Women's stature and marriage markets in preindustrial Bavaria

Journal of Family History

Volumn 23, Issue 2, 1998, Pages 124-135

  Baten, Jörg ^a   Murray, John E ^a  

^a NONE

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

EID: 0032040246     PISSN: 03631990     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1177/036319909802300202     Document Type: Article

References (43)

1. O. Saito, "Historical Demography: Achievements and Prospects," Population Studies 50 (1996): 541.
2. J. Hajnal, "European Marriage Patterns in Perspective," in Population m History, ed. D. V. Glass and D.E.C. Eversley (London: Arnold, 1965), 101-43.
3. O. Saito, "Historical Demography: Achievements and Prospects," Population Studies 50 (1996): 537-53.
4. H. J. Brinkman, J. W. Drukker, and B. Slot, "Height and Income: A New Method for the Estimation of Historical National Income Series," Explorations in Economic History 25 (1988): 227-64;
5. C. A. Mandemakers and J. L. Van Zanden, "Height of Conscripts and National Income: Apparent Relations and Misconceptions," Explorations in Economic History 30 (1993): 81-97;
6. J. Baten, "Der Einfluß von Einkommensverteilung und Milchproduktion auf die regionalen Unterschiede des Ernährungsstandards in Preussen um die Mitte des 19. Jahrhunderts: Eine anthropometrische Studie," Archiv für Sozialgeschichte 36 (1996): 69-83.
7. Even in the nineteenth century, astute observers noted such relationships, as a Bavarian physician wrote in the 1860s: "Important evidence on the physical flourishing or decay of a population can be deduced by a thorough investigation of its heights. . . . Groups of humans with greater heights enjoy longer life expectancies." (no author) Bayern, vol. 1 (Munich: J. G. Cotta, 1860), 445; our translation.
8. J. Komlos, "Age at Menarche and Age at First Birth in an Undernourished Population," Annals of Human Biology 16 (1989): 463-66.
9. D. L. Costa, "Height, Weight, Wartime Stress, and Older Age Mortality: Evidence from Union Army Records," Explorations in Economic History 30 (1993): 424-49; J. E. Murray, "Standards of the Present for People of the Past: Height, Weight, and Mortality Among Men of Amherst College, 1834-1949," Journal of Economic History 57 (1997): 585-606; R. W. Fogel, "Economic Growth, Population Theory, and Physiology: The Bearing of Long Term Processes on the Making of Economic Policy," American Economic Review 84 (1994): 369-95; H. T. Waaler, "Height, Weight, and Mortality: The Norwegian Experience," Acta Medica Scandinavia, 679 supplement (1984): 1-56.
10. D. L. Costa, "Height, Weight, Wartime Stress, and Older Age Mortality: Evidence from Union Army Records," Explorations in Economic History 30 (1993): 424-49; J. E. Murray, "Standards of the Present for People of the Past: Height, Weight, and Mortality Among Men of Amherst College, 1834-1949," Journal of Economic History 57 (1997): 585-606; R. W. Fogel, "Economic Growth, Population Theory, and Physiology: The Bearing of Long Term Processes on the Making of Economic Policy," American Economic Review 84 (1994): 369-95; H. T. Waaler, "Height, Weight, and Mortality: The Norwegian Experience," Acta Medica Scandinavia, 679 supplement (1984): 1-56.
11. D. L. Costa, "Height, Weight, Wartime Stress, and Older Age Mortality: Evidence from Union Army Records," Explorations in Economic History 30 (1993): 424-49; J. E. Murray, "Standards of the Present for People of the Past: Height, Weight, and Mortality Among Men of Amherst College, 1834-1949," Journal of Economic History 57 (1997): 585-606; R. W. Fogel, "Economic Growth, Population Theory, and Physiology: The Bearing of Long Term Processes on the Making of Economic Policy," American Economic Review 84 (1994): 369-95; H. T. Waaler, "Height, Weight, and Mortality: The Norwegian Experience," Acta Medica Scandinavia, 679 supplement (1984): 1-56.
12. D. L. Costa, "Height, Weight, Wartime Stress, and Older Age Mortality: Evidence from Union Army Records," Explorations in Economic History 30 (1993): 424-49; J. E. Murray, "Standards of the Present for People of the Past: Height, Weight, and Mortality Among Men of Amherst College, 1834-1949," Journal of Economic History 57 (1997): 585-606; R. W. Fogel, "Economic Growth, Population Theory, and Physiology: The Bearing of Long Term Processes on the Making of Economic Policy," American Economic Review 84 (1994): 369-95; H. T. Waaler, "Height, Weight, and Mortality: The Norwegian Experience," Acta Medica Scandinavia, 679 supplement (1984): 1-56.
13. R. Whaples, "The Standard of Living among Polish-and Slovak-Americans: Evidence from Fraternal Insurance Records, 1880-1970," in The Biological Standard of Living on Three Continents, ed. J. Komlos (Boulder, CO: Westview, 1995), 151-71.
14. State Archive Munich, JVA Wasserburg, Eingangsbuch I-III, 1860-1906.
15. For the null hypothesis of normality, p values for the following birth cohorts were as follows: 1819 to 1829 = .18; 1830s = .70; 1840s = .56; 1850s = .66; 1860s = .0001; 1870s = .54; 1880s = .38.
16. R. H. Steckel, "Stature and the Standard of Living," Journal of Economic Literature 33 (1995): 1903-40.
17. Beiträge zur Statistik des Königreichs Bayern 48 (1885), Die Ergebnisse der Berufszählung im Königreich Bayern vom 5. Juni 1882.
18. E. A. Johnson, "Women as Victims and Criminals: Female Homicide and Criminality in Imperial Germany, 1873-1914," Criminal Justice History 6 (1985): 151-75. See also his Urbanization and Crime: Germany, 1871-1914 (Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press, 1995), 184-91.
19. E. A. Johnson, "Women as Victims and Criminals: Female Homicide and Criminality in Imperial Germany, 1873-1914," Criminal Justice History 6 (1985): 151-75. See also his Urbanization and Crime: Germany, 1871-1914 (Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press, 1995), 184-91.
20. G. Becker, The Economic Approach to Human Behavior (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1976), chapter 11.
21. J. Jacobi-Dittrich, "Growing Up Female in the Nineteenth Century," in German Women in the Nineteenth Century: A Social History, ed. J. C. Fout (New York: Holmes and Meier, 1984), 197-217.
22. A. Meyer, "The Radicalization of Lily Braun," in Fout's German Women, 220.
23. R. Schulte, "Peasants and Farmers' Maids: Female Farm Servants in Bavaria at the End of the Nineteenth Century," in The German Peasantry: Conflict and Community in Rural Society from the Eighteenth to the Twentieth Centuries, ed. R. J. Evans and W. R. Lee (New York: St. Martin's, 1986), 158-73.
24. R. Whaples, "The Marriage Premium in Historical Perspective," mimeo, Wake Forest University, North Carolina, 1991.
25. L. J. Haddad and H. Bouis, "The Impact of Nutritional Status on Agricultural Productivity. Wage Evidence from the Philippines," Oxford Bulletin of Economics and Statistics 53 (1991): 45-68.
26. R. A. Marge and R. H. Steckel, "The Heights of American Slaves: New Evidence on Slave Nutrition and Health," Social Science History 6 (1982): 516-38.
27. W. Kaschuba, "Peasants and Others: The Historical Contours of Village Class Society," in Evans and Lee's German Peasantry, 235-64.
28. H. Schomerus, "The Family Life-Cycle: A Study of Factory Workers in Nineteenth-Century Württemberg," in The German Family: Essays on the Social History of the Family in Nineteenth and Twentieth Century Germany, ed. R. J. Evans and W. R. Lee (London: Croon Helm, 1981), 175-93; W. R. Lee, "Germany," in European Demography and Economic Growth, ed. W. R. Lee (New York: St. Martin's, 1979), 179.
29. H. Schomerus, "The Family Life-Cycle: A Study of Factory Workers in Nineteenth-Century Württemberg," in The German Family: Essays on the Social History of the Family in Nineteenth and Twentieth Century Germany, ed. R. J. Evans and W. R. Lee (London: Croon Helm, 1981), 175-93; W. R. Lee, "Germany," in European Demography and Economic Growth, ed. W. R. Lee (New York: St. Martin's, 1979), 179.
30. A certain amount of arbitrariness attends any attempt to divine class status from an occupational description. We associated occupations such as dienstmagd (servant maid) or tagelöhnerin (day-wage worker) with lower-class status and others such as bahnaufsehersfrau (wife of railroad inspector) and bauersehefrau (wife of yeoman farmer) with middle-class status.
31. W. R. Lee, "Bastardy and the Socioeconomic Structure of South Germany," Journal of Interdisciplinary History 7 (1977): 404-06.
32. P. B. Eveleth and J. M. Tanner, Worldwide Variation in Human Growth (Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press, 1990), 228.
33. J. Knodel, "Law, Marriage, and Illegitimacy in Nineteenth Century Germany," Population Studies 20 (1967): 279-94;
34. Lee, "Bastardy and the Socioeconomic Structure," 403-25;
35. E. Shorter, "Bastardy in South Germany: A Comment," Journal of Interdisciplinary History 8 (1978): 459-69;
36. J. Baten and J. E. Murray, "Bastardy in South Germany Revisited: An Anthropometric Approach," Journal of Interdisciplinary History 32 (1997): 47-56.
37. i in terms of births per married woman per year in each age group: age twenty to twenty-four, .550; age twenty-five to twenty-nine, .502; age thirty to thirty-four, .447; age thirty-five to thirty-nine, .406; age forty to forty-four, .222; age forty-five to forty-nine, .061.
38. Knodel, Decline of Fertility; the original sources for these indexes is A. J. Coale, "The Decline of Fertility in Europe from the French Revolution to World War II," in Fertility and Family Planning, ed. S. J. Behrman, L. Corsa, and R. Freedman (Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Press, 1969), 3-24.
39. Knodel, Decline of Fertility; the original sources for these indexes is A. J. Coale, "The Decline of Fertility in Europe from the French Revolution to World War II," in Fertility and Family Planning, ed. S. J. Behrman, L. Corsa, and R. Freedman (Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Press, 1969), 3-24.
40. Knodel, Decline of Fertility, appendix table 2.1. See also J. Knodel, Demographic Behavior in the Past: A Study of Fourteen German Village Populations in the Eighteenth and Nineteenth Centuries (Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press, 1988), 126, which shows a decline in age at first marriage in the Bavarian villages from about thirty-four in the 1840s to about twenty-eight in the 1890s.
41. Knodel, Decline of Fertility, appendix table 2.1. See also J. Knodel, Demographic Behavior in the Past: A Study of Fourteen German Village Populations in the Eighteenth and Nineteenth Centuries (Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press, 1988), 126, which shows a decline in age at first marriage in the Bavarian villages from about thirty-four in the 1840s to about twenty-eight in the 1890s.
42. m* was estimated above only for women who were currently married at the time of their imprisonment. The results we find were robust to specifications using either "presently married" or "ever married" as the nuptiality variable.
43. See G. S. Maddala, Introduction to Econometrics (New York: Macmillan, 1988), 277.