Residence Time Distribution Studies in Continuous Thermal Processing of Liquid Foods: A Review

Journal of Food Engineering

Volumn 36, Issue 1-4, 1998, Pages 1-30

  Pinheiro Torres, A ^a   Oliveira, F A R ^b  

^a UNIVERSIDADE CATÓLICA PORTUGUESA   (Portugal)

^b UNIVERSITY OF MACAU   (Macao)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

LIQUIDS; MATHEMATICAL MODELS; NON NEWTONIAN FLOW; OPTIMIZATION; PROCESS CONTROL; TUBES (COMPONENTS);

CONTINUOUS THERMAL PROCESSING; DANCKWERTS ANALYSIS; LIQUID FOODS; RESIDENCE TIME DISTRIBUTION;

FOOD PROCESSING;

EID: 0032036031     PISSN: 02608774     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1016/s0260-8774(98)00037-5     Document Type: Article

References (100)

1. Abichandani, H. & Sarma, S. C. (1988). Residence time distribution in a horizontal thin film scraped surface heat exchanger (SSHE). Journal of Food Process Engineering, 10, 17-80.
2. Aiba, S. & Sonoyama, T. (1965). Residence-time distribution of a microbial suspension in a straight pipe. Journal of Fermentation Technology, 43, 534-540.
3. Anonymous, (1950). Standard method for determining the holding time of HTST pasteurizers by means of the salt conductivity test. Journal of Milk and Food Technology, 13, 261-265.
4. Aoust, J.-Y. d', Emmons, D. B., McKellar, R., Timbers, G. E., Todd, E. C. D., Sewell, A. M. & Warburton, D. W. (1987). Thermal innactivation of salmonella species in fluid milk. Journal of Food Protection, 50(6), 464-501.
5. Aris, R. (1959). Notes on the diffusion-type model for longitudinal mixing in flow. Chemical Engineering Science, 9, 266-267.
6. Bailey, J. E. & Ollis, D. F. (1986). Biochemical Engineering Fundamentals, 2nd edn, McGraw Hill, New York, Chap. 9.
7. Bateson, R. N. (1971). The effect of age distribution on aseptic processing. Chemical Engineering Progress Symposium Series, 108(67), 44-52.
8. Bird, R. B., Stewart, W. E. & Lightfoot, E. N. (1960). Transport Phenomena, Wiley, New York.
9. Bischoff, K. B. (1960). Notes on the diffusion-type model for longitudinal mixing in flow (letters to the editor). Chemical Engineering Science, 12, 69-70.
10. Bischoff, K. B. & Levenspiel, O. (1962). Fluid dispersion - generalization and comparison of mathematical models - I. Generalization of models. Chemical Engineering Science, 17, 245-255.
11. Bischoff, K. B. & Levenspiel, O. (1962). Fluid dispersion - generalization and comparison of mathematical models - II. Comparison of models. Chemical Engineering Science, 17, 257-264.
12. Bosworth, R. C. L. (1948). Distribution of reaction times for laminar flow in cylindrical reactors. Philosophical Magazine, 39, 846-862.
13. Bosworth, R. C. L. (1949). Distribution of reaction times for turbulent flow in cylindrical reactors. Philosophical Magazine, 40, 314-324.
14. Botham, G. H. (1952), Determination of the holding time of plants pasteurizing ice cream mix. Monthly Bulletin, Ministry of Health and Public Health, 11, 82-85.
15. Brodkey, R. S. (1967). The Phenomena of Fluid Motions, Addison-Wesley, London.
16. Buffham, B. A. & Gibilaro, (1968). A generalization of the tanks-in-series mixing model. AIChE Journal, 14(5), 805-806.
17. Burton, H. (1958). An analysis of the performance of an UHT milk sterilizing plant: I. Introduction and physical measurements. Journal of Dairy Research, 25, 75-84.
18. Burton, H. (1958). An analysis of the performance of an UHT milk sterilizing plant: II. Calculation of the bactericidal effectiveness. Journal of Dairy Research, 25, 324-337.
19. Burton, H., Franklin, J. G., Williams, D. J., Chapman, H. R., Harrison, A. J. W. & Clegg, L. F. L. (1958). An analysis of the performance of an UHT milk sterilizing plant: III. Comparison of experimental and calculated sporicidal effects for a strain of Bacillus subtilis. Journal of Dairy Research, 25, 338-343.
20. Burton, H., Perkin, A. G., Davis, F. L. & Underwood, H. M. (1977). Thermal death kinetics of Bacillus stereathermophilus spores at ultra high temperatures. Journal of Food Technology, 12, 146-161.
21. Cerf, O. & Hermier, J. (1973). Thermorésistance anormale de spores bactériennes chaufées par injection directe dans le vapeur. Lait, 521-522, 23-39.
22. Chen, A. C. & Zahradnik, J. W. (1967). Residence time distributions in a SSHE. Transactions of the ASAE, 10, 508-511.
23. Cuevas, R., Cheryan, M. & Porter, V. L. (1982). Heat transfer and thermal process design in scraped-surface heat exchaners. AICHE Symposium Series, 78, 49-57.
24. Danckwerts, P. W. (1953). Continuous flow systems (distribution of residence times). Chemical Engineering Science, 2(1), 1-13.
25. Dickerson, R. W., Scalzo, A. M., Read, R. B. & Parker, R. W. (1968). Residence time of milk products in holding tubes of high-temperature short-time pasteurizers. Journal of Dairy Science, 51(4), 1731-1736.
26. Dickerson, R. W. Jr, Windau, T. D. & Read, R. B. Jr (1974). Flow profiles in the plates of a milk pasteurizer. Journal of Dairy Science, 57(1), 1-8.
27. Edgerton, E. R. & Jones, V. A. (1970). Holding-time measurement in an ultra high temperature direct steam-injection system. Transactions of the ASAE, 13, 695-698.
28. Edgerton, E. R., Jones, V. A. & Warren, J. A. (1970). Effect of process variables on the holding time in an ultrahigh-temperature steam injection system. Journal of Daisy Science, 53(10), 1353-1357.
29. Fahim, M. A. & Wakao, N. (1982). Parameter estimation from tracer response measurements. Chemical Engineering Science, 25, 1-8.
30. Fogler, H. S. (1986). Elements of Chemical Reaction Engineering, Prentice Hall, New Jersey.
31. Fromment, G. F. & Bischoff, K. B. (1979). Chemical Reactor Analysis and Design, Wiley, New York.
32. Guariguata, C., Barreiro, J. A. & Guariguata, G. (1979). Analysis of continuous sterilization processes for Bingham plastic fluids in laminar flow. Journal of Food Science, 44, 905-910.
33. Hahn, G. J. & Shapiro, S. S. (1967). Statistical Models in Engineering, Wiley, New York, Chap. 8.
34. Heppell, N. J. (1985). Comparison of the residence time distributions of water and milk in an experimental UHT sterilizer. Journal of Food Engineering, 4, 71-84.
35. Hersom, A. C. (1985). Aseptic processing and packaging of food. Food Reviews International, 1(2), 215-270.
36. Hill, C. G. (1977). An Introduction to Chemical Engineering Kinetics and Reactor Design, Wiley, New York.
37. Holdsworth, S. D. (1970). Continuous sterilization of foods. Process Biochemistry, 5(3), 57-62.
38. Holdsworth, S. D. (1971). Applicability of rheological models to the interpretation of flow and processing behavior of fluid food products. Journal of Texture Studies, 2, 393-418.
39. Holdsworth, S. D. & Richardson, P. S. (1986). Continuous sterilization operations for aseptic packaging: an overview. In Process Engineering in the Food Industry, eds Field and Howell, Elsevier, Oxford.
40. Hopkins, M. J., Sheppard, A. J. & Eisenklam, P. (1969). The use of transfer functions in evaluating residence time distribution curves. Chemical Engineering Science, 24, 1131-1137.
41. Hubbard, D. W. & Williams, C. N. (1977). Continuous fermenters for polysaccharide production. Process Biochemistry, 12(10), 11-13.
42. Janssen, P. W. M. (1994). Measurement of residence time distribution of processing plant using a cross correlation technique. Journal of Food Engineering, 21, 215-223.
43. Jordan, W. K. & Holland, R. F. (1953). Studies on thermal methods for measuring the holding time in HTST pasteurizers. Journal of Milk and Food Technology, 16(1), 15-21, 25.
44. Jordan, W. K. & March, R. P. (1953). Studies on overholding in HTST pasteurizers operated on water. Journal of Dairy Science, 36(1), 614-619.
45. Jordan, W. K., Holland, R. F. & White, J. C. (1949). The determination of the holding time in HTST pasteurizing units. Journal of Milk and Food Technology, 12(2), 87-92.
46. Kaufman, V. K., Ijichi, K. & Putnam, G. W. (1968). Flow characteristics in holding tubes of commercial egg pasteurizers. Journal of Milk and Food Technology, 31(9), 269-273.
47. Kaufman, V. K., Putnam, G. W. & Ijichi, K. (1968). Test methods for measuring minimum holding times in continuous egg pasteurizers. Journal of Milk and Food Technology, 31(10), 310-314.
48. Kessler, H. G. (1989). Effect of thermal processing on milk. In Developments in Food Preservation, 3rd edn, ed. S. Thorne, Elsevier, New York, Chap. 5.
49. Kiesner, C. H. & Reuter, H. (1988). Bestimmung des Verweilzeitverhaltens in Plattenwärmeaustauschern mit Hilfe des nichtidealen Impulsmethode. Chemical-Engineering-Technologie, 60(2), 142-143.
50. Kiesner, C. H. & Reuter, H. (1990). Determination of residence time functions in a plate heat exchanger using nonideal tracer impulse. In Engineering and Food, eds W. E. L. Spiess & H. Schubert, Elsevier, Oxford.
51. Kulozik, U., Hammelehle, B., Pfeifer, J. & Kessler, H. G. (1992). High reaction rate continuous bioconversion process in a tubular reactor with narrow residence time distributions for the production of lactic acid. Journal of Biotecnology, 22(1/2), 107-116.
52. Laan, E. T. v. d. (1958). Notes on the diffusion type model for the longitudinal mixing of flow. Chemical Engineering Science, 7, 187
53. Law, A. M. & Kelton, W. D. (1991). Simulation Modeling and Analysis, McGraw-Hill, New York.
54. Lee, J. H., Singh, R. K. & Lineback, D. S. (1995). Particle concentration influence on liquid RTD in a model aseptic processing system. Journal of Food Process Engineering, 18(2), 119-133.
55. Levenspiel, O. (1958). Longitudinal mixing of fluids flowing in circular pipes. Industrial Engineering Chemistry, 50(3), 343-346.
56. Levenspiel, O. (1972). Chemical Reaction Engineering (2nd edn), Wiley, New York, Chap. 9.
57. Levenspiel, O. & Bischoff, K. B. (1963). Patterns of flow in chemical process vessels. In Advances in Chemical Engineering, Vol. 4, eds T. B. Drew, J. W. Hoopes Jr & T. Vermeulen, Academic Press, New York, pp. 95-198.
58. Levenspiel, O. & Turner, J. C. R. (1970). The interpretation of residence-time experiments. Chemical Engineering Science, 25, 1605-1609.
59. Levenspiel, O., Lai, B. W. & Chatlynne, C. Y. (1970). Tracer curves and the residence time distribution. Chemical Engineering Science, 25, 611-1613.
60. Levenspiel , O. & Smith, W. K. (1957). Diffusion-type model for longitudinal mixing in flow. Chemical Engineering Science, 6, 227-236.
61. Lin, S. H. (1979). Residence time distribution of flow in a continuous sterilization process. Process Biochemistry, 14(7), 23-27.
62. Lin, S. H. (1980). Continuous sterilization of non-newtonian liquid foods in a tubular sterilizer. Lebensmittel-Wissenschaft und Technologie, 13(3), 138-141.
63. Lund, D. B. (1977). Design of thermal processes for maximizing nutrient retention. Food Technology, 31(2), 71-78.
64. Maesmans, G., Hendrickx, M., Weng, Z., Keteleer, A. & Tobback, P. (1992). Endpoint definition, determination and evaluation of thermal processes in food preservation. Belgian Journal of Food Chemistry and Biotechnolology, 45(5), 179
65. Malcata, F. X. (1991). Modeling of a series of continuous strirred tank reactors for thermal processing of liquid foods. International Journal of Food Science and Technology, 5, 535-546.
66. Milton, J. L. & Zahradnik, J. W. (1973). Residence time distribution of a votator pilot plant using a non-newtonian fluid. Transactions of the ASAE, 16(6), 1186-1189.
67. Nassauer, J. & Kessler, H. G. (1979). Zur Berechnung der Verweilzeitverteilung in einer Rohrleitung mit Armaturen. Milchwissenschaft, 34(4), 193-196.
68. O'Callaghan, E. & McKenna, B. M. (1974). An improved method of measuring residence time in an ultra high temperature sterilizing plant. Transactions of the ASAE, 17, 983-986.
69. Østergaard, K. & Michelsen, M. L. (1969). On the use of the imperfect tracer pulse method for determination of hold-up and axial mixing. Canadian Journal of Chemical Engineering, 47(4), 107-112.
70. Palmer, J. A. & Jones, V. A. (1976). A research note: Prediction of holding times for continuous thermal processing of power-law fluids. Journal of Food Science, 41, 1233
71. Patel, S. S. & Wilbey, R. A. (1990). Heat exchanger performance: the use of food colourings for estimation of minimum residence time. Journal of the Society of Dairy Technology, 43(1), 25-26.
72. Pethö, A. (1968). Notes on the determination of the residence time distribution in continuous-flow systems. Chemical Engineering Science, 23, 807-810.
73. Pinheiro-Torres, A. & Oliveira, F. A. R. (1994). Assessing overprocessing in the aseptic processing of fluid foods: an analysis of the contribution of different portions of the fluid to average quality. In Minimal Processing of Foods and Process Optimization: an Interface, eds R. P. Singh & F. A. R. Oliveira, CRC Press, New York.
74. Pudgiono, P. I., Tavare, N. S., Garside, J. & Nigam, K. D. P. (1992). Residence time distribution from a continuous Couette flow device. Chemical Engineering Journal, 48, 101-110.
75. Rangaiah, G. P. & Krishnaswamy, P. R. (1990). Application of time domain curve-fitting to parameter estimation in RTD models. Journal of Chemical Engineering of Japan, 223(2), 124-130.
76. Rao, M. A. (1973). Sizing holding tubes of HTST pasteurizers for Power law food products. Journal of Milk and Food Technology, 36(3), 181-188.
77. Rao, M. A. (1977). Rheology of liquid foods - a review. Journal of Texture Studies, 8, 135-168.
78. Rao, M. A. & Loncin, M. (1974). Residence time distribution and its role in continuous pasteurization (Part I). Lebensmittel-Wissenschaft und Technologie, 7(1), 5-13.
79. Rao, M. A. & Loncin, M. (1974). Residence time distribution and its role in continuous pasteurization (Part II). Lebensmittel-Wissenschaft und Technologie, 7(1), 14-17.
80. Rodrigo, M., Martinez, A., Sanchis, J., Trama, J. & Giner, V. (1990). Determination of hot-fill-hold-cool process specifications for crushed tomatoes. Journal of Food Science, 55(4), 1029-1032.
81. Roig, S. M., Vitali, A. A., Rodriguez, E. O. & Rao, M. A. (1976). Residence time distribution in the holding section of a plate heat exchanger. Lebensmittel-Wissenschaft und Technologie, 9, 255-256.
82. Ruthven, D. M. (1971). The residence time distribution for ideal laminar flow in a helical tube. Chemical Engineering Science, 26, 1113-1121.
83. Sancho, M. F. & Rao, M. A. (1992). Residence time distribution in a holding tube. Journal of Food Engineering, 15(1), 1-19.
84. Sawinsky, J. & Simandi, B. (1982). The residence time distribution for laminar flow of a non-Newtonian fluid in a straight circular tube. Transactions of the Institute of Chemical Engineering, 60, 188-190.
85. Scalzo, A. M., Dickerson, R. W., Read, R. B. & Parker, R. W. (1969). Residence times of egg products in holding tubes of egg pasteurizers. Food Technology, 5(23), 80-83.
86. Schlichting, H. (1960). Boundary Layer Theory, McGraw-Hill, New York.
87. Singh, R. K. & Lee, J. H. (1992). Residence time distributions of foods with/without particulates in aseptic processing systems. In: Advances in Aseptic Processing Technologies, eds R. K. Singh & P. E. Nelson, Elsevier, New York, pp. 7-62.
88. Sjenitzer, F. (1958). How much do products mix in a pipeline?. Pipeline Engineer, December, 31-34.
89. Steffe, J. F. (1992). Rheological Methods in Food Process Engineering. Freeman Press, West Lansing, Michigan.
90. Taylor, G. (1954). The dispersion of matter in turbulent flow through a pipe. Proceedings of the Royal Society of London Series A, 223, 446-468.
91. Thiel, C. C. & Burton, H. (1952). The maintenance of effective treatment in high-temperature short-time equipment for pasteurizing ice-cream mix. Monthly Bulletin of the Ministry of Health and Public Health ,11, 78-81.
92. Trommelen, A. M. & Beek, W. J. (1971). Flow phenomena in a scraped-surface heat exchanger. Journal of Engineering Science, 26, 1933-1942.
93. Veerkamp, C. H., Romijn, A. J. M. & Pol, J. C. (1974). Influence of varying residence time distribution on the inactivation of microorganisms during pasteurization of egg products. Lebensmittel-Wissenschaft und Technologie, 7(5), 306-310.
94. Watson, E. L., McKillop, A. A., Dunkley, W. L. & Perry, R. L. (1960). Plate heat exchangers-flow characteristics. Industrial Engineering Chemistry, 52(9), 733-744.
95. Wehner, J. F. & Wilhelm, R. H. (1956). Boundary conditions in a flow reactor. Chemical Engineering Science, 6, 89-93.
96. Wen, C. Y. & Fan, L. T. (1975). Models for Flow Systems and Chemical Reactors, Marcel Dekker, New York.
97. Wennerberg, J. (1986). Effects of flow distribution and variable temperature in a continuous process line. Milchwissenschaft, 41(6), 340-343.
98. Yeh, A.-I., Hwang, S.-J. & Guo, J.-J. (1992). Effects of screw speed and feed rate on residence time distribution and axial mixing of wheat flour in a twin-screw extruder. Journal of Food Engineering, 17, 1-13.
99. Zulichem, D. J., Stewart, J. G. & Buisman, G. (1973). Residence time distributions in an extruder. Lebensmittel-Wissenschaft und Technologie, 6(5), 184-188.
100. Zwietering, T. N. (1959). The degree of mixing in continuous flowing systems. Chemical Engineering Science, 11(1), 1-15.