Obstructive sleep apnea: A review of the pathophysiology and surgical management

Oral Surgery, Oral Medicine, Oral Pathology, Oral Radiology, and Endodontics

Volumn 85, Issue 4, 1998, Pages 352-361

  Waite, Peter D ^a,b  

^a Univ of Alabama School of Dentistry   (United States)

^b UNIVERSITY OF ALABAMA AT BIRMINGHAM   (United States)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

HEART; HUMAN; JAW; LUNG; METHODOLOGY; OSTEOTOMY; PALATE; PATHOPHYSIOLOGY; PHARYNX; PHYSIOLOGY; POSITIVE END EXPIRATORY PRESSURE; REVIEW; SLEEP APNEA SYNDROME; SLEEP STAGE; SOFT PALATE;

HEART; HUMANS; JAW; LUNG; OSTEOTOMY; PALATE, SOFT; PHARYNX; POSITIVE-PRESSURE RESPIRATION; SLEEP APNEA SYNDROMES; SLEEP STAGES; UVULA;

EID: 0032040160     PISSN: 10792104     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1016/S1079-2104(98)90056-7     Document Type: Review

References (72)

1. Hauri PJ. Current concepts: the sleep disorders. Kalamazoo, Mich.: Upjohn; 1992.
2. Young T, Palta M, Dempsey J, et al. The occurrence of sleep-disordered breathing among middle-age adults. N Engl J Med 1993;328:1230-5.
3. Pegram GV, Luca E. Normal sleep and sleep disorders. In: Waite PD, editor. Oral and maxillofacial treatment of obstructive sleep apnea. Oral Maxillofac Surg Clin North Am 1995;7:181-93.
4. Chandler SH, In Anch M, Browman C, Miller M, et al. Sleep: a scientific perspective. Englewood Cliffs, N.J.: Prentice-Hall; 1988. p. 110.
5. Home J. Why we sleep: the functions of sleep in humans and other mammals. Oxford: Oxford University Press; 1988. p. 216.
6. Baust W, Bohnert B. The regulation of heart rate during sleep. Exp Brain Res 1969;7:169-80.
7. Coccagna G, diDonato G, Verucchi P, et al. Hypersomnia with periodic apneas in acquired micrognathia: a bird-like face syndrome. Arch Neurol 1976;33:769-76.
8. Snyder F, Hobson JA, Morrison DF, et al. Changes in respiration, heart rate, and systolic blood pressure in human sleep. J Appl Physiol 1964;19:417-22.
9. Gillis AM, Flemons WW. Cardiac arrhythmias during sleep. In: Kryger MH, Roth T, Dement WC, editors. Principles and practice of sleep medicine. London: Saunders; 1994. p. 847.
10. Guilleminault C, Connolly S, Winkle R, Melvin K, Tilldan A. Cyclical variation of the heart rate in sleep apnea syndrome: mechanisms and usefulness of 24 h electrocardiography as a screening technique. Lancet 1984;1:126-31.
11. Tucker DH, Sieker HO. The effect of change in body position or lung volumes and intrapulmonary gas mixing in patients with obesity, heart failure and emphysema. Am Rev Respir Dis 1960;82:787-91.
12. Guilleminault C, Motta J, Mihm F, Melvin K. Obstructive sleep apnea and cardiac index. Chest 1986;89:331-4.
13. Fletcher EC. Respiration during sleep and cardiopulmonary hemodynamics in patients with chronic lung disease. In: Martin RJ, editor. Cardiorespiratory disorders during sleep. 2nd ed. Mount Kisco, N.Y: Futura; 1990. p. 215.
14. Miller WP. Cardiac arrhythmias and conduction disturbances in the sleep apnea syndrome: prevalence and significance. Am J Med 1982;73:317-21.
15. Shepard JW Jr. Gas exchange and hemodynamics during sleep. Med Clin North Am. 1985;69:1243-64.
16. Shepard JW Jr. Hypertension, cardiac arrhythmias, myocardial infarction and stroke in relation to obstructive sleep apnea. Clin Chest Med. 1992;13:437-58.
17. Lugaresi E, Cirignotta F, Montagna P, et al. Snoring: pathogenic, clinical and therapeutic aspects. In: Kryger MH, Roth T, Dement WC, editors. Principles and practice of sleep medicine. Philadelphia: W.B.Saunders; 1994. p. 621-9.
18. Partinen M, Jamieson A, Guilleminault C. Long-term outcome for obstructive sleep apnea syndrome patients: mortality. Chest 1988;94:1200-4.
19. Muller JE, Ludmer PL, Willich SN, et al. Circadian variation in the frequency of sudden cardiac death. Circulation 1987;75:131-8.
20. He J, Kryger MH, Zorick FJ, Conway W, Roth T. Mortality and apnea index in obstructive sleep apnea: experience in 385 male patients. Chest 1988;94:9-14.
21. Thorpy MJ, Ledereich PS, Burack B, et al. Death in patients with obstructive sleep apnoea. Sleep Research 1990;19:301.
22. Findley LJ, Unverzagt ME, Suratt PM. Automobile accidents involving patients with obstructive sleep apnea. Am Rev Respir Dis 1988;138:337-40.
23. Hla KM, Young TB, Bidwell T, Palta M, Skatrud JB. Sleep apnea and hypertension: a population-based study. Ann Intern Med 1994;120:382-8.
24. Laks L, Krieger J, Podszus T. Pulmonary hypertension in obstructive sleep apnea: retrospective multicentre study. Am Rev Respir Dis 1992;145:A865.
25. Davila DG. Medical considerations in surgery for sleep apnea. In: Waite PD, editor. Oral and maxillofacial treatment of obstructive sleep apnea. Oral Maxillofac Surg Clin North Am. 1995;7:205-19.
26. Guilleminault C, Stoohs R, Clerk A, Cetel M, Maistros P. A cause of excessive daytime sleepiness: the upper airway resistance syndrome. Chest 1993;104:781-7.
27. Sadoul P, Lugaresi E. Symposium: Hypersomnia with periodic breathing. Bulletin de Physio-Pathologie Respiratoire 1972;8: 967-1288.
28. Jennum P, Hein HO, Suadicani P, Gyntelberg F. Cognitive functioning and snoring. Sleep 1993;16:562-4.
29. Telakivi T, Kajaste S, Partinert M, Brander P, Nyholm A. Cognitive function in obstructive sleep apnea. Sleep 1993;S74-5.
30. Simmons FB, Guilleminault C, Miles LE. The palatopharyngoplasty operation for snoring and sleep apnea: an interim report. Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg 1984;92:375-80.
31. 2 laser: laser-assisted UPPP. J Otolaryngol 1994;23:395-8.
32. Rosen GM, Mahowald M. Management of obstructive sleep apnea in children. In: Waite PD, editor. Oral and maxillofacial treatment of obstructive sleep apnea. Oral Maxillofac Surg Clin North Am 1995;7:231-41.
33. Carroll J, Loughlin G. Diagnostic criteria for obstructive sleep apnea syndrome in children. Pediatr Pulmonol 1992;14:71-4.
34. Marcus CL, Omlin KJ, Basinski DJ, et al. Normal polysomnographic values for children and adolescents. Am Rev Respir Dis 1992;146:1235-9.
35. Mather R, Douglas NJ. Family studies in patients with the sleep apnea-hypopnea syndrome. Ann Intern Med 1995;122:174-8.
36. Woodson BT. Examination of the upper airway. In: Waite PD editor. Oral and maxillofacial treatment of obstructive sleep apnea. Oral Maxillofac Surg Clin North Am 1995;7:257-67.
37. Katsantonis GP, Maas CS, Walsh JK. The predictive efficacy of the Müller maneuver in uvulopalatopharyngoplasty. Laryngoscope 1989;99:677-80.
38. Kuna ST, Bedi DG, Ryckman C. Effect of nasal airway positive pressure on upper airway size and configuration. Am Rev Respir Dis 1988;138:969-75.
39. Lavie P, Fischel N, Zomer J, Eliaschar I. The effects of partial and complete mechanical occlusion of the nasal passages on sleep structure and breathing in sleep. Acta Otolaryngol (Stockh) 1983;95:161-6.
40. Fujita S, Ikematsu T, Simmons FB. Pharyngeal surgery for obstructive sleep apnea and snoring. In: Fairbanks DN, Fujita S, Ikematsu T, Simmons FB, editors. Snoring and obstructive sleep apnea. New York: Raven Press; 1987. p. 101-28.
41. Skatvedt O. Localization of site of obstruction in snorers and patients with obstructive sleep apnea syndrome: a comparison of fiberoptic nasopharyngoscopy and pressure measurements. Acta Otolaryngologica 1993;113:206-9.
42. Remmers JE, deGroot WJ, Sauerland EK, Anch AM. Pathogenesis of upper airway occlusion during sleep. J Appl Physiol 1978;44:931-8.
43. Katsantonis GP, Walsh JK. Somnofluoroscopy: its role in the selection of candidates for uvulopalatopharyngoplasty. Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg 1986;94:56-60.
44. Shepard JW Jr, Thawley SE. Localization of upper airway collapse during sleep in patients with obstructive sleep apnea. Am Rev Respir Dis 1990;141:1350-5.
45. Morrison DL, Launois SH, Isono S, Feroah TR, Whitelaw WA, Remmers JE. Pharyngeal narrowing and closing pressures in patients with obstructive sleep apnea. Am Rev Respir Dis 1993;148:606-11.
46. Woodsen BT, Wooten MR. A multisensor solid-state pressure manometer to identify the level of collapse in obstructive sleep apnea. Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg 1992;107:651-6.
47. Hans MG, Goldberg J. Cephalometric exam in obstructive sleep apnea. In: Waite PD, editor. Oral and maxillofacial treatment of obstructive sleep apnea. Oral Maxillofac Surg Clin North Am. 1995;7:209-81.
48. Strelzow VV, Blanks RH, Basile A, Strelzow AE. Cephalometric airway analysis in obstructive sleep apnea syndrome. Laryngoscope 1988;98:1149-58.
49. Hans MG, Pracharktum W, Nelson S. The orthodontist's role in obstructive sleep apnea. LaRevue d'Orthopedie Dento-faciale 1994;24:455-71.
50. Partinen M, Guilleminault C, Quera-Salva MA, Jamieson A. Obstructive sleep apnea and cephalometric roentgenograms: the role of anatomic upper airway abnormalities in the definition of abnormal breathing during sleep. Chest 1988;93:1199-205.
51. Solow B, Siersbaek-Nelsen S, Greve E. Airway adequacy, head posture, and craniofacial morphology. Am J Orthod 1984;86:214-23.
52. Tallgren A, Solow B. Hyoid bone position, facial morphology and head posture in adults. Eur J Orthod 1987;9:1-8.
53. Nimkarn Y, Miles PG, Waite PD. Maxillomandibular advancement surgery in obstructive sleep apnea syndrome patients: long-term surgical stability. J Oral Maxillofac Surg 1995;53: 1414-8.
54. Strollo PJ Jr, Sanders MH, Stiller RA. Continuous and bilevel positive airway pressure therapy in sleep disordered breathing. In: Waite PD, editor. Oral and maxillofacial treatment of obstructive sleep apnea. Oral Maxillofac Surg Clin North Am 1995;7:221-30.
55. Nino-Murcia G, McCann CC, Bliwise DL, Guilleminault C, Dement WC. Compliance and side effects in sleep apnea patients treated with nasal continuous positive airway pressure. West J Med 1989;150:165-9.
56. Stauffer JL, Fayter N, MacLurg BJ. Conjunctivitis from nasal CPAP apparatus. Chest 1984;86:802.
57. Hoffstein V, Viner S, Mateika S, Conway J. Treatment of obstructive sleep apnea with nasal continuous positive airway pressure: patient compliance, perception of benefits and side effects. Am Rev Respir Dis 1992;145:841-5.
58. Sanders MH, Gruendl CA, Rogers RM. Patient compliance with nasal CPAP therapy for sleep apnea. Chest 1986;90:330-3.
59. Kribbs NB, Pack AI, Kline LR, et al. Objective measurement of patterns of nasal CPAP use by patients with obstructive sleep apnea. Am Rev Respir Dis 1993;147:887-95.
60. Esclamado RM, Glenn MG, McCulloch TM, Cummings CW. Perioperative complications and risk factors in the surgical treatment of obstructive sleep apnea syndrome. Laryngoscope 1989;99:1125-9.
61. Sher, AE, Schechtman KB, Piccirillo JF. The efficacy of surgical modifications of the upper airway in adults with obstructive sleep apnea syndrome. Sleep 1996;19:156-77.
62. Sher AE. Uvulopalatopharyngoplasty. In: Waite PD, editor. Oral and maxillofacial treatment of obstructive sleep apnea. Oral Maxillofac Surg Clin North Am 1995;7:293-9.
63. Riley RW, Powell NB, Guilleminault C. Maxillary, mandibular, and hyoid advancement for treatment of obstructive sleep apnea: a review of 40 patients. J Oral Maxillofac Surg 1990;48:20-6.
64. Riley RW, Powell NB. Maxillofacial surgery and obstructive sleep apnea syndrome. Otolaryngol Clin North Am 1990;23: 809-26.
65. Powell NB, Riley RW. A surgical protocol for sleep disordered breathing. In: Waite PD, editor. Oral Maxillofac Surg Clin North Am 1995;7:345-54.
66. Waite PD, Tejera TJ, Anucul B. The stability of maxillary advancement using Le Fort I osteotomy with and without genial bone grafting. Int J Oral Maxillofac Surg 1996;25:264-7.
67. Waite PD, Wooten V. Lachner J, Guyette RF. Maxillomandibular advancement surgery in 23 patients with obstructive sleep apnea. J Oral Maxillofac Surg 1989;47:1256-61.
68. Steinberg B, Fraser B. The cranial base in obstructive sleep apnea. J Oral Maxillofac Surg 1995;53:1150-4.
69. Waite PD, Shettar SM. Maxillomandibular advancement surgery: a cure for obstructive sleep apnea syndrome. In: Waite PD, editor. Oral and maxillofacial treatment of obstructive sleep apnea. Oral Maxillofac Surg Clin North Am 1995;7:327-36.
70. Schwab RJ, Gupta KB, Gefter WB, Metzger LJ, Hoffman EA, Pack AI. Upper airway and soft tissue anatomy in normal subjects and patients with sleep-disordered breathing: significance of the lateral pharyngeal walls. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 1995;152:1673-89.
71. Waite PD, Roldan SB, Roldan JQ. Awake cephalometric analysis of posterior airway space and calculated resistance before and after maxillomandibular advancement for obstructive sleep apnea. In press.
72. Sarver DM. The role of orthodontics in the surgical treatment of obstructive sleep apnea. In: Waite PD, editor. Oral and maxillofacial treatment of obstructive sleep apnea. Oral Maxillofac Surg Clin North Am 1995;7:311-26.