메뉴 건너뛰기




Volumn 54, Issue 6, 1998, Pages 633-677

Pathophysiology of idiopathic dystonia: Findings from genetic animal models

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

BASAL GANGLION; CHOREOATHETOSIS; DYSTONIA; GENETIC MODEL; IDIOPATHIC DISEASE; MOTOR DYSFUNCTION; NEUROPATHOLOGY; NONHUMAN; PATHOPHYSIOLOGY; PRIORITY JOURNAL; REVIEW; ANIMAL; BRAIN; DISEASE MODEL; ELECTROPHYSIOLOGY; GENETICS; HAMSTER; HUMAN; PATHOLOGY; RAT; RAT STRAIN; SPINAL CORD;

EID: 0032040365     PISSN: 03010082     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1016/S0301-0082(97)00089-0     Document Type: Article
Times cited : (121)

References (256)
  • 1
    • 0023673090 scopus 로고
    • Possible involvement of brain noradrenergic neurons in dystonia
    • Eds S. Fahn, C. D. Marsden and D. B. Calne. Raven Press: New York
    • Adams, L. M. and Foote, S. L. (1988) Possible involvement of brain noradrenergic neurons in dystonia. In: Dystonia 2. Advances In Neurology. pp. 313-333, Eds S. Fahn, C. D. Marsden and D. B. Calne. Raven Press: New York.
    • (1988) Dystonia 2. Advances in Neurology , pp. 313-333
    • Adams, L.M.1    Foote, S.L.2
  • 2
    • 0028211053 scopus 로고
    • Cerebellar ataxia, dystonia, and tremor within a family: Variable phenotypes of a single genetic disorder?
    • Adler, C. H., Wrabetz, L., Brin, M. F. and Hurtig, H. (1994) Cerebellar ataxia, dystonia, and tremor within a family: variable phenotypes of a single genetic disorder? Mov. Disord. 9, 155-160.
    • (1994) Mov. Disord. , vol.9 , pp. 155-160
    • Adler, C.H.1    Wrabetz, L.2    Brin, M.F.3    Hurtig, H.4
  • 3
    • 0027933982 scopus 로고
    • Basal ganglia: Functional anatomy and physiology. Part 1
    • Afifi, A. K. (1994) Basal ganglia: Functional anatomy and physiology. Part 1. J. Child Neurol. 9, 249-260.
    • (1994) J. Child Neurol. , vol.9 , pp. 249-260
    • Afifi, A.K.1
  • 4
    • 0024450903 scopus 로고
    • The functional anatomy of basal ganglia disorders
    • Albin, R. L., Young, A. B. and Penny, J. B. (1989) The functional anatomy of basal ganglia disorders. Trends Neurosci. 12, 366-375.
    • (1989) Trends Neurosci. , vol.12 , pp. 366-375
    • Albin, R.L.1    Young, A.B.2    Penny, J.B.3
  • 6
    • 0001446930 scopus 로고
    • The locus coeruleus, A5 and A7 noradrenergic cell groups
    • Ed. G. Paxinos. Academic Press: San Diego
    • Aston-Jones, G., Shipley, M. T. and Grzanna, R. (1995) The locus coeruleus, A5 and A7 noradrenergic cell groups. In: The rat nervous system. 2nd ed., Ed. G. Paxinos. pp. 183-206. Academic Press: San Diego.
    • (1995) The Rat Nervous System. 2nd Ed. , pp. 183-206
    • Aston-Jones, G.1    Shipley, M.T.2    Grzanna, R.3
  • 8
    • 0016905993 scopus 로고
    • Effects of centrally acting drugs on experimental torticollis in the monkey
    • Eds R. Eldrige and S. Fahn. Raven Press: New York
    • Battista, A. F., Goldstein, M., Miyamoto, T. and Matsumoto, Y. (1976) Effects of centrally acting drugs on experimental torticollis in the monkey. In: Dystonia. Advances in Neurology, pp. 329-340, Eds R. Eldrige and S. Fahn. Raven Press: New York.
    • (1976) Dystonia. Advances in Neurology , pp. 329-340
    • Battista, A.F.1    Goldstein, M.2    Miyamoto, T.3    Matsumoto, Y.4
  • 9
    • 0025437989 scopus 로고
    • Quantitative autoradiography reveals selective changes in cerebellar GABA receptors of the rat mutant dystonic
    • Beales, M., Lorden, J. F., Walz, E. and Oltmans, G. A. (1990) Quantitative autoradiography reveals selective changes in cerebellar GABA receptors of the rat mutant dystonic. J. Neurosci. 10, 1874-1885.
    • (1990) J. Neurosci. , vol.10 , pp. 1874-1885
    • Beales, M.1    Lorden, J.F.2    Walz, E.3    Oltmans, G.A.4
  • 10
    • 0001032266 scopus 로고
    • Surgical treatment of dystonias
    • Eds J. K. C. Tsui and D. B. Calne. Marcel Dekker: New York
    • Bertrand, C. M. and Lenz, F. A. (1995) Surgical treatment of dystonias. In: Handbook of dystonia, pp. 329-345, Eds J. K. C. Tsui and D. B. Calne. Marcel Dekker: New York.
    • (1995) Handbook of Dystonia , pp. 329-345
    • Bertrand, C.M.1    Lenz, F.A.2
  • 11
    • 0027978063 scopus 로고
    • The behavioural and motor consequences of focal lesions of the basal ganglia in man
    • Bhatia, K. P. and Marsden, C. D. (1994) The behavioural and motor consequences of focal lesions of the basal ganglia in man. Brain 117, 859-876.
    • (1994) Brain , vol.117 , pp. 859-876
    • Bhatia, K.P.1    Marsden, C.D.2
  • 13
    • 0025310672 scopus 로고
    • Characterization of dyskinesias induced by L-dopa in MPTP-treated squirrel monkeys
    • Boyce, S., Rupniak, N. M., Steventon, M. J. and Iversen, S. D. (1990b) Characterization of dyskinesias induced by L-dopa in MPTP-treated squirrel monkeys. Psychopharmacology 102, 21-27.
    • (1990) Psychopharmacology , vol.102 , pp. 21-27
    • Boyce, S.1    Rupniak, N.M.2    Steventon, M.J.3    Iversen, S.D.4
  • 15
    • 0028897734 scopus 로고
    • Tetrahydrobiopterin deficiency and brain nitric oxide synthase in the hph-1 mouse
    • Brand, M. P., Heales, S. J. R., Land, J. M. and Clark, J. B. (1995) Tetrahydrobiopterin deficiency and brain nitric oxide synthase in the hph-1 mouse. J. Inher. Metab. Dis. 18, 33-39.
    • (1995) J. Inher. Metab. Dis. , vol.18 , pp. 33-39
    • Brand, M.P.1    Heales, S.J.R.2    Land, J.M.3    Clark, J.B.4
  • 16
    • 0027255465 scopus 로고
    • Behavioural effect of pretreatment with opioid antagonists and sigma binding site ligands on the abnormal motor response produced by the kappa opioid agonist U50,488H in guinea-pigs
    • Brent, P. J. (1993) Behavioural effect of pretreatment with opioid antagonists and sigma binding site ligands on the abnormal motor response produced by the kappa opioid agonist U50,488H in guinea-pigs. Neuropharmacology 32, 751-760.
    • (1993) Neuropharmacology , vol.32 , pp. 751-760
    • Brent, P.J.1
  • 19
    • 0029035706 scopus 로고
    • The mouse dystonia musculorum gene is a neural isoform of bullous pemphigoid antigen 1
    • Brown, A., Bernier, G., Mathieu, M., Rossant, J. and Kothary, R. (1995) The mouse dystonia musculorum gene is a neural isoform of bullous pemphigoid antigen 1. Nature Genet. 10, 301-306.
    • (1995) Nature Genet. , vol.10 , pp. 301-306
    • Brown, A.1    Bernier, G.2    Mathieu, M.3    Rossant, J.4    Kothary, R.5
  • 20
    • 0028273841 scopus 로고
    • The genomic structure of an insertional mutation in the dystonia musculorum locus
    • Brown, A., Copeland, N. G., Gilbert, D. J., Jenkins, N. A., Rossant, J. and Kothary, R. (1994a) The genomic structure of an insertional mutation in the dystonia musculorum locus. Genomics 20, 371-376.
    • (1994) Genomics , vol.20 , pp. 371-376
    • Brown, A.1    Copeland, N.G.2    Gilbert, D.J.3    Jenkins, N.A.4    Rossant, J.5    Kothary, R.6
  • 21
    • 0028465450 scopus 로고
    • Human homolog of a mouse sequence from the dystonia musculorum locus is on chromosome 6p12
    • Brown, A., Lemieux, N., Rossant, J. and Kothary, R. (1994b) Human homolog of a mouse sequence from the dystonia musculorum locus is on chromosome 6p12. Mammalian Genome 5, 434-437.
    • (1994) Mammalian Genome , vol.5 , pp. 434-437
    • Brown, A.1    Lemieux, N.2    Rossant, J.3    Kothary, R.4
  • 22
    • 0024331630 scopus 로고
    • Regional cerebral glucose utilization reveals widespread abnormalities in the motor system of the rat mutant dystonic
    • Brown, L. L. and Lorden, J. F. (1989) Regional cerebral glucose utilization reveals widespread abnormalities in the motor system of the rat mutant dystonic. J Neurosci 9, 4033-4041.
    • (1989) J Neurosci , vol.9 , pp. 4033-4041
    • Brown, L.L.1    Lorden, J.F.2
  • 23
    • 0344963010 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Expression of neuropeptides genes in the genetically dystonic hamster
    • Burgunder, J.-M., Ewald, U., Richter, A. and Löscher, W. (1996) Expression of neuropeptides genes in the genetically dystonic hamster. Movement Dis. 11(suppl. 1), 50.
    • (1996) Movement Dis. , vol.11 , Issue.1 SUPPL. , pp. 50
    • Burgunder, J.-M.1    Ewald, U.2    Richter, A.3    Löscher, W.4
  • 24
    • 0023709579 scopus 로고
    • An evaluation of sustained postural abnormalities in rats induced by intracerebro-ventricular injection of chlorpromazine methiodide or somatostatin as models of dystonia
    • Eds S. Fahn, C. D. Marsden and D. B. Calne. Raven Press: New York
    • Burke, R. E. and Fahn, S. (1988) An evaluation of sustained postural abnormalities in rats induced by intracerebro-ventricular injection of chlorpromazine methiodide or somatostatin as models of dystonia. In: Dystonia 2. Advances in neurology, Vol. 50, pp. 493-500, Eds S. Fahn, C. D. Marsden and D. B. Calne. Raven Press: New York.
    • (1988) Dystonia 2. Advances in Neurology , vol.50 , pp. 493-500
    • Burke, R.E.1    Fahn, S.2
  • 25
    • 0023675165 scopus 로고
    • Secondary dystonia
    • Eds S. Fahn, C. D. Marsden and D. B. Calne. Raven Press: New York
    • Calne, D. B. and Lang, A. E. (1988) Secondary dystonia. In: Dystonia 2. Advances in neurology, Vol. 50, pp. 9-33, Eds S. Fahn, C. D. Marsden and D. B. Calne. Raven Press: New York.
    • (1988) Dystonia 2. Advances in Neurology , vol.50 , pp. 9-33
    • Calne, D.B.1    Lang, A.E.2
  • 26
    • 0026630111 scopus 로고
    • An intrinsic neuronal defect operates in dystonia musculorum: A study of dt/dt ↔ + / + chimeras
    • Campbell, R. and Peterson, A. C. (1992) An intrinsic neuronal defect operates in dystonia musculorum: A study of dt/dt ↔ + / + chimeras. Neuron 9, 693-703.
    • (1992) Neuron , vol.9 , pp. 693-703
    • Campbell, R.1    Peterson, A.C.2
  • 27
    • 0000707370 scopus 로고
    • A study of the red nucleus in the rhesus monkey: Anatomical degeneration and physiological effects resulting from localized lesions in the red nucleus
    • Carpenter, M. B. (1956) A study of the red nucleus in the rhesus monkey: anatomical degeneration and physiological effects resulting from localized lesions in the red nucleus. J. Comp. Neurol. 105, 195-249.
    • (1956) J. Comp. Neurol. , vol.105 , pp. 195-249
    • Carpenter, M.B.1
  • 28
    • 0002945027 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Dystonien
    • Eds B. Conrad and A. O. Ceballos-Baumann. Thieme Verlag: Stuttgart/New York
    • Ceballos-Baumann, A. O. (1996) Dystonien. In: Bewegungsstörungen in der Neurologie. pp. 89-140, Eds B. Conrad and A. O. Ceballos-Baumann. Thieme Verlag: Stuttgart/New York.
    • (1996) Bewegungsstörungen in der Neurologie , pp. 89-140
    • Ceballos-Baumann, A.O.1
  • 31
    • 0018228614 scopus 로고
    • Genetic and epigenetic factors regulating synapses formation in vertebrate cerebellum and neuromuscular junction. Maturation of the nervous system
    • Changeux, J. P. and Mikoshiba, K. (1978) Genetic and epigenetic factors regulating synapses formation in vertebrate cerebellum and neuromuscular junction. Maturation of the nervous system. Prog. Brain Res. 48, 43-64.
    • (1978) Prog. Brain Res. , vol.48 , pp. 43-64
    • Changeux, J.P.1    Mikoshiba, K.2
  • 32
    • 0025948834 scopus 로고
    • GABA: An excitatory transmitter in early postnatal life
    • Cherubini, E., Gaiarsa, J. L. and Ben-Ari, Y. (1991) GABA: an excitatory transmitter in early postnatal life. Trends Neurosci. 14, 515-519.
    • (1991) Trends Neurosci. , vol.14 , pp. 515-519
    • Cherubini, E.1    Gaiarsa, J.L.2    Ben-Ari, Y.3
  • 33
    • 0030271126 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Basal ganglia and movement disorders: An update
    • Chesselet, M.-F. and Delfs, J. M. (1996) Basal ganglia and movement disorders: an update. Trends Neurosci. 19, 417-422.
    • (1996) Trends Neurosci. , vol.19 , pp. 417-422
    • Chesselet, M.-F.1    Delfs, J.M.2
  • 34
    • 0022644104 scopus 로고
    • Stimulation of the lateral habenula inhibits dopamine-containing neurons in the substantia nigra and ventral tegmental area of the rat
    • Christoph, G. R., Leonzio, R. J. and Wilcox, K. S. (1986) Stimulation of the lateral habenula inhibits dopamine-containing neurons in the substantia nigra and ventral tegmental area of the rat. J. Neurosci. 6, 613-619.
    • (1986) J. Neurosci. , vol.6 , pp. 613-619
    • Christoph, G.R.1    Leonzio, R.J.2    Wilcox, K.S.3
  • 35
    • 0345394412 scopus 로고
    • Dystonia caused by toxins
    • Eds J. K. C. Tsui and D. B. Calne. Marcel Dekker: New York
    • Chu, N.-S., Huang, C.-C., Lu C.-S. and Calne, D. B. (1995) Dystonia caused by toxins. In: Handbook of dystonia, pp. 241-265, Eds J. K. C. Tsui and D. B. Calne. Marcel Dekker: New York.
    • (1995) Handbook of Dystonia , pp. 241-265
    • Chu, N.-S.1    Huang, C.-C.2    Lu, C.-S.3    Calne, D.B.4
  • 36
    • 0020617718 scopus 로고
    • Studies on the interaction between cerebral 5-hydroxytryptamine and gamma-aminobutyric acid in the mode of action of diazepam in the rat
    • Collinge, J., Pycock, C. J. and Taberner, P. V. (1983) Studies on the interaction between cerebral 5-hydroxytryptamine and gamma-aminobutyric acid in the mode of action of diazepam in the rat. Br. J. Pharmacol. 79, 637-643.
    • (1983) Br. J. Pharmacol. , vol.79 , pp. 637-643
    • Collinge, J.1    Pycock, C.J.2    Taberner, P.V.3
  • 37
    • 0011206216 scopus 로고
    • Effects of cannabidiol in animal models of neurological dysfunctions
    • Eds G. Chester, P. Consroe and R. Musty. Australian Government Publishing Service: Canberra
    • Consroe, P., Musty, R. and Conti, L. (1988) Effects of cannabidiol in animal models of neurological dysfunctions. In: Marijuana: an International Research Report, Proceedings of the Melbourne Symposium on Cannabis, pp. 147-152, Eds G. Chester, P. Consroe and R. Musty. Australian Government Publishing Service: Canberra.
    • (1988) Marijuana: an International Research Report, Proceedings of the Melbourne Symposium on Cannabis , pp. 147-152
    • Consroe, P.1    Musty, R.2    Conti, L.3
  • 38
    • 0022818369 scopus 로고
    • Open label evaluation of cannabidiol in dystonic movement disorders
    • Consroe, P., Sandyk, R. and Snider, S. R. (1986) Open label evaluation of cannabidiol in dystonic movement disorders. Int. J. Neurosci. 30, 277-282.
    • (1986) Int. J. Neurosci. , vol.30 , pp. 277-282
    • Consroe, P.1    Sandyk, R.2    Snider, S.R.3
  • 39
    • 0020607825 scopus 로고
    • Phenytoin-induced dystonia
    • Corey, A. and Koller, W. (1983) Phenytoin-induced dystonia [Letter]. Ann. Neurol. 14, 92.
    • (1983) Ann. Neurol. , vol.14 , pp. 92
    • Corey, A.1    Koller, W.2
  • 40
    • 0023268204 scopus 로고
    • Primate models of dyskinesia: The experimental approach to the study of basal ganglia-related involuntary movement disorders
    • Crossman, A. R. (1987) Primate models of dyskinesia: The experimental approach to the study of basal ganglia-related involuntary movement disorders. Neurosciene 21, 1-40.
    • (1987) Neurosciene , vol.21 , pp. 1-40
    • Crossman, A.R.1
  • 41
    • 0025298139 scopus 로고
    • Primate models of movements disorders of basal ganglia origin
    • DeLong, M. R. (1990) Primate models of movements disorders of basal ganglia origin. Trends Neurosci. 13, 281-285.
    • (1990) Trends Neurosci. , vol.13 , pp. 281-285
    • DeLong, M.R.1
  • 42
    • 0029091303 scopus 로고
    • Paroxysmal diskinesias: Clinical features and classification
    • Demirkiran, M. and Jankovic, J. (1995) Paroxysmal diskinesias: clinical features and classification. Ann. Neurol. 38, 571-579.
    • (1995) Ann. Neurol. , vol.38 , pp. 571-579
    • Demirkiran, M.1    Jankovic, J.2
  • 43
    • 0344962999 scopus 로고
    • Intracerebral infusion of norepinephrine produces dystonia in the rat
    • de Yebenes, J. G., Russell, N. and Fahn, S. (1988a) Intracerebral infusion of norepinephrine produces dystonia in the rat. Neurology (Suppl. 1) 38, 207.
    • (1988) Neurology (Suppl. 1) , vol.38 , pp. 207
    • De Yebenes, J.G.1    Russell, N.2    Fahn, S.3
  • 45
    • 0023780930 scopus 로고
    • Spasmodic torticollis
    • Eds S. Fahn, C. D. Marsden and D. B. Calne. Raven Press: New York
    • Duane, D. D. (1988) Spasmodic torticollis. In: Dystonia 2. Advances in neurology, Vol. 50, pp. 473-492, Eds S. Fahn, C. D. Marsden and D. B. Calne. Raven Press: New York.
    • (1988) Dystonia 2. Advances in Neurology , vol.50 , pp. 473-492
    • Duane, D.D.1
  • 46
    • 0001011390 scopus 로고
    • Clinical and pathological studies of an hereditary neuropathy in mice (dystonia musculorum)
    • Duchen, L. W., Strich, S. J. and Falconer, D. S. (1964) Clinical and pathological studies of an hereditary neuropathy in mice (dystonia musculorum). Brain 87, 367-378.
    • (1964) Brain , vol.87 , pp. 367-378
    • Duchen, L.W.1    Strich, S.J.2    Falconer, D.S.3
  • 47
    • 0030598050 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Abnormal c-fos expression in the lateral habenula during dystonic attacks in a hamster model of idiopathic dystonia
    • Ebert, U., Gernert, M., Löscher, W. and Richter, A. (1996) Abnormal c-fos expression in the lateral habenula during dystonic attacks in a hamster model of idiopathic dystonia. Brain Res. 728, 125-129.
    • (1996) Brain Res. , vol.728 , pp. 125-129
    • Ebert, U.1    Gernert, M.2    Löscher, W.3    Richter, A.4
  • 49
    • 0021476278 scopus 로고
    • The varied clinical expressions of dystonia
    • Fahn, S. (1984) The varied clinical expressions of dystonia. Neurologic Clinics 2, 541-554.
    • (1984) Neurologic Clinics , vol.2 , pp. 541-554
    • Fahn, S.1
  • 50
    • 0023675531 scopus 로고
    • Concept and classification of dystonia
    • Eds S. Fahn, C. D. Marsden and D. B. Calne. Raven Press: New York
    • Fahn, S. (1988) Concept and classification of dystonia. In: Dystonia 2. Advances in neurology, Vol. 50, pp. 1-8, Eds S. Fahn, C. D. Marsden and D. B. Calne. Raven Press: New York.
    • (1988) Dystonia 2. Advances in Neurology , vol.50 , pp. 1-8
    • Fahn, S.1
  • 51
    • 0001504349 scopus 로고
    • The paroxysmal dyskinesias
    • Eds C. D. Marsden and S. Fahn. Butterworth-Heinemann: Oxford
    • Fahn, S. (1994) The paroxysmal dyskinesias. In: Movement Disorders 3, pp. 311-345, Eds C. D. Marsden and S. Fahn. Butterworth-Heinemann: Oxford.
    • (1994) Movement Disorders 3 , pp. 311-345
    • Fahn, S.1
  • 52
    • 0002555781 scopus 로고
    • Medical treatment of dystonia
    • Eds J. K. C. Tsui and D. B. Calne. Marcel Dekker: New York
    • Fahn, S. (1995) Medical treatment of dystonia. In: Handbook of dystonia, pp. 317-328, Eds J. K. C. Tsui and D. B. Calne. Marcel Dekker: New York.
    • (1995) Handbook of Dystonia , pp. 317-328
    • Fahn, S.1
  • 53
    • 0000613043 scopus 로고
    • Classification and investigation of dystonia
    • Eds C. D. Marsden and S. Fahn. Butterworths: London
    • Fahn, S., Marsden, C. D. and Calne, D. B. (1987) Classification and investigation of dystonia. In: Movement disorders 2, pp. 332-358, Eds C. D. Marsden and S. Fahn. Butterworths: London.
    • (1987) Movement Disorders 2 , pp. 332-358
    • Fahn, S.1    Marsden, C.D.2    Calne, D.B.3
  • 55
    • 0009459728 scopus 로고
    • The spontaneous seizures genotype sz in hamsters as a disease model of benzodiazepine receptor deficits
    • Fisher, J. E. Jr. and Iturrian, W. B. (1984) The spontaneous seizures genotype sz in hamsters as a disease model of benzodiazepine receptor deficits. Soc. Neurosci. Abstr. 10, 1065.
    • (1984) Soc. Neurosci. Abstr. , vol.10 , pp. 1065
    • Fisher J.E., Jr.1    Iturrian, W.B.2
  • 56
    • 0344100685 scopus 로고
    • Benzodiazepine receptor involvement in the postictal refractory period of the spontaneous seizure prone hamster
    • Fisher, J. E. Jr. and Iturrian, W. B. (1985) Benzodiazepine receptor involvement in the postictal refractory period of the spontaneous seizure prone hamster. Soc. Neurosci. Abstr. 11, 272.
    • (1985) Soc. Neurosci. Abstr. , vol.11 , pp. 272
    • Fisher J.E., Jr.1    Iturrian, W.B.2
  • 58
    • 0002810335 scopus 로고
    • Anatomy of the basal ganglia
    • Eds C. D. Marsden and S. Fahn. Butterworth-Heinemann: Oxford
    • Flaherty, A. W. and Graybiel, A. M. (1994) Anatomy of the basal ganglia. In: Movement Disorders 3, pp. 3-27, Eds C. D. Marsden and S. Fahn. Butterworth-Heinemann: Oxford.
    • (1994) Movement Disorders 3 , pp. 3-27
    • Flaherty, A.W.1    Graybiel, A.M.2
  • 60
    • 0029896267 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • A gene for familial paroxysmal dyskinesia (FPD1) maps to chromosome 2q
    • Fouad, G., Servidei, S., Durcan, S., Bertini, E. and Ptacek, L. J. (1996) A gene for familial paroxysmal dyskinesia (FPD1) maps to chromosome 2q. Am. J. Hum. Genet. 59, 135-139.
    • (1996) Am. J. Hum. Genet. , vol.59 , pp. 135-139
    • Fouad, G.1    Servidei, S.2    Durcan, S.3    Bertini, E.4    Ptacek, L.J.5
  • 61
    • 0025976152 scopus 로고
    • Effects of pharmacological manipulation of GABAergic neurotransmission in a new mutant hamster model of paroxysmal dystonia
    • Fredow, G. and Löscher, W. (1991) Effects of pharmacological manipulation of GABAergic neurotransmission in a new mutant hamster model of paroxysmal dystonia. Europ. J. Pharmacol. 192, 207-219.
    • (1991) Europ. J. Pharmacol. , vol.192 , pp. 207-219
    • Fredow, G.1    Löscher, W.2
  • 62
    • 0000358145 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Movement disorder associated with lamotrigine treatment in children and adolescents
    • Frost, M. D., Ritter, F. J., Hoskin, C., Mims, J. and Espe-Lillo, J. (1996) Movement disorder associated with lamotrigine treatment in children and adolescents. Epilepsia 37(Suppl. 5), 112.
    • (1996) Epilepsia , vol.37 , Issue.5 SUPPL. , pp. 112
    • Frost, M.D.1    Ritter, F.J.2    Hoskin, C.3    Mims, J.4    Espe-Lillo, J.5
  • 63
    • 0344100683 scopus 로고
    • Inhibition of deep cerebellar nuclei neurons in dystonic rats
    • Fu, J. J. and Lorden, J. F. (1995) Inhibition of deep cerebellar nuclei neurons in dystonic rats. Soc. Neurosci. Abstr. 21, 2081.
    • (1995) Soc. Neurosci. Abstr. , vol.21 , pp. 2081
    • Fu, J.J.1    Lorden, J.F.2
  • 64
    • 0345394404 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Responsiveness of cerebellar nuclei neurons in the dystonic rat to excitatory amino acids
    • Fu, J. J. and Lorden, J. F. (1996) Responsiveness of cerebellar nuclei neurons in the dystonic rat to excitatory amino acids. Soc. Neurosci. Abstr. 22, 1649.
    • (1996) Soc. Neurosci. Abstr. , vol.22 , pp. 1649
    • Fu, J.J.1    Lorden, J.F.2
  • 65
    • 0030071391 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Extrinsic inhibitory innervation to rubral neurons in rat brain-stem sclices
    • Fu, Y. S., Tseng, G. F. and Yin, H. S. (1996) Extrinsic inhibitory innervation to rubral neurons in rat brain-stem sclices. Exp. Neurol. 137, 142-150.
    • (1996) Exp. Neurol. , vol.137 , pp. 142-150
    • Fu, Y.S.1    Tseng, G.F.2    Yin, H.S.3
  • 66
    • 0023101760 scopus 로고
    • Cellular origins of cyclic GMP responses to excitatory amino acid receptor agonists in rat cerebellum in vitro
    • Garthwaite, J. and Garthwaite, G. (1989) Cellular origins of cyclic GMP responses to excitatory amino acid receptor agonists in rat cerebellum in vitro. J. Neurosci. 48, 29-39.
    • (1989) J. Neurosci. , vol.48 , pp. 29-39
    • Garthwaite, J.1    Garthwaite, G.2
  • 67
    • 0026531301 scopus 로고
    • The neostriatal mosaic: Multiple levels of compartimental organization
    • Gerfen, C. R. (1992) The neostriatal mosaic: Multiple levels of compartimental organization. Trends Neurosci. 15, 133-139.
    • (1992) Trends Neurosci. , vol.15 , pp. 133-139
    • Gerfen, C.R.1
  • 68
    • 0344962987 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • A subconvulsive dose of PTZ elevates the neural firing rate of substantia nigra pars reticulata neurons in dystonic but not in non-dystonic hamsters
    • Eds N. Elsner and H. Wässle. Thieme: Stuttgart
    • Gernert, M. and Löscher, W. (1997) A subconvulsive dose of PTZ elevates the neural firing rate of substantia nigra pars reticulata neurons in dystonic but not in non-dystonic hamsters. In: Göttingen Neurobiology Report 1995. Proceedings of the 23rd Göttingen Neurobiology Conference, Vol. 2, p. 970, Eds N. Elsner and H. Wässle. Thieme: Stuttgart.
    • (1997) Göttingen Neurobiology Report 1995. Proceedings of the 23rd Göttingen Neurobiology Conference , vol.2 , pp. 970
    • Gernert, M.1    Löscher, W.2
  • 69
    • 0030786415 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • sz hamsters with paroxysmal dystonia: An EEG power spectrum analysis of depth electrode recordings
    • sz hamsters with paroxysmal dystonia: an EEG power spectrum analysis of depth electrode recordings. Brain Res. 760, 102-108.
    • (1997) Brain Res. , vol.760 , pp. 102-108
    • Gernert, M.1    Richter, A.2    Löscher, W.3
  • 70
    • 0345394403 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Quantitative EEG analysis of depth electrode recordings from striatum and globus pallidus of mutant hamsters with paroxysmal dystonia
    • in press
    • Gernert, M., Richter, A., Rundfeldt, C. and Löscher, W. Quantitative EEG analysis of depth electrode recordings from striatum and globus pallidus of mutant hamsters with paroxysmal dystonia. Movement Dis., in press.
    • Movement Dis.
    • Gernert, M.1    Richter, A.2    Rundfeldt, C.3    Löscher, W.4
  • 71
    • 0344962991 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The spontaneous firing rate of dorsomedial but not ventromedial striatal neurons is elevated in dystonic hamsters
    • Gernert, M., Richter, A. and Löscher, W. (1997b) The spontaneous firing rate of dorsomedial but not ventromedial striatal neurons is elevated in dystonic hamsters. Soc. Neurosci. Abstr. 23.
    • (1997) Soc. Neurosci. Abstr. , vol.23
    • Gernert, M.1    Richter, A.2    Löscher, W.3
  • 72
    • 0023675158 scopus 로고
    • Cerebral metabolic activity in idiopathic dystonia studied with positron emission tomography
    • Eds S. Fahn, C. D. Marsden and D. B. Calne. Raven Press: New York
    • Gilman, S., Junck, L., Young, A. B., Hichwa, R. D., Markel, D. S., Koeppe, R. A. and Ehrenkaufer, R. L. E. (1988) Cerebral metabolic activity in idiopathic dystonia studied with positron emission tomography. In: Dystonia 2. Advances in neurology, Vol. 50, pp. 231-236, Eds S. Fahn, C. D. Marsden and D. B. Calne. Raven Press: New York.
    • (1988) Dystonia 2. Advances in Neurology , vol.50 , pp. 231-236
    • Gilman, S.1    Junck, L.2    Young, A.B.3    Hichwa, R.D.4    Markel, D.S.5    Koeppe, R.A.6    Ehrenkaufer, R.L.E.7
  • 73
    • 0012606223 scopus 로고
    • Epidemiology of dystonic disorders
    • Eds J. K. C. Tsui and D. B. Calne. Marcel Dekker: New York
    • Giron, L. T., Koller, W. C. and Tanner, C. M. (1995) Epidemiology of dystonic disorders. In: Handbook of dystonia, pp. 103-114, Eds J. K. C. Tsui and D. B. Calne. Marcel Dekker: New York.
    • (1995) Handbook of Dystonia , pp. 103-114
    • Giron, L.T.1    Koller, W.C.2    Tanner, C.M.3
  • 75
    • 0027320271 scopus 로고
    • Physiology of basal ganglia disorders: An overview
    • Hallett, M. (1993) Physiology of basal ganglia disorders: an overview. Can. J. Neurol. Sci. 20, 177-183.
    • (1993) Can. J. Neurol. Sci. , vol.20 , pp. 177-183
    • Hallett, M.1
  • 76
    • 0017151395 scopus 로고
    • Histochemical and ultrastructural studies on primary sensory neurons in mice with dystonia musculorum. I. Acetylcholinesterase and lysosomal hydrolases
    • Hanker, J. S. and Peach, R. (1976) Histochemical and ultrastructural studies on primary sensory neurons in mice with dystonia musculorum. I. Acetylcholinesterase and lysosomal hydrolases. Neuropathol. Appl. Neurobiol. 2, 79-97.
    • (1976) Neuropathol. Appl. Neurobiol. , vol.2 , pp. 79-97
    • Hanker, J.S.1    Peach, R.2
  • 77
    • 0023673622 scopus 로고
    • Primary dystonias: A review of the pathology and suggestions for new directions of study
    • Eds S. Fahn, C. D. Marsden and D. B. Calne. Raven Press: New York
    • Hedreen, J. C., Zweig, R. M., DeLong, M. R., Whitehouse, P. J. and Price, D. L. (1988) Primary dystonias: A review of the pathology and suggestions for new directions of study. In: Dystonia 2. Advances in neurology, Vol. 50, pp. 123-132, Eds S. Fahn, C. D. Marsden and D. B. Calne. Raven Press: New York.
    • (1988) Dystonia 2. Advances in Neurology , vol.50 , pp. 123-132
    • Hedreen, J.C.1    Zweig, R.M.2    DeLong, M.R.3    Whitehouse, P.J.4    Price, D.L.5
  • 78
    • 0025802871 scopus 로고
    • Neuronal localisation of cannabinoids in the basal ganglia of the rat
    • Herkenham, M., Lynn, A. B., de Costa, B. R. and Richfield, E. K. (1991) Neuronal localisation of cannabinoids in the basal ganglia of the rat. Brain Res. 547, 267-274.
    • (1991) Brain Res. , vol.547 , pp. 267-274
    • Herkenham, M.1    Lynn, A.B.2    De Costa, B.R.3    Richfield, E.K.4
  • 79
    • 0017363657 scopus 로고
    • Afferent connections of the habenular nuclei in the rat. a horseradish peroxidase study, with a note on the fiber-of-passage problem
    • Herkenham, M. and Nauta, W. J. H. (1977) Afferent connections of the habenular nuclei in the rat. A horseradish peroxidase study, with a note on the fiber-of-passage problem. J. Comp. Neurol. 173, 123-146.
    • (1977) J. Comp. Neurol. , vol.173 , pp. 123-146
    • Herkenham, M.1    Nauta, W.J.H.2
  • 80
    • 0018647716 scopus 로고
    • Efferent connections of the habenular nuclei in the rat
    • Herkenham, M. and Nauta, W. J. H. (1979) Efferent connections of the habenular nuclei in the rat. J. Comp. Neurol. 231, 19-48.
    • (1979) J. Comp. Neurol. , vol.231 , pp. 19-48
    • Herkenham, M.1    Nauta, W.J.H.2
  • 81
    • 0001144894 scopus 로고
    • The basic, somatic and emotional components of the motor system in mammals
    • Ed. G. Paxinos. Academic Press: San Diego
    • Holstege, G. (1995) The basic, somatic and emotional components of the motor system in mammals. In: The rat nervous system. 2nd ed, Ed. G. Paxinos. pp. 137-154. Academic Press: San Diego.
    • (1995) The Rat Nervous System. 2nd Ed , pp. 137-154
    • Holstege, G.1
  • 82
    • 0000432111 scopus 로고
    • Brain stem systems involved in the blink reflex, feeding mechanisms, and micturition
    • Ed. G. Paxinos. Academic Press: San Diego
    • Holstege, G., Blök, B. F. M. (1995) Brain stem systems involved in the blink reflex, feeding mechanisms, and micturition. In: The rat nervous system. 2nd ed, Ed. G. Paxinos. pp. 183-214. Academic Press: San Diego.
    • (1995) The Rat Nervous System. 2nd Ed , pp. 183-214
    • Holstege, G.1    Blök, B.F.M.2
  • 84
    • 0000111952 scopus 로고
    • Tetrahydrobiopterin and biogenic amine status of the hph-1 mouse mutant
    • Hyland, K. and Bola, F. (1989) Tetrahydrobiopterin and biogenic amine status of the hph-1 mouse mutant. Biol. Chem. Hoppe Seyler (Abstr.) 370, 387.
    • (1989) Biol. Chem. Hoppe Seyler (Abstr.) , vol.370 , pp. 387
    • Hyland, K.1    Bola, F.2
  • 85
    • 0030056511 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Tetrahydrobiopterin and biogenic amine metabolism in the hph-1 mouse
    • Hyland, K., Gunasekera, R. S., Engle, T. and Arnold, L. A. (1996) Tetrahydrobiopterin and biogenic amine metabolism in the hph-1 mouse. J. Neurochem. 67, 752-759.
    • (1996) J. Neurochem. , vol.67 , pp. 752-759
    • Hyland, K.1    Gunasekera, R.S.2    Engle, T.3    Arnold, L.A.4
  • 87
    • 0024324858 scopus 로고
    • A neurochemical study of a new mutant mouse presenting myoclonus-like involuntary movements: A possible model of spontaneous serotonergic hyperactivity
    • Ikeda, M., Mikuni, M., Nishikawa, T. and Takahashi, K. (1989) A neurochemical study of a new mutant mouse presenting myoclonus-like involuntary movements: a possible model of spontaneous serotonergic hyperactivity. Brain Res. 495, 337-348.
    • (1989) Brain Res. , vol.495 , pp. 337-348
    • Ikeda, M.1    Mikuni, M.2    Nishikawa, T.3    Takahashi, K.4
  • 90
    • 0027460099 scopus 로고
    • Abnormal synaptic architecture in the cerebellar cortex of a new dystonic mutant mouse Wriggle Mouse Sagami
    • Inoue, Y., Matsumura, Y., Inoue, K., Ichikawa, R. and Takayama, C. (1993) Abnormal synaptic architecture in the cerebellar cortex of a new dystonic mutant mouse Wriggle Mouse Sagami. Neurosci. Res. 16, 39-48.
    • (1993) Neurosci. Res. , vol.16 , pp. 39-48
    • Inoue, Y.1    Matsumura, Y.2    Inoue, K.3    Ichikawa, R.4    Takayama, C.5
  • 91
    • 0024394047 scopus 로고
    • Functional difference in monoamine transmitters in the behaviorally abnormal mutant (wriggle mouse sagami)
    • Ishikawa, K., Shibanoki, S., Kubo, T., Kogure, M., Imamura, Y., Osawa, N., Ohmura, M. and Mikoshiba, K. (1989) Functional difference in monoamine transmitters in the behaviorally abnormal mutant (wriggle mouse sagami). Neurosci. Lett. 103, 343-348.
    • (1989) Neurosci. Lett. , vol.103 , pp. 343-348
    • Ishikawa, K.1    Shibanoki, S.2    Kubo, T.3    Kogure, M.4    Imamura, Y.5    Osawa, N.6    Ohmura, M.7    Mikoshiba, K.8
  • 92
    • 0021344621 scopus 로고
    • Experimental choreoathetosis produced by injection of the gamma-aminobutyric acid antagonist into the lentiform nucleus in the monkey
    • Jackson, A. and Crossman, A. R. (1984) Experimental choreoathetosis produced by injection of the gamma-aminobutyric acid antagonist into the lentiform nucleus in the monkey. Neurosci. Lett. 46, 41-45.
    • (1984) Neurosci. Lett. , vol.46 , pp. 41-45
    • Jackson, A.1    Crossman, A.R.2
  • 93
    • 0023709577 scopus 로고
    • A dystonia-like syndrome after neuropeptide (MSH/ACTH) stimulation of the rat locus ceruleus
    • Eds S. Fahn, C. D. Marsden and D. B. Calne. Raven Press: New York
    • Jacquet, Y. (1988) A dystonia-like syndrome after neuropeptide (MSH/ACTH) stimulation of the rat locus ceruleus. In: Dystonia 2. Advances in neurology, Vol. 50, pp. 299-311, Eds S. Fahn, C. D. Marsden and D. B. Calne. Raven Press: New York.
    • (1988) Dystonia 2. Advances in Neurology , vol.50 , pp. 299-311
    • Jacquet, Y.1
  • 94
    • 0024441304 scopus 로고
    • Dystonia in musicians
    • Jankovic, J. and Shale, H. (1989) Dystonia in musicians. Semin. Neurol. 9, 131-135.
    • (1989) Semin. Neurol. , vol.9 , pp. 131-135
    • Jankovic, J.1    Shale, H.2
  • 96
    • 0015440792 scopus 로고
    • Ultrastructural studies of an hereditary sensory neuropathy in mice (dystonia musculorum)
    • Janota, I. (1972) Ultrastructural studies of an hereditary sensory neuropathy in mice (dystonia musculorum). Brain 95, 529-536.
    • (1972) Brain , vol.95 , pp. 529-536
    • Janota, I.1
  • 98
    • 0344532080 scopus 로고
    • Disorders in reciprocal inhibition upon initiation of voluntary ankle dorsiflexion movement in cerebellar motor disorders
    • Eds M. Mano, I. Hamada and M. R. DeLong. Excerpta Medica: Amsterdam
    • Kagamihara, Y., Ohi, K. and Tanaka, R. (1993) Disorders in reciprocal inhibition upon initiation of voluntary ankle dorsiflexion movement in cerebellar motor disorders. In: Role of the cerebellum and basal ganglia in voluntary movements. pp. 33-40, Eds M. Mano, I. Hamada and M. R. DeLong. Excerpta Medica: Amsterdam.
    • (1993) Role of the Cerebellum and Basal Ganglia in Voluntary Movements , pp. 33-40
    • Kagamihara, Y.1    Ohi, K.2    Tanaka, R.3
  • 99
    • 0024333177 scopus 로고
    • Regulation of striatal serotonin release by the lateral habenuladorsal raphe pathway in the rat as demonstrated by in vivo microdialysis: Role of excitatory amino acid and GABA
    • Kalen, P., Strecker, R. E., Rosengren, E. and Björklund, A. (1989) Regulation of striatal serotonin release by the lateral habenuladorsal raphe pathway in the rat as demonstrated by in vivo microdialysis: Role of excitatory amino acid and GABA. Brain Res. 492, 187-202.
    • (1989) Brain Res. , vol.492 , pp. 187-202
    • Kalen, P.1    Strecker, R.E.2    Rosengren, E.3    Björklund, A.4
  • 100
    • 0026774668 scopus 로고
    • Positron emission tomography demonstrates frontal cortex and basal ganglia hypometabolism in dystonia
    • Karbe, H., Holthoff, V. A., Rudolf, J., Herholz, K. and Heiss, W. D. (1992) Positron emission tomography demonstrates frontal cortex and basal ganglia hypometabolism in dystonia. Neurology 42, 1540-1544.
    • (1992) Neurology , vol.42 , pp. 1540-1544
    • Karbe, H.1    Holthoff, V.A.2    Rudolf, J.3    Herholz, K.4    Heiss, W.D.5
  • 102
    • 0011710383 scopus 로고
    • Triphasic relapse in dystonic hamster during pregnancy as a rigorous neurochemical model for movement disorder
    • Khalifa, A. E. and Iturrian, W. B. (1993) Triphasic relapse in dystonic hamster during pregnancy as a rigorous neurochemical model for movement disorder. Soc. Neurosci. Abstr. 19, 1626.
    • (1993) Soc. Neurosci. Abstr. , vol.19 , pp. 1626
    • Khalifa, A.E.1    Iturrian, W.B.2
  • 103
    • 0031059391 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Cerebellar circuits and synaptic mechanisms involved in classical eyeblink conditioning
    • Kim, J. J. and Thompson, R. F. (1997) Cerebellar circuits and synaptic mechanisms involved in classical eyeblink conditioning. Trends Neurosci. 20, 177-181.
    • (1997) Trends Neurosci. , vol.20 , pp. 177-181
    • Kim, J.J.1    Thompson, R.F.2
  • 104
    • 0029049876 scopus 로고
    • Recessively inherited L-DOPA-responsive dystonia caused by a point mutation (Q381K) in the tyrosine hydroxylase gene
    • Knappskog, P. M., Flatmark, T., Mallet, J., Ludecke, B. and Bartholome, K. (1995) Recessively inherited L-DOPA-responsive dystonia caused by a point mutation (Q381K) in the tyrosine hydroxylase gene. Hum. Mol. Genet. 4, 1209-1212.
    • (1995) Hum. Mol. Genet. , vol.4 , pp. 1209-1212
    • Knappskog, P.M.1    Flatmark, T.2    Mallet, J.3    Ludecke, B.4    Bartholome, K.5
  • 105
    • 0026166332 scopus 로고
    • A morphological study on the brain in Wriggle Mouse Sagami, a new neurological mutant with dystonic disorders, with special reference to the abnormality of the cerebellum
    • Kokubun, T. (1991) A morphological study on the brain in Wriggle Mouse Sagami, a new neurological mutant with dystonic disorders, with special reference to the abnormality of the cerebellum. Hokkaido Igaku Zasshi 66, 333-347.
    • (1991) Hokkaido Igaku Zasshi , vol.66 , pp. 333-347
    • Kokubun, T.1
  • 107
    • 0023747623 scopus 로고
    • A transgene containing lacZ inserted into the dystonia locus is expressed in the neural tube
    • Kothary, R., Clapoff, S., Brown, A., Campbell, R., Peterson, A. and Rossant, J. (1988) A transgene containing lacZ inserted into the dystonia locus is expressed in the neural tube. Nature 335, 435-437.
    • (1988) Nature , vol.335 , pp. 435-437
    • Kothary, R.1    Clapoff, S.2    Brown, A.3    Campbell, R.4    Peterson, A.5    Rossant, J.6
  • 111
    • 0028232097 scopus 로고
    • Exploration and motor coordination in dystonia musculorum mutant mice
    • Lalonde, R., Joyal, C. C. and Botez, M. I. (1994) Exploration and motor coordination in dystonia musculorum mutant mice. Physiol. Behav. 56, 277-280.
    • (1994) Physiol. Behav. , vol.56 , pp. 277-280
    • Lalonde, R.1    Joyal, C.C.2    Botez, M.I.3
  • 112
    • 0015182282 scopus 로고
    • Neurophysiological studies of harmaline-induced tremor in the cat
    • Lamarre, Y. and Mercier, L. A. (1971) Neurophysiological studies of harmaline-induced tremor in the cat. Can. J. Physiol. Pharmacol. 49, 1049-1058.
    • (1971) Can. J. Physiol. Pharmacol. , vol.49 , pp. 1049-1058
    • Lamarre, Y.1    Mercier, L.A.2
  • 113
    • 0030588078 scopus 로고
    • Bipolar disorders, dystonia, and compulsion after dysfunction of the cerebellum, dentatorubrothalamic tract, and substantia nigra
    • Lauterbach, E. C. (1995) Bipolar disorders, dystonia, and compulsion after dysfunction of the cerebellum, dentatorubrothalamic tract, and substantia nigra. Biol. Psych. 40, 726-730.
    • (1995) Biol. Psych. , vol.40 , pp. 726-730
    • Lauterbach, E.C.1
  • 114
    • 0010385674 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Single-unit activity of cerebellar Purkinje cells in the awake genetically dystonic rat. Soc
    • LeDoux, M. S. and Lorden, J. F. (1996) Single-unit activity of cerebellar Purkinje cells in the awake genetically dystonic rat. Soc. Neurosci. Abstr. 22, 1629.
    • (1996) Neurosci. Abstr. , vol.22 , pp. 1629
    • LeDoux, M.S.1    Lorden, J.F.2
  • 115
    • 0027251669 scopus 로고
    • Cerebellectomy eliminates the motor syndrome of the genetically dystonic rat
    • LeDoux, M. S., Lorden, J. F. and Ervin, J. (1993) Cerebellectomy eliminates the motor syndrome of the genetically dystonic rat. Exp. Neurol. 120, 302-310.
    • (1993) Exp. Neurol. , vol.120 , pp. 302-310
    • LeDoux, M.S.1    Lorden, J.F.2    Ervin, J.3
  • 116
    • 0028366425 scopus 로고
    • Inferior olive serotonin and norepinephrine levels during development in the genetically dystonic rat
    • LeDoux, M. S., Lorden, J. F. and Ervin, J. (1994) Inferior olive serotonin and norepinephrine levels during development in the genetically dystonic rat. Brain Res. Bull. 33, 299-305.
    • (1994) Brain Res. Bull. , vol.33 , pp. 299-305
    • LeDoux, M.S.1    Lorden, J.F.2    Ervin, J.3
  • 117
    • 0344100671 scopus 로고
    • Single-unit activity of cerebellar nuclear cells in the awake genetically dystonic rat
    • LeDoux, M. S., Lorden, J. F. and Hurst, D. C. (1995a) Single-unit activity of cerebellar nuclear cells in the awake genetically dystonic rat. Soc. Neurosci. Abstr. 21, 271.
    • (1995) Soc. Neurosci. Abstr. , vol.21 , pp. 271
    • LeDoux, M.S.1    Lorden, J.F.2    Hurst, D.C.3
  • 118
    • 0028882891 scopus 로고
    • Selective elimination of cerebellar output in the genetically dystonic rat
    • LeDoux, M. S., Lorden, J. F. and Meinzen-Derr, J. (1995b) Selective elimination of cerebellar output in the genetically dystonic rat. Brain Res. 697, 91-103.
    • (1995) Brain Res. , vol.697 , pp. 91-103
    • LeDoux, M.S.1    Lorden, J.F.2    Meinzen-Derr, J.3
  • 119
    • 0027930717 scopus 로고
    • Persistent dystonia associated with carbamazepine therapy: A case report
    • Lee, J. (1994) Persistent dystonia associated with carbamazepine therapy: a case report. N.Z. Med. J. 107, 360.
    • (1994) N.Z. Med. J. , vol.107 , pp. 360
    • Lee, J.1
  • 120
    • 0028017280 scopus 로고
    • Movement disorders following lesions of the thalamus or subthalamic region
    • Lee, M. S. and Marsden, C. D. (1994) Movement disorders following lesions of the thalamus or subthalamic region. Movement Dis. 9, 493-507.
    • (1994) Movement Dis. , vol.9 , pp. 493-507
    • Lee, M.S.1    Marsden, C.D.2
  • 121
    • 0023674737 scopus 로고
    • Brain dopaminergic system studied in patients with dystonia using positron emission tomography
    • Eds S. Fahn, C. D. Marsden and D. B. Calne. Raven Press: New York
    • Leenders, K. L., Quinn, N., Frackowiak, R. S. J. and Marsden, C. D. (1988) Brain dopaminergic system studied in patients with dystonia using positron emission tomography. In: Dystonia 2. Advances in neurology, Vol. 50, pp. 243-247, Eds S. Fahn, C. D. Marsden and D. B. Calne. Raven Press: New York.
    • (1988) Dystonia 2. Advances in Neurology , vol.50 , pp. 243-247
    • Leenders, K.L.1    Quinn, N.2    Frackowiak, R.S.J.3    Marsden, C.D.4
  • 123
    • 0029814626 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • SSRIs and movement disorders: Is serotonin the culprit?
    • Leonard, B. E. and Faherty, C. (1996) SSRIs and movement disorders: is serotonin the culprit? Human Psychopharmacol. 11, 75-82.
    • (1996) Human Psychopharmacol. , vol.11 , pp. 75-82
    • Leonard, B.E.1    Faherty, C.2
  • 124
    • 0029798561 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Idiopathic torsion dystonia: Assignment of a gene to chromosome 18q in a German family with adult onset, autosomal dominant inheritance and purely focal distribution
    • Leube, B., Rudnicki, D., Ratzlaff, T., Kessler, K. R., Benecke, R. and Auburger, G. (1996) Idiopathic torsion dystonia: Assignment of a gene to chromosome 18q in a German family with adult onset, autosomal dominant inheritance and purely focal distribution. Hum. Mol. Genet. 5, 1673-1677.
    • (1996) Hum. Mol. Genet. , vol.5 , pp. 1673-1677
    • Leube, B.1    Rudnicki, D.2    Ratzlaff, T.3    Kessler, K.R.4    Benecke, R.5    Auburger, G.6
  • 125
    • 0343030352 scopus 로고
    • Dystonia caused by drugs
    • Eds J. K. C. Tsui and D. B. Calne. Marcel Dekker: New York
    • LeWitt, P. A. (1995) Dystonia caused by drugs. In: Handbook of dystonia, pp. 227-240, Eds J. K. C. Tsui and D. B. Calne. Marcel Dekker: New York.
    • (1995) Handbook of Dystonia , pp. 227-240
    • LeWitt, P.A.1
  • 126
    • 0027930097 scopus 로고
    • Marked regional disturbances in brain metabolism of monoaminergic neurotransmitters in the genetically dystonic hamster
    • Löscher, W., Annies, R. and Richter, A. (1994) Marked regional disturbances in brain metabolism of monoaminergic neurotransmitters in the genetically dystonic hamster. Brain Res. 658, 199-208.
    • (1994) Brain Res. , vol.658 , pp. 199-208
    • Löscher, W.1    Annies, R.2    Richter, A.3
  • 127
    • 0028814111 scopus 로고
    • Gonadal sex hormones and dystonia: Experimental studies in genetically dystonic hamsters
    • Löscher, W., Blanke, T., Richter, A. and Hoppen, H.-O. (1995) Gonadal sex hormones and dystonia: experimental studies in genetically dystonic hamsters. Movement Dis. 10, 92-102.
    • (1995) Movement Dis. , vol.10 , pp. 92-102
    • Löscher, W.1    Blanke, T.2    Richter, A.3    Hoppen, H.-O.4
  • 129
    • 0026594381 scopus 로고
    • Effects of pharmacological manipulation of dopaminergic and cholinergic neurotransmission
    • Löscher, W. and Fredow, G. (1992) Effects of pharmacological manipulation of dopaminergic and cholinergic neurotransmission. Eur. J. Pharmacol. 213, 31-39.
    • (1992) Eur. J. Pharmacol. , vol.213 , pp. 31-39
    • Löscher, W.1    Fredow, G.2
  • 130
    • 0026780517 scopus 로고
    • Abnormalities in amino acid neurotransmitters in discrete brain regions of genetically dystonic hamsters
    • Löscher, W. and Hörstermann, D. (1992) Abnormalities in amino acid neurotransmitters in discrete brain regions of genetically dystonic hamsters. J. Neurochem. 59, 689-694.
    • (1992) J. Neurochem. , vol.59 , pp. 689-694
    • Löscher, W.1    Hörstermann, D.2
  • 131
    • 0027182819 scopus 로고
    • The glycine/NMDa receptor ligand (+)-HA-966 but not D-cycloserine exert antidystonic efficacy in a genetic animal model of dystonia
    • Löscher, W. and Richter, A. (1993) The glycine/NMDA receptor ligand (+)-HA-966 but not D-cycloserine exert antidystonic efficacy in a genetic animal model of dystonia. Europ. J. Pharmacol. 239, 245-247.
    • (1993) Europ. J. Pharmacol. , vol.239 , pp. 245-247
    • Löscher, W.1    Richter, A.2
  • 132
    • 0028353370 scopus 로고
    • IA receptor antagonist (+)-WAY-100135 aggravates dystonic movements in a mutant hamster model
    • IA receptor antagonist (+)-WAY-100135 aggravates dystonic movements in a mutant hamster model. Europ. J. Pharmacol. 255, 235-238.
    • (1994) Europ. J. Pharmacol. , vol.255 , pp. 235-238
    • Löscher, W.1    Richter, A.2
  • 133
    • 0023897574 scopus 로고
    • Which animal models should be used in the search for new antiepileptic drugs? A proposal based on experimental and clinical considerations
    • Löscher, W. and Schmidt, D. (1988) Which animal models should be used in the search for new antiepileptic drugs? A proposal based on experimental and clinical considerations Epilepsy Res. 2, 145-181.
    • (1988) Epilepsy Res. , vol.2 , pp. 145-181
    • Löscher, W.1    Schmidt, D.2
  • 134
    • 0028220347 scopus 로고
    • Strategies in antiepileptic drug development: Is rational drug design superior to random screening and structural variation?
    • Löscher, W. and Schmidt, D. (1994) Strategies in antiepileptic drug development: is rational drug design superior to random screening and structural variation? Epilepsy Res. 17, 93-134.
    • (1994) Epilepsy Res. , vol.17 , pp. 93-134
    • Löscher, W.1    Schmidt, D.2
  • 135
    • 0002131194 scopus 로고
    • Animal models of dystonia
    • Eds J. K. C. Tsui and D. B. Calne. Marcel Dekker: New York
    • Lorden, J. F. (1995) Animal models of dystonia. In: Handbook of dystonia, pp. 5-42, Eds J. K. C. Tsui and D. B. Calne. Marcel Dekker: New York.
    • (1995) Handbook of Dystonia , pp. 5-42
    • Lorden, J.F.1
  • 136
    • 0026657583 scopus 로고
    • Abnormal cerebellar output in rats with an inherited movement disorder
    • Lorden, J. F., Lutes, J., Michaela, V. L. and Ervin, J. (1992) Abnormal cerebellar output in rats with an inherited movement disorder. Exp. Neurol. 118, 95-104.
    • (1992) Exp. Neurol. , vol.118 , pp. 95-104
    • Lorden, J.F.1    Lutes, J.2    Michaela, V.L.3    Ervin, J.4
  • 137
    • 0021222931 scopus 로고
    • Characterization of the rat mutant dystonic (dt): A new animal model of dystonia musculorum deformans
    • Lorden, J. F., McKeon, T. W., Baker, H. J., Cox, N. and Walkley, S. U. (1984) Characterization of the rat mutant dystonic (dt): a new animal model of dystonia musculorum deformans. J. Neurosci. 4, 1925-1932.
    • (1984) J. Neurosci. , vol.4 , pp. 1925-1932
    • Lorden, J.F.1    McKeon, T.W.2    Baker, H.J.3    Cox, N.4    Walkley, S.U.5
  • 138
    • 0022345297 scopus 로고
    • Decreased cerebellar 3′5′-cyclic guanosine monophosphate levels and insensitivity to harmaline in the genetically dystonic rat (dt)
    • Lorden, J. F., Oltmans, G. A., McKeon, T. W., Lutes, J. and Beales, M. (1985) Decreased cerebellar 3′5′-cyclic guanosine monophosphate levels and insensitivity to harmaline in the genetically dystonic rat (dt). J. Neurosci. 5, 2618-2625.
    • (1985) J. Neurosci. , vol.5 , pp. 2618-2625
    • Lorden, J.F.1    Oltmans, G.A.2    McKeon, T.W.3    Lutes, J.4    Beales, M.5
  • 139
    • 0023675159 scopus 로고
    • Neuropharmacological correlates of the motor syndrome of the genetically dystonic (dt) rat
    • Eds S. Fahn, C. D. Marsden and D. B. Calne. Raven Press: New York
    • Lorden, J. F., Oltmans, G. A., Stratton, S. E. and Mays, L. E. (1988) Neuropharmacological correlates of the motor syndrome of the genetically dystonic (dt) rat. In: Dystonia 2. Advances in neurology, Vol. 50, pp. 277-297, Eds S. Fahn, C. D. Marsden and D. B. Calne. Raven Press: New York.
    • (1988) Dystonia 2. Advances in Neurology , vol.50 , pp. 277-297
    • Lorden, J.F.1    Oltmans, G.A.2    Stratton, S.E.3    Mays, L.E.4
  • 140
    • 0344100665 scopus 로고
    • Effects of GABA blockade in the inferior olive on the activity of Purkinje cells in the genetically dystonic (dt) rat
    • Lorden, J. F. and Thorstad, M. H. (1994) Effects of GABA blockade in the inferior olive on the activity of Purkinje cells in the genetically dystonic (dt) rat. Soc. Neurosci. Abstr. 20, 22.
    • (1994) Soc. Neurosci. Abstr. , vol.20 , pp. 22
    • Lorden, J.F.1    Thorstad, M.H.2
  • 141
    • 0026808417 scopus 로고
    • GABA levels and GAD immunoreactivity in the deep cerebellar nuclei of rats with altered olivo-cerebellar function
    • Lutes, J., Lorden, J. F., Davis, B. J. and Oltmans, G. A. (1992) GABA levels and GAD immunoreactivity in the deep cerebellar nuclei of rats with altered olivo-cerebellar function. Brain Res. Bull. 28, 329-336.
    • (1992) Brain Res. Bull. , vol.28 , pp. 329-336
    • Lutes, J.1    Lorden, J.F.2    Davis, B.J.3    Oltmans, G.A.4
  • 142
    • 0344100664 scopus 로고
    • Effcets of clonidine on the motor syndrome of the genetically dystonic rat
    • Lutes, J., Lorden, J. F. and Oltmans, G. A. (1985) Effcets of clonidine on the motor syndrome of the genetically dystonic rat. Neurosci. Abstr. 11, 670.
    • (1985) Neurosci. Abstr. , vol.11 , pp. 670
    • Lutes, J.1    Lorden, J.F.2    Oltmans, G.A.3
  • 143
    • 0023757656 scopus 로고
    • Evaluation of amino acid neurotransmitters, related compounds, and precursors in dystonia
    • Eds S. Fahn, C. D. Marsden and D. B. Calne. Raven Press: New York
    • Manyam, B. V., Ferraro, T. N. and Hare, T. A. (1988) Evaluation of amino acid neurotransmitters, related compounds, and precursors in dystonia. In: Dystonia 2. Advances in neurology, Vol. 50, pp. 203-209, Eds S. Fahn, C. D. Marsden and D. B. Calne. Raven Press: New York.
    • (1988) Dystonia 2. Advances in Neurology , vol.50 , pp. 203-209
    • Manyam, B.V.1    Ferraro, T.N.2    Hare, T.A.3
  • 144
  • 145
    • 0023720988 scopus 로고
    • Investigation of dystonia
    • Eds S. Fahn, C. D. Marsden and D. B. Calne. Raven Press: New York
    • Marsden, C. D. (1988) Investigation of dystonia. In: Dystonia 2. Advances in neurology, Vol. 50, pp. 35-44, Eds S. Fahn, C. D. Marsden and D. B. Calne. Raven Press: New York.
    • (1988) Dystonia 2. Advances in Neurology , vol.50 , pp. 35-44
    • Marsden, C.D.1
  • 147
    • 0021826543 scopus 로고
    • The anatomical basis of symptomatic hemidystonia
    • Marsden, C. D., Obeso, J. A., Zarranz, J. J. and Lang, A. E. (1985) The anatomical basis of symptomatic hemidystonia. Brain 109, 463-483.
    • (1985) Brain , vol.109 , pp. 463-483
    • Marsden, C.D.1    Obeso, J.A.2    Zarranz, J.J.3    Lang, A.E.4
  • 150
    • 0023838889 scopus 로고
    • Hyperphenyalaninaemia in the hph-1 mouse mutant
    • McDonald, J. D. and Bode, V. C. (1988) Hyperphenyalaninaemia in the hph-1 mouse mutant. Pediatr. Res. 23, 63-67.
    • (1988) Pediatr. Res. , vol.23 , pp. 63-67
    • McDonald, J.D.1    Bode, V.C.2
  • 151
    • 0023881310 scopus 로고
    • Biochemical defect of the hph-1 mouse mutant is a deficiency in GTP-cyclohydrolase activity
    • McDonald, J. D., Cotton, R. G. H., Jennings, I., Ledley, F. D., Woo, S. L. C. and Bode, V. C. (1988) Biochemical defect of the hph-1 mouse mutant is a deficiency in GTP-cyclohydrolase activity. J. Neurochem. 50, 655-657.
    • (1988) J. Neurochem. , vol.50 , pp. 655-657
    • McDonald, J.D.1    Cotton, R.G.H.2    Jennings, I.3    Ledley, F.D.4    Woo, S.L.C.5    Bode, V.C.6
  • 153
    • 0001611156 scopus 로고
    • Pathology of dystonias
    • Eds J. K. C. Tsui and D. B. Calne. Marcel Dekker: New York
    • McGeer, E. G. and McGeer, P. L. (1995) Pathology of dystonias. Handbook of dystonia, pp. 77-102, Eds J. K. C. Tsui and D. B. Calne. Marcel Dekker: New York.
    • (1995) Handbook of Dystonia , pp. 77-102
    • McGeer, E.G.1    McGeer, P.L.2
  • 154
    • 0022635934 scopus 로고
    • Alterations in the noradrenergic projection to the cerebellum of the dystonic (dt) rat
    • McKeon, T. W., Lorden, J. F., Beales, M. and Oltman, G. A. (1986) Alterations in the noradrenergic projection to the cerebellum of the dystonic (dt) rat. Brain Res. 366, 89-97.
    • (1986) Brain Res. , vol.366 , pp. 89-97
    • McKeon, T.W.1    Lorden, J.F.2    Beales, M.3    Oltman, G.A.4
  • 155
    • 0021191275 scopus 로고
    • Decreased catalepsy response to haloperidol in the genetically dystonic (dt) rat
    • McKeon, T. W., Lorden, J. F., Oltmans, G. A., Beales, M. and Walkley, S. U. (1984) Decreased catalepsy response to haloperidol in the genetically dystonic (dt) rat. Brain Res. 308, 89-96.
    • (1984) Brain Res. , vol.308 , pp. 89-96
    • McKeon, T.W.1    Lorden, J.F.2    Oltmans, G.A.3    Beales, M.4    Walkley, S.U.5
  • 156
    • 0345394372 scopus 로고
    • Cerebellar and deep brain stimulation in movement disorders
    • Eds C. D. Marsden and S. Fahn. Butterworth: London
    • McLellan, D. L. (1982) Cerebellar and deep brain stimulation in movement disorders. In: Movement disorders, pp. 334-344, Eds C. D. Marsden and S. Fahn. Butterworth: London.
    • (1982) Movement Disorders , pp. 334-344
    • McLellan, D.L.1
  • 157
    • 0019988521 scopus 로고
    • Amino acid changes in the mouse mutant dystonia musculorum similar to those in Friedreich's ataxia
    • Messer, A. (1982) Amino acid changes in the mouse mutant dystonia musculorum similar to those in Friedreich's ataxia. Can. J. Neurol. Sci. 9, 185-188.
    • (1982) Can. J. Neurol. Sci. , vol.9 , pp. 185-188
    • Messer, A.1
  • 159
    • 0018865939 scopus 로고
    • An allele of the mouse mutant dystonia musculorum exhibits lesions in the red nucleus and striatum
    • Messer, A. and Strominger, N. L. (1980) An allele of the mouse mutant dystonia musculorum exhibits lesions in the red nucleus and striatum. Neuroscience 5, 543-549.
    • (1980) Neuroscience , vol.5 , pp. 543-549
    • Messer, A.1    Strominger, N.L.2
  • 160
    • 0025009166 scopus 로고
    • Enhanced sensitivity to quipazine in the genetically dystonic rat (dt)
    • Michela, V. L., Stratton, S. E. and Lorden, J. F. (1990) Enhanced sensitivity to quipazine in the genetically dystonic rat (dt). Pharmacol. Biochem. Behav. 37, 129-133.
    • (1990) Pharmacol. Biochem. Behav. , vol.37 , pp. 129-133
    • Michela, V.L.1    Stratton, S.E.2    Lorden, J.F.3
  • 161
    • 0030294556 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The basal ganglia: Focused selection and inhibition of competing motor programs
    • Mink, J. W. (1996) The basal ganglia: Focused selection and inhibition of competing motor programs. Progress Neurobiol. 50, 381-425.
    • (1996) Progress Neurobiol. , vol.50 , pp. 381-425
    • Mink, J.W.1
  • 162
    • 0026635584 scopus 로고
    • A 2-deoxyglucose uptake study of the effects of dopamine agonists on the parkinsonian primate brain. Implications for the neural mechanisms that mediate dopamine agonist-induced dyskinesia
    • Mitchell, I. J., Boyce, C. E., Sambrook, M. A. and Crossman, A. R. (1992) A 2-deoxyglucose uptake study of the effects of dopamine agonists on the parkinsonian primate brain. Implications for the neural mechanisms that mediate dopamine agonist-induced dyskinesia. Brain 115, 809-824.
    • (1992) Brain , vol.115 , pp. 809-824
    • Mitchell, I.J.1    Boyce, C.E.2    Sambrook, M.A.3    Crossman, A.R.4
  • 163
    • 0012277273 scopus 로고
    • Advances in the understanding of neural mechanisms in movement disorders
    • Eds G. Bernardi, M. B. Carpenter, G. Di Chiara, M. Morelli and P. Stanzione. Plenum Press: New York
    • Mitchell, I. J., Brotchie, J. M., Graham, W. C., Page, R. D., Robertson, R. G., Sambrook, M. A. and Crossman, A. R. (1991) Advances in the understanding of neural mechanisms in movement disorders. In: The basal ganglia III. pp. 607-616, Eds G. Bernardi, M. B. Carpenter, G. Di Chiara, M. Morelli and P. Stanzione. Plenum Press: New York.
    • (1991) The Basal Ganglia III , pp. 607-616
    • Mitchell, I.J.1    Brotchie, J.M.2    Graham, W.C.3    Page, R.D.4    Robertson, R.G.5    Sambrook, M.A.6    Crossman, A.R.7
  • 164
    • 0024397741 scopus 로고
    • Neural mechanisms underlying parkinsonian symptoms based upon regional uptake of 2-deoxyglucose in monkeys exposed to 1-methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine
    • Mitchell, I. J., Clarke, C. E., Boyce, C. E., Robertson, R. G., Peggs, D., Sambrook, M. A. and Crossman, A. R. (1989) Neural mechanisms underlying parkinsonian symptoms based upon regional uptake of 2-deoxyglucose in monkeys exposed to 1-methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine. Neuroscience 32, 213-226.
    • (1989) Neuroscience , vol.32 , pp. 213-226
    • Mitchell, I.J.1    Clarke, C.E.2    Boyce, C.E.3    Robertson, R.G.4    Peggs, D.5    Sambrook, M.A.6    Crossman, A.R.7
  • 165
    • 0025363689 scopus 로고
    • Neural mechanisms of dystonia: Evidence from a 2-deoxyglucose uptake study in a primate model of dopamine agonist-induced dystonia
    • Mitchell, I. J., Luquin, R., Boyce, C. E., Robertson, R. G., Sambrook, M. A. and Crossman, A. R. (1990) Neural mechanisms of dystonia: evidence from a 2-deoxyglucose uptake study in a primate model of dopamine agonist-induced dystonia. Movement Dis. 5, 49-54.
    • (1990) Movement Dis. , vol.5 , pp. 49-54
    • Mitchell, I.J.1    Luquin, R.2    Boyce, C.E.3    Robertson, R.G.4    Sambrook, M.A.5    Crossman, A.R.6
  • 166
    • 0026548731 scopus 로고
    • GABAergic synaptic transmission. Regulation by drugs
    • Möhler, H. (1992) GABAergic synaptic transmission. Regulation by drugs. Arzneimittelforschung 42, 211-214.
    • (1992) Arzneimittelforschung , vol.42 , pp. 211-214
    • Möhler, H.1
  • 167
    • 0025959674 scopus 로고
    • Stimulus-transcription coupling in the nervous system: Involvement of the inducible protooncogenes fos and jun
    • Morgan, J. I. and Curran, T. (1991) Stimulus-transcription coupling in the nervous system: Involvement of the inducible protooncogenes fos and jun. Annu. Rev. Neurosci. 14, 421-451.
    • (1991) Annu. Rev. Neurosci. , vol.14 , pp. 421-451
    • Morgan, J.I.1    Curran, T.2
  • 169
    • 0019349519 scopus 로고
    • Segmental demyelination in the peripheral nerves of mice affected by a hereditary neuropathy (dystonia musculorum)
    • Moss, T. H. (1981) Segmental demyelination in the peripheral nerves of mice affected by a hereditary neuropathy (dystonia musculorum). Acta Neuropath. 53, 51-56.
    • (1981) Acta Neuropath. , vol.53 , pp. 51-56
    • Moss, T.H.1
  • 170
    • 0025067469 scopus 로고
    • The genetics of primary torsion dystonia
    • Müller, U. and Kupke, K. G. (1990) The genetics of primary torsion dystonia. Hum. Genet. 84, 107-115.
    • (1990) Hum. Genet. , vol.84 , pp. 107-115
    • Müller, U.1    Kupke, K.G.2
  • 171
    • 0025056899 scopus 로고
    • Electrophysiological study of dyskinesia produced by microinjection of picrotoxin into the striatum of the rat
    • Muramatsu, S., Yoshida, M. and Nakamura, S. (1990) Electrophysiological study of dyskinesia produced by microinjection of picrotoxin into the striatum of the rat. Neurosci. Res. 7, 369-380.
    • (1990) Neurosci. Res. , vol.7 , pp. 369-380
    • Muramatsu, S.1    Yoshida, M.2    Nakamura, S.3
  • 172
    • 0344100652 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Differential expression of glutamic acid decarboxylase mRNA in cerebellar purkinje cells and deep cerebellar nuclei of the genetically dystonic rat
    • Naudon, L., Clavel, N., Delfs, J. M., Lorden, J. F. and Chesselet, X. (1996) Differential expression of glutamic acid decarboxylase mRNA in cerebellar purkinje cells and deep cerebellar nuclei of the genetically dystonic rat. Soc. Neurosci. Abstr. 22, 1649.
    • (1996) Soc. Neurosci. Abstr. , vol.22 , pp. 1649
    • Naudon, L.1    Clavel, N.2    Delfs, J.M.3    Lorden, J.F.4    Chesselet, X.5
  • 173
    • 0002432040 scopus 로고
    • Brain metabolic mapping and behaviour: Assessing the effects of early development experiments in adult animals
    • Eds F. Gonzales-Lima. Kluwer:Amsterdam
    • Nobrega, J. N. (1992) Brain metabolic mapping and behaviour: assessing the effects of early development experiments in adult animals. In: Advances in metabolic mapping techniques for brain imaging of behavioural and learning functions, pp. 125-149, Eds F. Gonzales-Lima. Kluwer:Amsterdam.
    • (1992) Advances in Metabolic Mapping Techniques for Brain Imaging of Behavioural and Learning Functions , pp. 125-149
    • Nobrega, J.N.1
  • 174
    • 0028978634 scopus 로고
    • Alterations in the brain GABAA/benzodiazepine receptor-chloride ionophore complex in a genetic model for generalized dystonia: A quantitative autoradiographic analysis
    • Nobrega, J. N., Richter, A., Burnham, W. M. and Löscher, W. (1995) Alterations in the brain GABAA/benzodiazepine receptor-chloride ionophore complex in a genetic model for generalized dystonia: a quantitative autoradiographic analysis. Neuroscience 64, 229-239.
    • (1995) Neuroscience , vol.64 , pp. 229-239
    • Nobrega, J.N.1    Richter, A.2    Burnham, W.M.3    Löscher, W.4
  • 175
    • 0031025186 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Alterations in N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor binding in dystonic hamster brains
    • Nobrega, J. N., Richter, A., Jiwa, D., Raymond, R. and Löscher, W. (1997) Alterations in N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor binding in dystonic hamster brains. Brain Res. 744, 161-165.
    • (1997) Brain Res. , vol.744 , pp. 161-165
    • Nobrega, J.N.1    Richter, A.2    Jiwa, D.3    Raymond, R.4    Löscher, W.5
  • 176
    • 0029873781 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Quantitative autoradiography reveals regionally selective changes in dopamine D1 and D2 receptor binding in the genetically dystonic hamster
    • Nobrega, J. N., Richter, A., Tozman, N., Jiwa, D. and Löscher, W. (1996) Quantitative autoradiography reveals regionally selective changes in dopamine D1 and D2 receptor binding in the genetically dystonic hamster. Neuroscience 71, 927-936.
    • (1996) Neuroscience , vol.71 , pp. 927-936
    • Nobrega, J.N.1    Richter, A.2    Tozman, N.3    Jiwa, D.4    Löscher, W.5
  • 177
    • 0032509755 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Regional alterations in neuronal activity in dystonic hamster brain determined by quantitative CO histochemistry
    • in press
    • Nobrega, J. N., Richter, A., Jiwa, D., Raymond, R. and Löscher, W. Regional alterations in neuronal activity in dystonic hamster brain determined by quantitative CO histochemistry. Neuroscience (in press).
    • Neuroscience
    • Nobrega, J.N.1    Richter, A.2    Jiwa, D.3    Raymond, R.4    Löscher, W.5
  • 178
    • 0024228818 scopus 로고
    • Epidemiology of focal and generalised dystonia in Rochester, Minnesota
    • Nutt, J. G., Muenter, M. D., Aronson, A., Kurland, L. T. and Melton, L. J. (1988) Epidemiology of focal and generalised dystonia in Rochester, Minnesota. Movement Dis. 3, 188-194.
    • (1988) Movement Dis. , vol.3 , pp. 188-194
    • Nutt, J.G.1    Muenter, M.D.2    Aronson, A.3    Kurland, L.T.4    Melton, L.J.5
  • 179
    • 0001371748 scopus 로고
    • Dopa-responsive dystonia
    • Eds J. K. C. Tsui and D. B. Calne. Marcel Dekker: New York
    • Nygaard, T. G. (1995) Dopa-responsive dystonia. In: Handbook of dystonia, pp. 213-226, Eds J. K. C. Tsui and D. B. Calne. Marcel Dekker: New York.
    • (1995) Handbook of Dystonia , pp. 213-226
    • Nygaard, T.G.1
  • 181
    • 0023673621 scopus 로고
    • Clinicopathological correlation in symptomatic dystonia
    • Eds S. Fahn, C. D. Marsden and D. B. Calne. Raven Press: New York
    • Obeso, J. A. and Gimenez-Roldan, S. (1988) Clinicopathological correlation in symptomatic dystonia. In: Dystonia 2. Advances in neurology, Vol. 50, pp. 113-122, Eds S. Fahn, C. D. Marsden and D. B. Calne. Raven Press: New York.
    • (1988) Dystonia 2. Advances in Neurology , vol.50 , pp. 113-122
    • Obeso, J.A.1    Gimenez-Roldan, S.2
  • 182
    • 0342774193 scopus 로고
    • Decreased quisqualate-sensitive glutamate binding in the cerebellar cortex of the dystonic rat
    • O'Brien, G. A., Oltmans, G. A. and Lorden, J. F. (1990) Decreased quisqualate-sensitive glutamate binding in the cerebellar cortex of the dystonic rat. Soc. Neurosci. Abstr. 16, 1191.
    • (1990) Soc. Neurosci. Abstr. , vol.16 , pp. 1191
    • O'Brien, G.A.1    Oltmans, G.A.2    Lorden, J.F.3
  • 183
    • 0022525658 scopus 로고
    • Glutamic acid decarboxylase activity in micropunches of the deep cerebellar nuclei of the genetically dystonic (dt) rat
    • Oltmans, G. A., Beales, M. and Lorden, J. F. (1986) Glutamic acid decarboxylase activity in micropunches of the deep cerebellar nuclei of the genetically dystonic (dt) rat. Brain Res. 385, 148-151.
    • (1986) Brain Res. , vol.385 , pp. 148-151
    • Oltmans, G.A.1    Beales, M.2    Lorden, J.F.3
  • 184
    • 0021141584 scopus 로고
    • Alterations in the cerebellar glutamic acid decarboxylase (GAD) activity in a genetic model of torsion dystonia (rat)
    • Oltmans, G. A., Beales, M., Lorden, J. F. and Gordon, J. H. (1984) Alterations in the cerebellar glutamic acid decarboxylase (GAD) activity in a genetic model of torsion dystonia (rat). Exp. Neurol. 85, 216-222.
    • (1984) Exp. Neurol. , vol.85 , pp. 216-222
    • Oltmans, G.A.1    Beales, M.2    Lorden, J.F.3    Gordon, J.H.4
  • 185
    • 0008876134 scopus 로고
    • Observation and management of ″Wriggle Mouse Sagami″ with hereditary extrapyramidal syndrome
    • Osawa, N., Ohmura, M., Ishihara, Y. and Nakano, T. (1988) Observation and management of ″Wriggle Mouse Sagami″ with hereditary extrapyramidal syndrome. Kitasato Med. 18, 441-446.
    • (1988) Kitasato Med. , vol.18 , pp. 441-446
    • Osawa, N.1    Ohmura, M.2    Ishihara, Y.3    Nakano, T.4
  • 188
    • 0027286045 scopus 로고
    • Thalamotomy for the alleviation of levodopa-induced dyskinesia: Experimental studies in the 1-methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine-treated parkinsonian monkey
    • Page, R. D., Sambrook, M. A. and Crossman, A. R. (1993) Thalamotomy for the alleviation of levodopa-induced dyskinesia: experimental studies in the 1-methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine-treated parkinsonian monkey. Neuroscience 55, 147-165.
    • (1993) Neuroscience , vol.55 , pp. 147-165
    • Page, R.D.1    Sambrook, M.A.2    Crossman, A.R.3
  • 189
    • 0028816344 scopus 로고
    • Functional anatomy of the basal ganglia. I. the cortico-basal ganglia-thalamo-cortical loop
    • Parent, A. and Hazrati, L.-N. (1995a) Functional anatomy of the basal ganglia. I. The cortico-basal ganglia-thalamo-cortical loop. Brain Res. Rev. 20, 91-127.
    • (1995) Brain Res. Rev. , vol.20 , pp. 91-127
    • Parent, A.1    Hazrati, L.-N.2
  • 190
    • 0028816344 scopus 로고
    • Functional anatomy of the basal ganglia. II. the place of subthalamic nucleus and external pallidum in basal ganglia circuitry
    • Parent, A. and Hazrati, L.-N. (1995b) Functional anatomy of the basal ganglia. II. The place of subthalamic nucleus and external pallidum in basal ganglia circuitry. Brain Res. Rev. 20, 91-127.
    • (1995) Brain Res. Rev. , vol.20 , pp. 91-127
    • Parent, A.1    Hazrati, L.-N.2
  • 192
    • 0024239157 scopus 로고
    • Drugs which stimulate or facilitate central GABAergic transmission interact synergistically with delta-9-tetrahydrocannabinol to produce marked catalepsy in mice
    • Pertwee, R. G. (1988) Drugs which stimulate or facilitate central GABAergic transmission interact synergistically with delta-9-tetrahydrocannabinol to produce marked catalepsy in mice. Neuropharmacology 27, 1265-1270.
    • (1988) Neuropharmacology , vol.27 , pp. 1265-1270
    • Pertwee, R.G.1
  • 193
    • 0017734161 scopus 로고
    • A serotonergic innervation of noradrenergic neurons in nucleus locus coeruleus: Demonstration by immunocytochemical localization of the transmitter specific enzymes tyrosine and tryptophan hydroxylase
    • Pickel, V. M., Joh, T. H. and Reis, D. J. (1977) A serotonergic innervation of noradrenergic neurons in nucleus locus coeruleus: demonstration by immunocytochemical localization of the transmitter specific enzymes tyrosine and tryptophan hydroxylase. Brain Res. 131, 197-214.
    • (1977) Brain Res. , vol.131 , pp. 197-214
    • Pickel, V.M.1    Joh, T.H.2    Reis, D.J.3
  • 195
    • 0028052238 scopus 로고
    • Polysynaptic regulation of glutamate receptors and mitochondrial enzyme activities in the basal ganglia of rats with unilateral dopamine depletion
    • Porter, R. H. P., Greene, J. G., Higgins, D. S. and Greenamyre, J. T. (1994) Polysynaptic regulation of glutamate receptors and mitochondrial enzyme activities in the basal ganglia of rats with unilateral dopamine depletion. J. Neurosci. 14, 7192-7199.
    • (1994) J. Neurosci. , vol.14 , pp. 7192-7199
    • Porter, R.H.P.1    Greene, J.G.2    Higgins, D.S.3    Greenamyre, J.T.4
  • 196
    • 0028929325 scopus 로고
    • Regionally selective and age-dependent alterations in benzodiazepine receptor binding in the genetically dystonic hamster
    • Pratt, D. G., Möhler, H., Richter, A. and Löscher, W. (1995) Regionally selective and age-dependent alterations in benzodiazepine receptor binding in the genetically dystonic hamster. J Neurochem 64, 2153-2158.
    • (1995) J Neurochem , vol.64 , pp. 2153-2158
    • Pratt, D.G.1    Möhler, H.2    Richter, A.3    Löscher, W.4
  • 197
    • 0003375692 scopus 로고
    • Thalamus
    • Ed. G. Paxinos. Academic Press: San Diego
    • Price, J. L. (1995) Thalamus. In: The rat nervous system. 2nd ed, Ed. G. Paxinos. pp. 629-645. Academic Press: San Diego.
    • (1995) The Rat Nervous System. 2nd Ed , pp. 629-645
    • Price, J.L.1
  • 200
    • 0344532050 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • 3H]-2-deoxyglucose uptake study in mutant dynstonic hamsters: Abnormalities in discrete brain regions of the motor system
    • in press
    • 3H]-2-deoxyglucose uptake study in mutant dynstonic hamsters: abnormalities in discrete brain regions of the motor system. Movement Dis., in press.
    • Movement Dis.
    • Richter, A.1    Brotchie, J.M.2    Crossman, A.R.3    Löscher, W.4
  • 201
    • 0025935732 scopus 로고
    • Antidystonic effects of the NMDa receptor antagonists memantine, MK-801 and CGP 37849 in a hamster model of paroxysmal dystonia
    • Richter, A., Fredow, G. and Löscher, W. (1991) Antidystonic effects of the NMDA receptor antagonists memantine, MK-801 and CGP 37849 in a hamster model of paroxysmal dystonia. Neurosci. Lett. 133, 57-60.
    • (1991) Neurosci. Lett. , vol.133 , pp. 57-60
    • Richter, A.1    Fredow, G.2    Löscher, W.3
  • 202
    • 0030748203 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Prodystonic effects of riluzole in an animal model of idiopathic dystonia related to decreased total power in the red nucleus?
    • Richter, A., Gernert, M. and Löscher, W. (1997) Prodystonic effects of riluzole in an animal model of idiopathic dystonia related to decreased total power in the red nucleus? Europ. J. Pharmacol. 332, 133-142.
    • (1997) Europ. J. Pharmacol. , vol.332 , pp. 133-142
    • Richter, A.1    Gernert, M.2    Löscher, W.3
  • 204
    • 0027465861 scopus 로고
    • Alterations in pharmacological sensitivity of GABAergic but not dopaminergic and glutamatergic systems during ontogenesis in dystonic mutant hamsters
    • Richter, A. and Löscher, W. (1993a) Alterations in pharmacological sensitivity of GABAergic but not dopaminergic and glutamatergic systems during ontogenesis in dystonic mutant hamsters. Europ. J. Pharmacol. 231, 111-119.
    • (1993) Europ. J. Pharmacol. , vol.231 , pp. 111-119
    • Richter, A.1    Löscher, W.2
  • 205
    • 0027426030 scopus 로고
    • The atypical neuroleptic, clozapine, exerts antidystonic activity in a mutant hamster model. Comparison with haloperidol
    • Richter, A. and Löscher, W. (1993b) The atypical neuroleptic, clozapine, exerts antidystonic activity in a mutant hamster model. Comparison with haloperidol. Eur. J. Pharmacol. 242, 309-312.
    • (1993) Eur. J. Pharmacol. , vol.242 , pp. 309-312
    • Richter, A.1    Löscher, W.2
  • 206
    • 0027191009 scopus 로고
    • The kappa opioid receptor agonist U50,488H exerts antidystonic activity in a mutant hamster model of generalized dystonia
    • Richter, A. and Löscher, W. (1993c) The kappa opioid receptor agonist U50,488H exerts antidystonic activity in a mutant hamster model of generalized dystonia. Europ. J. Pharmacol. 236, 289-294.
    • (1993) Europ. J. Pharmacol. , vol.236 , pp. 289-294
    • Richter, A.1    Löscher, W.2
  • 207
    • 0344100641 scopus 로고
    • Neuroleptics and movement disorders. Effects of classical and atypical neuroleptics, administered alone or in combination with NMDa antagonists, in a genetic hamster model of generalized dystonia
    • Richter, A. and Löscher, W. (1994a) Neuroleptics and movement disorders. Effects of classical and atypical neuroleptics, administered alone or in combination with NMDA antagonists, in a genetic hamster model of generalized dystonia. Naunyn Schmiedeberg's Arch. Pharmacol. 350 (suppl.), 16.
    • (1994) Naunyn Schmiedeberg's Arch. Pharmacol. , vol.350 , Issue.SUPPL. , pp. 16
    • Richter, A.1    Löscher, W.2
  • 208
    • 0027986565 scopus 로고
    • (+)-WIN-55,212-2, a novel cannabinoid receptor agonist, exerts antidystonic effects in mutant dystonic hamsters
    • Richter, A. and Löscher, W. (1994b) (+)-WIN-55,212-2, a novel cannabinoid receptor agonist, exerts antidystonic effects in mutant dystonic hamsters. Europ. J. Pharmacol. 264, 371-377.
    • (1994) Europ. J. Pharmacol. , vol.264 , pp. 371-377
    • Richter, A.1    Löscher, W.2
  • 209
    • 0028846459 scopus 로고
    • Behavioural response to pharmacological manipulation of serotonin receptors in the genetically dystonic hamster
    • Richter, A. and Löscher, W. (1995) Behavioural response to pharmacological manipulation of serotonin receptors in the genetically dystonic hamster. Pharmacol. Biochem. Behav. 52, 655-665.
    • (1995) Pharmacol. Biochem. Behav. , vol.52 , pp. 655-665
    • Richter, A.1    Löscher, W.2
  • 210
    • 0029880817 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • 2+ channel antagonists in a hamster model of idiopathic dystonia
    • 2+ channel antagonists in a hamster model of idiopathic dystonia. Eur. J. Pharmacol. 300, 197-202.
    • (1996) Eur. J. Pharmacol. , vol.300 , pp. 197-202
    • Richter, A.1    Löscher, W.2
  • 211
    • 0343907225 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Dextrorphan, but not dextromethorphan, exerts antidystonic effects in mutant dystonic hamsters
    • Richter, A. and Löscher, W. (1997a) Dextrorphan, but not dextromethorphan, exerts antidystonic effects in mutant dystonic hamsters. Brain Res. 745, 336-338.
    • (1997) Brain Res. , vol.745 , pp. 336-338
    • Richter, A.1    Löscher, W.2
  • 212
    • 0345394357 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • SR 141716A antagonises antidystonic and cataleptic effects of the cannabinoid receptor agonist (+)-Win 55,212-2 in genetically dystonic hamsters
    • Richter, A. and Löscher, W. (1997b) SR 141716A antagonises antidystonic and cataleptic effects of the cannabinoid receptor agonist (+)-WIN 55,212-2 in genetically dystonic hamsters. Naunyn Schmiedeberg's Arch. Pharmacol. 355(suppl.), 91.
    • (1997) Naunyn Schmiedeberg's Arch. Pharmacol. , vol.355 , Issue.SUPPL. , pp. 91
    • Richter, A.1    Löscher, W.2
  • 213
    • 0343924431 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • MK-801 potentiates antidystonic effects of clozapine but not of haloperidol in mutant dystonic hamsters
    • Richter, A. and Löscher, W. (1997c) MK-801 potentiates antidystonic effects of clozapine but not of haloperidol in mutant dystonic hamsters. Brain Res., 769, 296-302.
    • (1997) Brain Res. , vol.769 , pp. 296-302
    • Richter, A.1    Löscher, W.2
  • 214
    • 0342592252 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Increased levels of kynurenic acid in brains of genetically dystonic hamsters
    • Richter, A., Löscher, W., Baran, H. and Gramer, M. (1996a) Increased levels of kynurenic acid in brains of genetically dystonic hamsters. Devel. Brain Res. 92, 111-116.
    • (1996) Devel. Brain Res. , vol.92 , pp. 111-116
    • Richter, A.1    Löscher, W.2    Baran, H.3    Gramer, M.4
  • 215
    • 85058722410 scopus 로고
    • Paradoxical enhancement of severity of dystonic disturbances in mutant Syrian golden hamsters during chronic treatment with phenobarbital
    • Richter, A., Löscher, W. and Fredow, G. (1990) Paradoxical enhancement of severity of dystonic disturbances in mutant Syrian golden hamsters during chronic treatment with phenobarbital. Naunyn-Schmiedeberg's Arch. Pharmacol. 342 (suppl.), R32.
    • (1990) Naunyn-Schmiedeberg's Arch. Pharmacol. , vol.342 , Issue.SUPPL.
    • Richter, A.1    Löscher, W.2    Fredow, G.3
  • 216
    • 0027418964 scopus 로고
    • The AMPA receptor antagonist NBQX exerts antidystonic effects in an animal model of idiopathic dystonia
    • Richter, A., Löscher, W. and Löschmann, P.-A. (1993) The AMPA receptor antagonist NBQX exerts antidystonic effects in an animal model of idiopathic dystonia. Eur. J. Pharmacol. 231, 287-291.
    • (1993) Eur. J. Pharmacol. , vol.231 , pp. 287-291
    • Richter, A.1    Löscher, W.2    Löschmann, P.-A.3
  • 217
    • 0028139124 scopus 로고
    • The novel antiepileptic drug lamotrigine exerts prodystonic effects in a mutant hamster model of generalized dystonia
    • Richter, A., Löschmann, P.-A. and Löscher, W. (1994) The novel antiepileptic drug lamotrigine exerts prodystonic effects in a mutant hamster model of generalized dystonia. Eur. J. Pharmacol. 264, 345-351.
    • (1994) Eur. J. Pharmacol. , vol.264 , pp. 345-351
    • Richter, A.1    Löschmann, P.-A.2    Löscher, W.3
  • 218
    • 0344962949 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Antidystonic effects of inhibitors of nitric oxide synthase in genetically dystonic hamsters
    • Richter, A., Löschmann, P.-A. and Löscher, W. (1996b) Antidystonic effects of inhibitors of nitric oxide synthase in genetically dystonic hamsters. Soc. Neurosci. Abstr. 22, 1649.
    • (1996) Soc. Neurosci. Abstr. , vol.22 , pp. 1649
    • Richter, A.1    Löschmann, P.-A.2    Löscher, W.3
  • 219
    • 0019798219 scopus 로고
    • Increased noradrenergic metabolism in the cerebellum of the mouse mutant dystonia musculorum
    • Riker, D. K., Messer, A. and Roth, R. H. (1981) Increased noradrenergic metabolism in the cerebellum of the mouse mutant dystonia musculorum. J. Neurochem. 37, 649-654.
    • (1981) J. Neurochem. , vol.37 , pp. 649-654
    • Riker, D.K.1    Messer, A.2    Roth, R.H.3
  • 220
    • 0002387869 scopus 로고
    • The physiology of dystonia
    • Eds J. K. C. Tsui and D. B. Calne. Marcel Dekker: New York
    • Rothwell, J. C. (1995) The physiology of dystonia. In: Handbook of dystonia, pp. 59-76, Eds J. K. C. Tsui and D. B. Calne. Marcel Dekker: New York.
    • (1995) Handbook of Dystonia , pp. 59-76
    • Rothwell, J.C.1
  • 221
    • 0000824258 scopus 로고
    • The anatomical and physiological basis of torsion dystonia
    • Ed. Marsden, C. D. and S. Fahn. Butterworths: London
    • Rothwell, J. C. and Obeso, J. A. (1987) The anatomical and physiological basis of torsion dystonia. In: Movement Disorders 2, pp. 313-331, Ed. Marsden, C. D. and S. Fahn. Butterworths: London.
    • (1987) Movement Disorders 2 , pp. 313-331
    • Rothwell, J.C.1    Obeso, J.A.2
  • 222
    • 0028359366 scopus 로고
    • Cerebellothalamocortical and pallidothalamocortical projections to the primary and supplementary motor cortical areas: A multiple tracing study in macaque monkeys
    • Rouiller, E. M., Liang, F., Babalian, A., Moret, V. and Wiesendanger, M. (1994) Cerebellothalamocortical and pallidothalamocortical projections to the primary and supplementary motor cortical areas: a multiple tracing study in macaque monkeys. J. Compar. Neurol. 345, 185-213.
    • (1994) J. Compar. Neurol. , vol.345 , pp. 185-213
    • Rouiller, E.M.1    Liang, F.2    Babalian, A.3    Moret, V.4    Wiesendanger, M.5
  • 223
    • 0002559474 scopus 로고
    • Precerebellar nuclei and red nucleus
    • 2nd ed, Ed. G. Paxinos. Academic Press: San Diego
    • Ruigrok, T. J. H. and Cella, F. (1995) Precerebellar nuclei and red nucleus. In: The rat nervous system, pp. 277-308. 2nd ed, Ed. G. Paxinos. Academic Press: San Diego.
    • (1995) The Rat Nervous System , pp. 277-308
    • Ruigrok, T.J.H.1    Cella, F.2
  • 224
    • 0005072089 scopus 로고
    • Cerebro-cerebellar interactions: For fast and stable timing of voluntary movement
    • Eds M. Mano, I. Hamada and M. R. DeLong. Excerpta Medica: Amsterdam
    • Sasaki, K. and Gemba, H. (1993) Cerebro-cerebellar interactions: For fast and stable timing of voluntary movement. In: Role of the cerebellum and basal ganglia in voluntary movements, pp. 40-50, Eds M. Mano, I. Hamada and M. R. DeLong. Excerpta Medica: Amsterdam.
    • (1993) Role of the Cerebellum and Basal Ganglia in Voluntary Movements , pp. 40-50
    • Sasaki, K.1    Gemba, H.2
  • 226
    • 0025118867 scopus 로고
    • GABAergic mechanisms in the cat red nucleus: Effects of intracerebral microinjections of muscimol or bicuculline in a conditioned motor task
    • Schmied, A., Amalric, M., Dormont, D. and Farin, D. (1990) GABAergic mechanisms in the cat red nucleus: effects of intracerebral microinjections of muscimol or bicuculline in a conditioned motor task. Exp. Brain Res. 81, 523-532.
    • (1990) Exp. Brain Res. , vol.81 , pp. 523-532
    • Schmied, A.1    Amalric, M.2    Dormont, D.3    Farin, D.4
  • 227
    • 0002486605 scopus 로고
    • Hereditary progressive dystonia with marked diurnal fluctuation and dopa-responsive dystonia: Pathognomonic clinical features
    • Eds Segawa, M. and Y. Nomura. Karger: Basel
    • Segawa, M. and Nomura, Y. (1995) Hereditary progressive dystonia with marked diurnal fluctuation and dopa-responsive dystonia: pathognomonic clinical features. In: Age-related dopamine-dependent disorders. Monogr. Neural Sci, pp. 10-24, Eds Segawa, M. and Y. Nomura. Karger: Basel.
    • (1995) Age-related Dopamine-dependent Disorders. Monogr. Neural Sci , pp. 10-24
    • Segawa, M.1    Nomura, Y.2
  • 228
    • 0027849709 scopus 로고
    • Metabolic mapping with cellular resolution: c-fos vs. 2-deoxyglucose
    • Sharp, F. R., Sagar, S. M. and Swanson, R. A. (1993) Metabolic mapping with cellular resolution: c-fos vs. 2-deoxyglucose. Crit. Rev. Neurobiol. 7, 205-228.
    • (1993) Crit. Rev. Neurobiol. , vol.7 , pp. 205-228
    • Sharp, F.R.1    Sagar, S.M.2    Swanson, R.A.3
  • 229
    • 0023758796 scopus 로고
    • Writer's cramp
    • Eds S. Fahn, C. D. Marsden and D. B. Calne. Raven Press: New York
    • Sheehy, M. P., Rothwell, J. C. and Marsden, C. D. (1988) Writer's cramp. In: Dystonia 2. Advances in Neurology, Vol. 50, pp. 457-472, Eds S. Fahn, C. D. Marsden and D. B. Calne. Raven Press: New York.
    • (1988) Dystonia 2. Advances in Neurology , vol.50 , pp. 457-472
    • Sheehy, M.P.1    Rothwell, J.C.2    Marsden, C.D.3
  • 230
    • 0026615116 scopus 로고
    • - ion channels modulated by multiple drug-binding sites
    • - ion channels modulated by multiple drug-binding sites. Trends Pharmacol. Sci. 13, 446-450.
    • (1992) Trends Pharmacol. Sci. , vol.13 , pp. 446-450
    • Sieghart, W.1
  • 231
    • 0030902685 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Release of serotonin in the rat locus coeruleus: Effects of cardiovascular, stressful and noxios stimuli
    • Singewald, N., Kaehler, S., Hemeida, R. and Philippu, A. (1997) Release of serotonin in the rat locus coeruleus: Effects of cardiovascular, stressful and noxios stimuli. Europ. J. Neurosci. 9, 556-562.
    • (1997) Europ. J. Neurosci. , vol.9 , pp. 556-562
    • Singewald, N.1    Kaehler, S.2    Hemeida, R.3    Philippu, A.4
  • 232
    • 0019829069 scopus 로고
    • Localization of functional activity in the central nervous system by measurement of glucose utilization with radioactive deoxyglucose
    • Sokoloff, L. (1981) Localization of functional activity in the central nervous system by measurement of glucose utilization with radioactive deoxyglucose. J. Cereb. Blood Flow Metabol. 1, 7-36.
    • (1981) J. Cereb. Blood Flow Metabol. , vol.1 , pp. 7-36
    • Sokoloff, L.1
  • 233
    • 0023698294 scopus 로고
    • Pathologic changes in the CNS of dystonia musculorum mutant mouse: An animal model for human spinocerebellar ataxia
    • Sotelo, C. and Guenet, J. L. (1988) Pathologic changes in the CNS of dystonia musculorum mutant mouse: an animal model for human spinocerebellar ataxia. Neuroscience 27, 403-424.
    • (1988) Neuroscience , vol.27 , pp. 403-424
    • Sotelo, C.1    Guenet, J.L.2
  • 234
    • 0028292024 scopus 로고
    • Research opportunities in dystonia
    • Spinella, G. M. and Sheridan, P. H. (1994) Research opportunities in dystonia. Neurology 44, 1177-1179.
    • (1994) Neurology , vol.44 , pp. 1177-1179
    • Spinella, G.M.1    Sheridan, P.H.2
  • 236
    • 0020531409 scopus 로고
    • Effects of age and strain differences on the red nucleus of the mouse mutant dystonia musculorum
    • Stanley, E., Messer, A. and Strominger, N. L. (1983) Effects of age and strain differences on the red nucleus of the mouse mutant dystonia musculorum. Anat. Rec. 206, 313-318.
    • (1983) Anat. Rec. , vol.206 , pp. 313-318
    • Stanley, E.1    Messer, A.2    Strominger, N.L.3
  • 237
    • 0023757657 scopus 로고
    • Animal models of neuroleptic-induced acute dystonia
    • Eds S. Fahn, C. D. Marsden and D. B. Calne. Raven Press: New York
    • Stewart, B. R., Rupniak, N. M. J., Jenner, P. and Marsden, C. D. (1988) Animal models of neuroleptic-induced acute dystonia. In: Dystonia 2. Advances in Neurology, Vol. 50, pp. 343-359, Eds S. Fahn, C. D. Marsden and D. B. Calne. Raven Press: New York.
    • (1988) Dystonia 2. Advances in Neurology , vol.50 , pp. 343-359
    • Stewart, B.R.1    Rupniak, N.M.J.2    Jenner, P.3    Marsden, C.D.4
  • 238
    • 0344962941 scopus 로고
    • Histamine dysfunction in the red nucleus can produce torsional dystonia which is relieved by diphenhydramine, pyrilamine or cimetidine
    • Stone, M. R., Vant Groenewout, J. I., Truong, D. D. and Matsumoto, R. R. (1994) Histamine dysfunction in the red nucleus can produce torsional dystonia which is relieved by diphenhydramine, pyrilamine or cimetidine. Soc. Neurosci. Abstr. 20, 1277.
    • (1994) Soc. Neurosci. Abstr. , vol.20 , pp. 1277
    • Stone, M.R.1    Vant Groenewout, J.I.2    Truong, D.D.3    Matsumoto, R.R.4
  • 239
    • 0027486072 scopus 로고
    • Neuropharmacology of quinolinic and kynurenic acids
    • Stone, T. W. (1993) Neuropharmacology of quinolinic and kynurenic acids. Pharmacol. Rev. 45, 309-379.
    • (1993) Pharmacol. Rev. , vol.45 , pp. 309-379
    • Stone, T.W.1
  • 240
    • 0025891961 scopus 로고
    • Effect of harmaline on cells of the inferior olive in the absence of tremor: Differential response of genetically dystonic and harmaline-tolerant rats
    • Stratton, S. E. and Lorden, J. F. (1991) Effect of harmaline on cells of the inferior olive in the absence of tremor: differential response of genetically dystonic and harmaline-tolerant rats. Neuroscience 41, 543-549.
    • (1991) Neuroscience , vol.41 , pp. 543-549
    • Stratton, S.E.1    Lorden, J.F.2
  • 241
    • 0023754073 scopus 로고
    • Spontaneous and harmaline-stimulated Purkinje cell activity in rats with a genetic movement disorder
    • Stratton, S. E., Lorden, J. F., Mays, L. E. and Oltmans, G. A. (1988) Spontaneous and harmaline-stimulated Purkinje cell activity in rats with a genetic movement disorder. J. Neurosci. 8, 3327-3336.
    • (1988) J. Neurosci. , vol.8 , pp. 3327-3336
    • Stratton, S.E.1    Lorden, J.F.2    Mays, L.E.3    Oltmans, G.A.4
  • 242
    • 0014556591 scopus 로고
    • The postural effects of lesions of the vestibular nuclei: A note on species differences among primates
    • Tarlov, E. (1969) The postural effects of lesions of the vestibular nuclei: A note on species differences among primates. J. Neurosurg. 31, 187-195.
    • (1969) J. Neurosurg. , vol.31 , pp. 187-195
    • Tarlov, E.1
  • 243
    • 0002244294 scopus 로고
    • Combining versus gating motor programs: Differential roles for cerebellum and basal ganglia?
    • Eds M. Mano, I. Hamada and M. R. DeLong. Excerpta Medica: Amsterdam
    • Thach, W. T., Mink, J. W., Goodkin, H. P. and Keating, J. G. (1993) Combining versus gating motor programs: Differential roles for cerebellum and basal ganglia? In: Role of the cerebellum and basal ganglia in voluntary movements. pp. 235-245, Eds M. Mano, I. Hamada and M. R. DeLong. Excerpta Medica: Amsterdam.
    • (1993) Role of the Cerebellum and Basal Ganglia in Voluntary Movements , pp. 235-245
    • Thach, W.T.1    Mink, J.W.2    Goodkin, H.P.3    Keating, J.G.4
  • 244
    • 0000739822 scopus 로고
    • Applications of botulinum toxin: Cervical and limb dystonia
    • Eds J. K. C. Tsui and D. B. Calne. Marcel Dekker: New York
    • Tsui, J. K. C. (1995) Applications of botulinum toxin: Cervical and limb dystonia. In: Handbook of dystonia, pp. 415-429, Eds J. K. C. Tsui and D. B. Calne. Marcel Dekker: New York.
    • (1995) Handbook of Dystonia , pp. 415-429
    • Tsui, J.K.C.1
  • 246
    • 0029944564 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Metabolic activity of the basal ganglia in parkinsonian syndromes in human and non-human primates: A cytochrome oxidase histochemistry study
    • Vila, M., Levy, R., Herrero, M.-T., Faucheux, B., Obeso, J. A., Agid, Y. and Hirsch, E. C. (1996) Metabolic activity of the basal ganglia in parkinsonian syndromes in human and non-human primates: a cytochrome oxidase histochemistry study. Neuroscience 71, 903-912.
    • (1996) Neuroscience , vol.71 , pp. 903-912
    • Vila, M.1    Levy, R.2    Herrero, M.-T.3    Faucheux, B.4    Obeso, J.A.5    Agid, Y.6    Hirsch, E.C.7
  • 247
    • 0025114780 scopus 로고
    • Neuropathological studies in a mutant hamster model of paroxysmal dystonia
    • Wahnschaffe, U., Fredow, G., Heintz, P. and Löscher, W. (1990) Neuropathological studies in a mutant hamster model of paroxysmal dystonia. Movement Dis. 5, 286-293.
    • (1990) Movement Dis. , vol.5 , pp. 286-293
    • Wahnschaffe, U.1    Fredow, G.2    Heintz, P.3    Löscher, W.4
  • 249
    • 0027525339 scopus 로고
    • An absence of changes in sigma receptor subtypes in the brains of genetically dystonic (dt) rats
    • Weissman, A. D., McCann, D. J., Lorden, J. F. and Su, T.-P. (1993) An absence of changes in sigma receptor subtypes in the brains of genetically dystonic (dt) rats. Eur. J. Pharmacol. 250, 329-332.
    • (1993) Eur. J. Pharmacol. , vol.250 , pp. 329-332
    • Weissman, A.D.1    McCann, D.J.2    Lorden, J.F.3    Su, T.-P.4
  • 250
    • 0030463523 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Functional and pathophysiological models of the basal ganglia
    • Wichmann, T. and DeLong, M. R. (1996) Functional and pathophysiological models of the basal ganglia. Curr. Opin. Neurobiol. 6, 751-758.
    • (1996) Curr. Opin. Neurobiol. , vol.6 , pp. 751-758
    • Wichmann, T.1    DeLong, M.R.2
  • 251
    • 0026023567 scopus 로고
    • Altered behavioural responses mediated by serotonin receptors in the genetically dystonia (dt) rat
    • Wieland, S. and Lucki, I. (1991) Altered behavioural responses mediated by serotonin receptors in the genetically dystonia (dt) rat. Brain Res. Bull. 26, 11-16.
    • (1991) Brain Res. Bull. , vol.26 , pp. 11-16
    • Wieland, S.1    Lucki, I.2
  • 252
    • 0024561501 scopus 로고
    • Cytochrome oxidase: An endogenous metabolic marker for neuronal activity
    • Wong-Riley, M. T. T. (1989) Cytochrome oxidase: an endogenous metabolic marker for neuronal activity. Trends Neurosci. 12, 94-101.
    • (1989) Trends Neurosci. , vol.12 , pp. 94-101
    • Wong-Riley, M.T.T.1
  • 253
    • 0028923276 scopus 로고
    • Neuronal mechanism underlying dystonia induced by bicuculline injection into the putamen of the cat
    • Yamada, H., Fujimoto, K.-I. and Yoshida, M. (1995) Neuronal mechanism underlying dystonia induced by bicuculline injection into the putamen of the cat. Brain Res. 677, 333-336.
    • (1995) Brain Res. , vol.677 , pp. 333-336
    • Yamada, H.1    Fujimoto, K.-I.2    Yoshida, M.3
  • 254
    • 0016933723 scopus 로고
    • Spontaneous seizures: A new mutation in Syrian golden hamsters
    • Yoon, C. H., Peterson, J. S. and Corrow, D. (1976) Spontaneous seizures: a new mutation in Syrian golden hamsters. J. Heredity 67, 115-116.
    • (1976) J. Heredity , vol.67 , pp. 115-116
    • Yoon, C.H.1    Peterson, J.S.2    Corrow, D.3
  • 255
    • 0026069245 scopus 로고
    • Differential roles of the caudate nucleus and putamen in motor behavior of the cat as investigated by local injection of GABA antagonists
    • Yoshida, M., Nagatsuka, Y., Muramatsu, S. and Niijima, K. (1991) Differential roles of the caudate nucleus and putamen in motor behavior of the cat as investigated by local injection of GABA antagonists. Neurosci. Res. 10, 34-51.
    • (1991) Neurosci. Res. , vol.10 , pp. 34-51
    • Yoshida, M.1    Nagatsuka, Y.2    Muramatsu, S.3    Niijima, K.4
  • 256
    • 0017343233 scopus 로고
    • Long-term review of dentatectomy in dystonia musculorum deformans and cerebral palsy
    • Zervas, N. T. (1977) Long-term review of dentatectomy in dystonia musculorum deformans and cerebral palsy. Acta Neurochir. Suppl. 24, 49-51.
    • (1977) Acta Neurochir. Suppl. , vol.24 , pp. 49-51
    • Zervas, N.T.1


* 이 정보는 Elsevier사의 SCOPUS DB에서 KISTI가 분석하여 추출한 것입니다.