Effect of group size on tonic immobility in laying hens

Behavioural Processes

Volumn 43, Issue 1, 1998, Pages 53-59

  Bilčík, Boris ^a   Keeling, Linda J ^b   Newberry, Ruth C ^c  

^a INSTITUTE OF CHEMISTRY   (Slovakia)

^b SWEDISH UNIVERSITY OF AGRICULTURAL SCIENCES   (Sweden)

^c WASHINGTON STATE UNIVERSITY   (United States)

Author keywords

Animal welfare; Antipredator behaviour; Fear; Hen; Tonic immobility

Indexed keywords

ANIMAL EXPERIMENT; ARTICLE; BEHAVIOR MODIFICATION; FEAR; HEN; HYPOTHESIS; NONHUMAN; PREDATION; RISK FACTOR; SOCIAL ENVIRONMENT; TONIC IMMOBILITY;

ANTIPREDATOR BEHAVIOUR; DOMESTIC HEN; GROUP SIZE; TONIC IMMOBILITY;

GALLUS GALLUS DOMESTICUS;

EID: 0032034298     PISSN: 03766357     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1016/S0376-6357(97)00081-8     Document Type: Article

References (31)

1. Arduino P.J., Gould J.L. Is tonic immobility adaptive? Anim. Behav. 32:1984;921923.
2. Bilčík, B., Keeling, L.J., 1998. Changes in feather condition in relation to feather pecking and aggressive behaviour in laying hens. British Poultry Science (in press).
3. Braastad B.O., Haugan H. Tonic immobility in domestic fowl is not easily modified by the behaviour of the predator after induction. Duncan I.J.H., Widowski T.M., Haley D.B. Proceedings of the 30th International Congress of the International Society for Applied Ethology. Guelph, Ontario, Canada. 1996;80.
4. Campo J.L., Carnicer C. Realized heritability of tonic immobility in White Leghorn hens: A replicated single generation test. Poult. Sci. 72:1993;2193-2199.
5. Campo J.L., Carnicer C. Effects of several 'stressors' on tonic immobility reaction of chickens. Arch. Geflügelkd. 58:1994;75-78.
6. Cashman P.J., Nicol C.J., Jones R.B. The effect of transportation on tonic immobility fear reactions and selected meat quality characteristics in broiler chickens. Unshelm J., van Putten G., Zeeb K., Ekesbo I. Proceedings of the International Congress on Applied Ethology in Farm Animals. Skara, Sweden. 1988;369-373.
7. Craig J.V., Vargas J.V., Milliken G.A. Fearful and associated responses of White Leghorn hens: Effects of cage environments and genetic stocks. Poult. Sci. 2165:1986;2199-2207.
8. Elgar M.A. Predator vigilance and group size in mammals and birds: A critical review of the empirical evidence. Biol. Rev. Camb. Philos. Soc. 64:1989;13-33.
9. Gallup G.G.J. Tonic immobility: The role of fear and predation. Psychol. Rec. 1:1977;41-46.
10. Gallup G.G.J., Cummings W.H., Nash R.F. The experimenter as an independent variable in studies of animal hypnosis in chickens (Gallus gallus). Anim. Behav. 20:1972;166-169.
11. Hansen I., Braastad B.O., Storbraten J., Tofastrud M. Differences in fearfulness indicated by tonic immobility between laying hens in aviaries and in cages. Anim. Welfare. 2:1993;105-112.
12. Jones R.B. The tonic immobility reaction of the domestic fowl: A review. World's Poult. Sci. J. 1442:1986;82-96.
13. Jones R.B. Is the experimenter an influential variable in studies in tonic immobility in the domestic fowl? Biol. Behav. 15:1990;93-103.
14. Jones R.B. The nature of handling immediately prior to test affects tonic immobility fear reactions in laying hens and broilers. Appl. Anim. Behav. Sci. 34:1992;247-254.
15. Jones R.B., Faure J.M. Tonic immobility ('righting time') in laying hens housed in cages and pens. Appl. Anim. Ethol. 7:1981;369-372.
16. Jones R.B., Faure J.M. Tonic immobility in the domestic fowl as a function of social rank. Biol. Behav. 7:1982;27-32.
17. Jones R.B., Mills A.D., Faure J.M. Genetic and experimental manipulation of fear-related behavior in Japanese quail chicks (Coturnix coturnix japonica). J. Comp. Psychol. 105:1991;15-24.
18. Kujiyat S.K., Craig J.V., Dayton A.D. Duration of tonic immobility affected by housing environment in Whites Leghorn hens. Poult. Sci. 62:1983;2280-2282.
19. Lee K., Moss C.W. Research note: Effects of floor space allowance and group size on fear response of White Leghorns. Poult. Sci. 68:1989;1024-1026.
20. Mashaly M.M., Webb M.L., Youtz S.L., Roush W.B., Graves H.B. Changes in serum corticosterone concentration of laying hens as a response to increased population density. Poult. Sci. 63:1984;2271-2274.
21. Mielnik M., Craig J.V., Milliken G.A. Beak trimming and holding time effects on fearfulness of pullets as estimated by tonic immobility. Poult. Sci. 71:1992;391-394.
22. Milinski M., Parker G.A. Competition for resources. Krebs J.R., Davies N.B. Behavioural Ecology. 1991;137-168 Blackwell Scientific, Oxford.
23. Mills A.D., Faure J.M. Divergent selection for duration of tonic immobility and social reinstatement behavior in Japanese quail (Coturnix coturnix japonica) chicks. J. Comp. Psychol. 105:1991;25-38.
24. Nash R.F. Effect of the visual presence of an experimenter on the maintenance of tonic immobility in domestic chickens (Gallus gallus). Psychol. Rec. 27:1977;779-782.
25. Roberts G. A real-time response of vigilance behaviour to changes in group size. Anim. Behav. 50:1995;1371-1374.
26. Roush W.B., Mashaly M.M., Graves H.B. Effect of increased bird population in a fixed cage area on production and economic responses of single comb White Leghorn laying hens. Poult. Sci. 63:1984;45-48.
27. Sargent A.B., Eberhardt L.E. Death feigning by ducks in response to predation by red foxes (Vulpes fulva). Am. Midl. Nat. 94:1975;108-119.
28. Scott G.B., Moran P. Fear levels in laying hens carried by hand and by mechanical conveyors. Appl. Anim. Behav. Sci. 36:1993;337-345.
29. Sigman S.E., Prestrude A.M. Auditory imprinting in domestic chicks during tonic immobility. Dev. Psychobiol. 14:1981;473-480.
30. Thompson R.K.R., Foltin R.W., Boylan R.J., Sweet A., Grawes C.A., Lowitz C.E. Tonic immobility in Japanese quail can reduce the probability of sustained attack by cats. Anim. Learn. Behav. 9:1981;145-149.
31. Wilkinson L. SYSTAT: The system for Statistics. 1990;SYSTAT, Evanston, IL.