemies of the Republic," and displaying clearly their "hope and desire for the counter-revolution." For the record, Joly de Fleury appears to have been quite a character. She had been separated from her husband for most of their marriage. In 1778, her father had her incarcerated in a convent because of her "scandalous conduct"; after leaving the convent, Madame de Fleury journeyed to Italy, where she seems to have taken up with a manservant named Joseph Tosi. The two returned together to France. During the Revolution, Tosi served on the Revolutionary Committee for the Bonnet-Rouge Section in Paris. When Madame de Fleury was arrested, she wrote to Tosi to ask for his help and he responded, "I have not forgotten, citoyenne, the time when I had the honor to offer you my hand to enter your carriage. The only service I would offer you presently is to give you my hand to mount to the guillotine." H. de Broc, "Un témoin de la Révolution française à Paris: Jean-Gabriel-Philippe Morice," in Revue des questions historiques (Paris, 1892), VIII: 472, quoted in Paul Bisson de Barthélemy, Les Joly de Fleury: Procureurs généraux au parlement de Paris au XVIIIe siècle (Paris: Société d'Edition d'Enseignement Supérieur, 1964), 45. On Tosi, see also Albert Soboul and Raymonde Monnier, Répertoire du personnel sectionnaire parisien en l'an II (Paris: Publications de la Sorbonne, 1985), 472
-
(1964)
Les Joly de Fleury: Procureurs Généraux Au Parlement de Paris Au XVIIIe Siècle
, pp. 45
-
-
De Barthélemy, P.B.1
-
46
-
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0010205685
-
-
Paris: Publications de la Sorbonne
-
A.N. W 431, plaq. 968. Their indictment was for having left France "the better to conspire against the people," for corresponding with the "enemies of the Republic," and displaying clearly their "hope and desire for the counter-revolution." For the record, Joly de Fleury appears to have been quite a character. She had been separated from her husband for most of their marriage. In 1778, her father had her incarcerated in a convent because of her "scandalous conduct"; after leaving the convent, Madame de Fleury journeyed to Italy, where she seems to have taken up with a manservant named Joseph Tosi. The two returned together to France. During the Revolution, Tosi served on the Revolutionary Committee for the Bonnet-Rouge Section in Paris. When Madame de Fleury was arrested, she wrote to Tosi to ask for his help and he responded, "I have not forgotten, citoyenne, the time when I had the honor to offer you my hand to enter your carriage. The only service I would offer you presently is to give you my hand to mount to the guillotine." H. de Broc, "Un témoin de la Révolution française à Paris: Jean-Gabriel-Philippe Morice," in Revue des questions historiques (Paris, 1892), VIII: 472, quoted in Paul Bisson de Barthélemy, Les Joly de Fleury: Procureurs généraux au parlement de Paris au XVIIIe siècle (Paris: Société d'Edition d'Enseignement Supérieur, 1964), 45. On Tosi, see also Albert Soboul and Raymonde Monnier, Répertoire du personnel sectionnaire parisien en l'an II (Paris: Publications de la Sorbonne, 1985), 472
-
(1985)
Répertoire du Personnel Sectionnaire Parisien en L'an II
, pp. 472
-
-
Soboul, A.1
Monnier, R.2
-
47
-
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85033518939
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A. N. W 431, plaq. 968, 41
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A. N. W 431, plaq. 968, 41.
-
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-
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48
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85033543175
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Ibid., 13.
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Ibid., 13.
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49
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85033536916
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Ibid., 12.
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Ibid., 12.
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50
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85033521597
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Ibid., 14.
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Ibid., 14.
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51
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85033544689
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L'Hospice national du tribunal révolutionnaire
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July
-
Léon le Grand, "L'Hospice national du Tribunal révolutionnaire," in Revue des Questions historiques (July 1890), 135-38.
-
(1890)
Revue des Questions Historiques
, pp. 135-138
-
-
Grand, L.L.1
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52
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85033522808
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According to Le Grand, this Théry is not the same individual as the Thiéry who was employed as a doctor at the Conciergerie in November 1792. This Théry was appointed to the position with the tribunal in June 1793 on Robespierre's recommendation. See Le Grand, 145-46, n. 5
-
According to Le Grand, this Théry is not the same individual as the Thiéry who was employed as a doctor at the Conciergerie in November 1792. This Théry was appointed to the position with the tribunal in June 1793 on Robespierre's recommendation. See Le Grand, 145-46, n. 5.
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-
-
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53
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85033518115
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Paris: Perrin, note
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Souberbeille, born in 1754 in Pontacq (Basses-Pyrénées), had tended to the wounded during the taking of the Bastille. He served as a surgeon in the prisons, attending to Marie-Antoinette among others. Outside prison, he was Robespierre's own physician. See Max Billard, Les Femmes enceintes devant le Tribunal révolutionnaire (Paris: Perrin, 1911), 90, n. 1. Billard's book relies both on archival work and on undocumented, anecdotal evidence; he described his book as "touching on the greatest crimes of the Revolution, crime which will remain a stain on the honor of the Republic" (p. 12). His analysis, although it is the only work on this problem that I have found, romanticizes the issue to the point of being of limited use.
-
(1911)
Les Femmes Enceintes Devant le Tribunal Révolutionnaire
, Issue.1
, pp. 90
-
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Billard, M.1
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54
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4244118412
-
-
Paris: Librairie Jouaust, 1889; New York: AMS Press, 1: lxv; 5: 453, 491; 6: 166. Aulard lists Naury as a member of the Jacobin club from 1790 and Souberbielle as having joined in October 1793
-
Françoise-Alphonse Aulard. La Société des Jacobins, receuil de documents (Paris: Librairie Jouaust, 1889; New York: AMS Press, 1973), 1: lxv; 5: 453, 491; 6: 166. Aulard lists Naury as a member of the Jacobin club from 1790 and Souberbielle as having joined in October 1793.
-
(1973)
La Société des Jacobins, Receuil de Documents
-
-
Aulard, F.-A.1
-
55
-
-
3442878282
-
-
Paris: Payot
-
Jean-Charles Sournia, La médecine révolutionnaire (1789-1799) (Paris: Payot, 1989), 217; Billard, Les Femmes enceintes, ibid. On doctors, see also Godfrey, Revolutionary Justice, 14, 35; Campardon, Le Tribunal, 1: 25, 121, 158; Soboul and Monnier, Répertoire, 351.
-
(1989)
La Médecine Révolutionnaire (1789-1799)
, pp. 217
-
-
Sournia, J.-C.1
-
56
-
-
85033507313
-
-
ibid
-
Jean-Charles Sournia, La médecine révolutionnaire (1789-1799) (Paris: Payot, 1989), 217; Billard, Les Femmes enceintes, ibid. On doctors, see also Godfrey, Revolutionary Justice, 14, 35; Campardon, Le Tribunal, 1: 25, 121, 158; Soboul and Monnier, Répertoire, 351.
-
Les Femmes Enceintes
-
-
Billard1
-
57
-
-
85033524995
-
-
Jean-Charles Sournia, La médecine révolutionnaire (1789-1799) (Paris: Payot, 1989), 217; Billard, Les Femmes enceintes, ibid. On doctors, see also Godfrey, Revolutionary Justice, 14, 35; Campardon, Le Tribunal, 1: 25, 121, 158; Soboul and Monnier, Répertoire, 351.
-
Revolutionary Justice
, vol.14
, pp. 35
-
-
Godfrey1
-
58
-
-
85033509283
-
-
Jean-Charles Sournia, La médecine révolutionnaire (1789-1799) (Paris: Payot, 1989), 217; Billard, Les Femmes enceintes, ibid. On doctors, see also Godfrey, Revolutionary Justice, 14, 35; Campardon, Le Tribunal, 1: 25, 121, 158; Soboul and Monnier, Répertoire, 351.
-
Le Tribunal
, vol.1
, pp. 25
-
-
Campardon1
-
59
-
-
85033509071
-
-
Jean-Charles Sournia, La médecine révolutionnaire (1789-1799) (Paris: Payot, 1989), 217; Billard, Les Femmes enceintes, ibid. On doctors, see also Godfrey, Revolutionary Justice, 14, 35; Campardon, Le Tribunal, 1: 25, 121, 158; Soboul and Monnier, Répertoire, 351.
-
Soboul and Monnier, Répertoire
, pp. 351
-
-
-
62
-
-
85033504908
-
-
A. N. W 339, plaq. 345, 347
-
A. N. W 339, plaq. 345, 347.
-
-
-
-
64
-
-
85033505855
-
-
A. N. AE I, carton 5, no. 20
-
A. N. AE I, carton 5, no. 20.
-
-
-
-
65
-
-
85033523594
-
-
Ibid.
-
Ibid.
-
-
-
-
66
-
-
85033530608
-
-
Ibid.
-
Ibid.
-
-
-
-
68
-
-
85033528500
-
-
A.N. W 293, plaq. 210, 41.
-
A.N. W 293, plaq. 210, 41.
-
-
-
-
69
-
-
85033532612
-
-
Ibid., 42.
-
Ibid., 42.
-
-
-
-
70
-
-
85033518401
-
-
Ibid., 43.
-
Ibid., 43.
-
-
-
-
71
-
-
85033507313
-
-
A.N. W 431, plaq. 968; A.N. W 411, plaq. 945. See also Billard, Les Femmes enceintes, 66-67.
-
Les Femmes Enceintes
, pp. 66-67
-
-
Billard1
-
72
-
-
85033526239
-
-
For a sample of these assurances, see A.N. W 431, plaq. 968, 5: "It is impossible for men to communicate with women in the Lazare prison." See also A.N. W 269, plaq. 23, 2e partie, 5.
-
Sournia, La médecine révolutionnaire, 220. For a sample of these assurances, see A.N. W 431, plaq. 968, 5: "It is impossible for men to communicate with women in the Lazare prison." See also A.N. W 269, plaq. 23, 2e partie, 5.
-
La Médecine Révolutionnaire
, pp. 220
-
-
Sournia1
-
73
-
-
85033539085
-
-
Paris, year V
-
Nougaret, Histoire des Prisons (Paris, year V [1797]), I: 280, quoted in Le Grand, "L'Hospice national," 153, n. 2.
-
(1797)
Histoire des Prisons
, vol.1
, pp. 280
-
-
Nougaret1
-
74
-
-
85033532777
-
-
Nougaret, Histoire des Prisons (Paris, year V [1797]), I: 280, quoted in Le Grand, "L'Hospice national," 153, n. 2.
-
L'Hospice National
, Issue.2
, pp. 153
-
-
Le Grand1
-
75
-
-
0010151305
-
Finding solace in eighteenth-century newgate
-
ed. J. S. Cockburn Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press
-
It is interesting to recall that the same prison culture evidently existed in England, as demonstrated above and in the following: "in 1702 a group from the Society for Promoting Christian Knowledge visited the gaol several times and was scandalized to see female prisoners openly soliciting in hope of becoming pregnant so that they could 'plead their belly' and be pardoned." W. J. Sheehan, "Finding Solace in Eighteenth-Century Newgate," in Crime in England 1550-1800, ed. J. S. Cockburn (Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 1977), 243.
-
(1977)
Crime in England 1550-1800
, pp. 243
-
-
Sheehan, W.J.1
-
78
-
-
85033505668
-
-
A.N. W 269, plaq. 23, 1e p., 83
-
A.N. W 269, plaq. 23, 1e p., 83.
-
-
-
-
79
-
-
85033537865
-
-
Lyon
-
J. Primerose, Des Erreurs Vulgaires de la Médecine, avec des Additions de M. de Rostagny (Lyon, 1689), 222, cited in Jacques Gélis, History of Childbirth: Fertility, Pregnancy and Birth in Early Modern Europe, trans. Rosemary Morris (Boston: Northeastern University Press, 1991), 52, 72.
-
(1689)
Des Erreurs Vulgaires de la Médecine, Avec des Additions de M. de Rostagny
, pp. 222
-
-
Primerose, J.1
-
80
-
-
0003849596
-
-
trans. Rosemary Morris Boston: Northeastern University Press
-
J. Primerose, Des Erreurs Vulgaires de la Médecine, avec des Additions de M. de Rostagny (Lyon, 1689), 222, cited in Jacques Gélis, History of Childbirth: Fertility, Pregnancy and Birth in Early Modern Europe, trans. Rosemary Morris (Boston: Northeastern University Press, 1991), 52, 72.
-
(1991)
History of Childbirth: Fertility, Pregnancy and Birth in Early Modern Europe
, pp. 52
-
-
Gélis, J.1
-
81
-
-
0003511843
-
-
New Haven, CT: Yale University Press
-
Peter Brooks, The Melodramatic Imagination (New Haven, CT: Yale University Press, 1976), 4.
-
(1976)
The Melodramatic Imagination
, pp. 4
-
-
Brooks, P.1
-
82
-
-
85033515526
-
-
Paris: P. Ollendorff
-
Based on evidence from her husband's letters, her biographers agree that Madame de Kolly had only three sons. It seems likely, then, that she had been pregnant a total of seven times but that only three of her children had survived infancy. See Paul Gaulot, Amours d'autrefois, 3d ed. (Paris: P. Ollendorff, 1903), 323-24, 332; Blanc, Last Letters, 137.
-
(1903)
Amours D'autrefois, 3d Ed.
, pp. 323-324
-
-
Gaulot, P.1
-
83
-
-
84981559509
-
-
Based on evidence from her husband's letters, her biographers agree that Madame de Kolly had only three sons. It seems likely, then, that she had been pregnant a total of seven times but that only three of her children had survived infancy. See Paul Gaulot, Amours d'autrefois, 3d ed. (Paris: P. Ollendorff, 1903), 323-24, 332; Blanc, Last Letters, 137.
-
Last Letters
, pp. 137
-
-
Blanc1
-
84
-
-
85033520412
-
-
A.N. W 269, plaq. 23, 2e p., 6
-
A.N. W 269, plaq. 23, 2e p., 6.
-
-
-
-
85
-
-
0010156532
-
-
The practice of delaying judgment for a period of months when women pled pregnancy was also followed in England. See Oldham, "On Pleading the Belly," 27-28.
-
On Pleading the Belly
, pp. 27-28
-
-
-
86
-
-
85033505072
-
-
A.N. W. 269, plaq. 23, 1e p., 91.
-
A.N. W. 269, plaq. 23, 1e p., 91.
-
-
-
-
87
-
-
85033530274
-
-
A.N. W 269, plaq. 23, 89.
-
A.N. W 269, plaq. 23, 89.
-
-
-
-
88
-
-
85033508450
-
-
Ibid., 90.
-
Ibid., 90.
-
-
-
-
89
-
-
85033509032
-
-
Nicolas, De la Conservation, 27; J. Guillemeau, De l'Heureux Accouchement des Femmes (Paris, 1609), 45, quoted in Gélis, History of Childbirth 83.
-
De la Conservation
, vol.27
-
-
-
91
-
-
85033543364
-
-
Nicolas, De la Conservation, 27; J. Guillemeau, De l'Heureux Accouchement des Femmes (Paris, 1609), 45, quoted in Gélis, History of Childbirth 83.
-
History of Childbirth
, pp. 83
-
-
-
92
-
-
85033534272
-
-
A.N. W 269, plaq. 23, 2e p., 2.
-
A.N. W 269, plaq. 23, 2e p., 2.
-
-
-
-
93
-
-
85033539050
-
-
Ibid., 3.
-
Ibid., 3.
-
-
-
-
94
-
-
85033539669
-
-
Ibid.
-
Ibid.
-
-
-
-
95
-
-
60949987361
-
-
Paris: Syros/Alternatives
-
For summaries of Olympe de Gouges's trial, see Olivier Blanc, Une Femme de libertés: Olympe de Gouges (Paris: Syros/Alternatives, 1989), 153-200,
-
(1989)
Une Femme de Libertés: Olympe de Gouges
, pp. 153-200
-
-
Blanc, O.1
-
96
-
-
0010194503
-
-
trans. Isabelle Duclos Paris: Editions de Fallois
-
and Paul Noack, Olympe de Gouges: Courtisane et militante des droits de la femme, 1748-1793, trans. Isabelle Duclos (Paris: Editions de Fallois, 1992), 163-80.
-
(1992)
, pp. 163-180
-
-
-
97
-
-
85033530080
-
-
A.N. W 269, plaq. 23, 1e p., 94.
-
A.N. W 269, plaq. 23, 1e p., 94.
-
-
-
-
98
-
-
85033540816
-
-
for the convention's debates on women's clubs
-
For the Law of Suspects, see the Moniteur, 17: 680-81; for the convention's debates on women's clubs, see the Moniteur, 18: 219, 298-300.
-
Moniteur
, vol.17
, pp. 680-681
-
-
-
99
-
-
85033514316
-
-
For the Law of Suspects, see the Moniteur, 17: 680-81; for the convention's debates on women's clubs, see the Moniteur, 18: 219, 298-300.
-
Moniteur
, vol.18
, pp. 219
-
-
-
100
-
-
85033514856
-
-
and A.N. W
-
Between March and October 1793, ten were condemned by the tribunal; in November alone, fourteen were. See Godfrey, Revolutionary Justice, 137, and A.N. W 263-433.
-
Revolutionary Justice
, vol.137
, pp. 263-433
-
-
Godfrey1
-
101
-
-
85033543116
-
-
A.N. W 269, plaq. 23, 1e p., 94
-
A.N. W 269, plaq. 23, 1e p., 94.
-
-
-
-
102
-
-
85033524386
-
-
note
-
A. N. W 269, plaq. 23, 2e p., 5. If the doctors were correct in estimating the age of the fetus at four and a half months, then, according to the evidence with which Madame de Kolly presented them about her pregnancies, the fetus could not have been hers. Had she been three weeks pregnant at the beginning of August, as she had said, and then miscarried on 20 September, then the fetus would have been at most nine or ten weeks along and thus easily distinguishable from a fetus that was four and a half months along.
-
-
-
-
103
-
-
85033505892
-
-
Ibid.
-
Ibid.
-
-
-
-
105
-
-
85033517345
-
-
A.N. W 269, plaq. 23, 2e p., 5
-
A.N. W 269, plaq. 23, 2e p., 5.
-
-
-
-
106
-
-
85033517913
-
-
A.N. W 269, plaq. 23, 1e p., 92
-
A.N. W 269, plaq. 23, 1e p., 92.
-
-
-
-
107
-
-
85033525860
-
-
Moniteur, 18: 359.
-
Moniteur
, vol.18
, pp. 359
-
-
-
108
-
-
85033516750
-
-
A.N. W 433, plaq. 972, 2e p., 94
-
A.N. W 433, plaq. 972, 2e p., 94.
-
-
-
-
109
-
-
85033540816
-
-
Moniteur, 17: 680-81. The relevant passage from the Law of Suspects is this: "The following are deemed suspected persons: ... 6th, those who have emigrated during the interval between 1 July, 1789, and the publication of the decree of 30 March-8 April, 1792, even though they may have returned to France within the period established by said decree or prior thereto," trans. in The Old Regime and the French Revolution, Keith Michael Baker, ed. (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1987), 353.
-
Moniteur
, vol.17
, pp. 680-681
-
-
-
110
-
-
85033537471
-
-
ed. Chicago: University of Chicago Press
-
Moniteur, 17: 680-81. The relevant passage from the Law of Suspects is this: "The following are deemed suspected persons: ... 6th, those who have emigrated during the interval between 1 July, 1789, and the publication of the decree of 30 March-8 April, 1792, even though they may have returned to France within the period established by said decree or prior thereto," trans. in The Old Regime and the French Revolution, Keith Michael Baker, ed. (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1987), 353.
-
(1987)
The Old Regime and the French Revolution
, pp. 353
-
-
Baker, K.M.1
-
111
-
-
85033513325
-
-
A.N. W 433, plaq. 972, 2e p., 94.
-
A.N. W 433, plaq. 972, 2e p., 94.
-
-
-
-
112
-
-
85033539052
-
-
Ibid., 93.
-
Ibid., 93.
-
-
-
-
113
-
-
85033516095
-
-
A.N. W 431, 968, 11.
-
A.N. W 431, 968, 11.
-
-
-
-
114
-
-
85033522013
-
-
A.N. W 121, no. 100, quoted in Campardon, Le Tribunal, 1: 411.
-
Le Tribunal
, vol.1
, pp. 411
-
-
Campardon1
-
115
-
-
85033518871
-
-
Honorine-Camille-Athénaïs Grimaldi, born in Paris, 22 April 1784; Athénaïs-Euphrosine-Louise-Philippine Grimaldi, born in Paris, 6 June 1786. See Brégeon, 285-87
-
Honorine-Camille-Athénaïs Grimaldi, born in Paris, 22 April 1784; Athénaïs-Euphrosine-Louise-Philippine Grimaldi, born in Paris, 6 June 1786. See Brégeon, 285-87.
-
-
-
-
116
-
-
85033518799
-
-
A.N. W 148, (6), trans. in Blanc, Last Letters, 71.
-
Last Letters
, vol.71
-
-
Blanc1
-
117
-
-
84981559509
-
-
See her letter to her children's governess: "Let Louise know the reason why I postponed my death, that shy may not suspect me of weakness," quoted in Blanc, Last Letters, 71.
-
Last Letters
, pp. 71
-
-
Blanc1
-
119
-
-
85033505510
-
-
A.N. W 431, plaq. 968, 7.
-
A.N. W 431, plaq. 968, 7.
-
-
-
-
120
-
-
0004158767
-
-
trans. Helen Weaver New York: Alfred A. Knopf
-
Philippe Ariès, The Hour of Our Death, trans. Helen Weaver (New York: Alfred A. Knopf, 1981), 381.
-
(1981)
The Hour of Our Death
, pp. 381
-
-
Ariès, P.1
-
123
-
-
85033507313
-
-
See, for example, Billard, Les Femmes enceintes, 39-47; Brégeon, 208-09; Blanc, Last Letters, 69-72; Campardon, Le Tribunal, 1: 410-12; Jacques Castelnau, Le Tribunal Révolutionnaire, 1792-1795 (Paris: SFELT, 1950), 218-19; Paris de l'Epinard, Mon retour àla vie après quinze mois d'agonie (undated); Adolphe Smith, Monaco and Monte Carlo (London: Grant Richards, 1912), 98-99; Wallon, Histoire du Tribunal, 5: 162-64.
-
Les Femmes Enceintes
, pp. 39-47
-
-
Billard1
-
124
-
-
85033522397
-
-
Brégeon, 208-09;
-
See, for example, Billard, Les Femmes enceintes, 39-47; Brégeon, 208-09; Blanc, Last Letters, 69-72; Campardon, Le Tribunal, 1: 410-12; Jacques Castelnau, Le Tribunal Révolutionnaire, 1792-1795 (Paris: SFELT, 1950), 218-19; Paris de l'Epinard, Mon retour àla vie après quinze mois d'agonie (undated); Adolphe Smith, Monaco and Monte Carlo (London: Grant Richards, 1912), 98-99; Wallon, Histoire du Tribunal, 5: 162-64.
-
-
-
-
125
-
-
84981559509
-
-
See, for example, Billard, Les Femmes enceintes, 39-47; Brégeon, 208-09; Blanc, Last Letters, 69-72; Campardon, Le Tribunal, 1: 410-12; Jacques Castelnau, Le Tribunal Révolutionnaire, 1792-1795 (Paris: SFELT, 1950), 218-19; Paris de l'Epinard, Mon retour àla vie après quinze mois d'agonie (undated); Adolphe Smith, Monaco and Monte Carlo (London: Grant Richards, 1912), 98-99; Wallon, Histoire du Tribunal, 5: 162-64.
-
Last Letters
, pp. 69-72
-
-
Blanc1
-
126
-
-
85033538943
-
-
See, for example, Billard, Les Femmes enceintes, 39-47; Brégeon, 208-09; Blanc, Last Letters, 69-72; Campardon, Le Tribunal, 1: 410-12; Jacques Castelnau, Le Tribunal Révolutionnaire, 1792-1795 (Paris: SFELT, 1950), 218-19; Paris de l'Epinard, Mon retour àla vie après quinze mois d'agonie (undated); Adolphe Smith, Monaco and Monte Carlo (London: Grant Richards, 1912), 98-99; Wallon, Histoire du Tribunal, 5: 162-64.
-
Le Tribunal
, vol.1
, pp. 410-412
-
-
Campardon1
-
127
-
-
85033506737
-
-
Paris: SFELT
-
See, for example, Billard, Les Femmes enceintes, 39-47; Brégeon, 208-09; Blanc, Last Letters, 69-72; Campardon, Le Tribunal, 1: 410-12; Jacques Castelnau, Le Tribunal Révolutionnaire, 1792-1795 (Paris: SFELT, 1950), 218-19; Paris de l'Epinard, Mon retour àla vie après quinze mois d'agonie (undated); Adolphe Smith, Monaco and Monte Carlo (London: Grant Richards, 1912), 98-99; Wallon, Histoire du Tribunal, 5: 162-64.
-
(1950)
Le Tribunal Révolutionnaire, 1792-1795
, pp. 218-219
-
-
Castelnau, J.1
-
128
-
-
85033523164
-
-
undated
-
See, for example, Billard, Les Femmes enceintes, 39-47; Brégeon, 208-09; Blanc, Last Letters, 69-72; Campardon, Le Tribunal, 1: 410-12; Jacques Castelnau, Le Tribunal Révolutionnaire, 1792-1795 (Paris: SFELT, 1950), 218-19; Paris de l'Epinard, Mon retour àla vie après quinze mois d'agonie (undated); Adolphe Smith, Monaco and Monte Carlo (London: Grant Richards, 1912), 98-99; Wallon, Histoire du Tribunal, 5: 162-64.
-
Mon Retour Àla Vie Après Quinze Mois D'agonie
-
-
De L'Epinard, P.1
-
129
-
-
0004276369
-
-
London: Grant Richards
-
See, for example, Billard, Les Femmes enceintes, 39-47; Brégeon, 208-09; Blanc, Last Letters, 69-72; Campardon, Le Tribunal, 1: 410-12; Jacques Castelnau, Le Tribunal Révolutionnaire, 1792-1795 (Paris: SFELT, 1950), 218-19; Paris de l'Epinard, Mon retour àla vie après quinze mois d'agonie (undated); Adolphe Smith, Monaco and Monte Carlo (London: Grant Richards, 1912), 98-99; Wallon, Histoire du Tribunal, 5: 162-64.
-
(1912)
Monaco and Monte Carlo
, pp. 98-99
-
-
Smith, A.1
-
130
-
-
85033542571
-
-
See, for example, Billard, Les Femmes enceintes, 39-47; Brégeon, 208-09; Blanc, Last Letters, 69-72; Campardon, Le Tribunal, 1: 410-12; Jacques Castelnau, Le Tribunal Révolutionnaire, 1792-1795 (Paris: SFELT, 1950), 218-19; Paris de l'Epinard, Mon retour àla vie après quinze mois d'agonie (undated); Adolphe Smith, Monaco and Monte Carlo (London: Grant Richards, 1912), 98-99; Wallon, Histoire du Tribunal, 5: 162-64.
-
Histoire du Tribunal
, vol.5
, pp. 162-164
-
-
Wallon1
-
132
-
-
85033532679
-
-
note
-
Olivier Blanc, in his 1987 Last Letters, places his description of Madame de Monaco's death at the end of the chapter "From the Conciergerie to the Scaffold," thus heightening its dramatic weight. He writes in the last paragraph of the chapter, "A second victim was ready. The third was called. It was the Princess of Monaco. She climed the steps in her turn. On the platform, her youthful beauty shone in the dazzling July light" (p. 72).
-
(1987)
Last Letters
, pp. 72
-
-
Blanc, O.1
|