Visual acuity losses in pigeons with lesions of the nucleus of Edinger-Westphal that disrupt the adaptive regulation of choroidal blood flow

Visual Neuroscience

Volumn 15, Issue 2, 1998, Pages 273-287

  Hodos, William ^a   Miller, Ronald F ^a   Ghim, Mimi M ^a   Fitzgerald, Malinda E C ^b,c   Toledo, Claudio ^d   Reiner, Anton ^c  

^a UNIVERSITY OF MARYLAND   (United States)

^b CHRISTIAN BROTHERS UNIVERSITY   (United States)

^c UNIVERSITY OF TENNESSEE HEALTH SCIENCE CENTER   (United States)

^d FEDERAL UNIVERSITY OF SANTA CATARINA   (Brazil)

Author keywords

Choriocapillaris; Choroidal blood flow; Edinger Westphal nucleus; Pigeons; Retinal degeneration; Retinal function; Visual acuity

Indexed keywords

MYDRIATIC AGENT;

ADAPTATION; ANIMAL; ARTICLE; BLOOD FLOW; BRAIN STEM; CHOROID; DRUG EFFECT; EXTRAOCULAR MUSCLE; LIGHT; PHYSIOLOGY; PIGEONS AND DOVES; PUPIL; PUPIL REFLEX; RADIATION EXPOSURE; TROCHLEAR NERVE; VASCULARIZATION; VISION; VISUAL ACUITY;

ADAPTATION, PHYSIOLOGICAL; ANIMALS; BRAIN STEM; CHOROID; COLUMBIDAE; LIGHT; MYDRIATICS; OCULOMOTOR MUSCLES; PUPIL; REFLEX, PUPILLARY; REGIONAL BLOOD FLOW; TROCHLEAR NERVE; VISION; VISUAL ACUITY;

EID: 0032032279     PISSN: 09525238     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1017/S0952523898152070     Document Type: Article

References (81)

1. BILL, A. (1984). The circulation of the eye. In The Microcirculation. Pan 2, Handbook of Physiology, Section 2, ed. RENKIN, E. & MICHEL, C.C., pp. 1001-1035. Baltimore, Maryland: The American Physiological Society.
2. BLOCH, S. & MARTINOYA, C. (1982). Comparing frontal and lateral viewing in the pigeon. I. Tachistoscopic visual acuity as a function of distance. Behavioral Brain Research 5, 231-244.
3. BLOCH, S. & MARTINOYA, C. (1983). Specialization of visual functions for different retinal areas in the pigeon. In Advances in Vertebrate Neuroethology, ed. EWERT, J.-P., CAPRANICA, R.R. & INGLE, D.J., pp. 359-368. New York, New York: Plenum Press.
4. BLOCH, S., MARTINOYA, C. & RIVAUD, S. (1981). Eye movements in pigeons: Participation in binocular fixation and visual pursuit. Journal of Physiology 320, 20-21P.
5. BORISH, I.M. (1970). Clinical Refraction, 3rd edition. Chicago, Illinois: The Professional Press, Incorporated.
6. BRECHA, N.C. & KARTEN, H.J. (1981). Organization of the avian accessory optic system. Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences 374, 215-229.
7. CUTHBERTSON, S., FITZGERALD, M.E.C., SHIH, Y.F., WHITE. J. & REINER, A. (1996). Distribution of ciliary ganglion nerve fibers in the avian choroid. Vision Research 36, 775-786.
8. CUTHBERTSON, S., JACKSON, B., TOLEDO, C., FITZGERALD, M.E.C., SHIH, Y.F., ZAGVAZDIN, Y. & REINER, A. (1997). Innervation of orbital and choroidal blood vessels by the pterygopalatine ganglion in pigeons. Journal of Comparative Neurology 385, 1-21.
9. DITCHBURN, R.W. & GINSBORG, B.L. (1952). Vision with a stabilized retinal image. Nature (London) 170, 36-37.
10. FELLOWS, B.J. (1967). Chance stimulus sequences for discrimination experiments. Psychological Bulletin 67, 87-92.
11. FITE, K.V., BENGSTON, L. & DONAGHEY, B. (1993). Experimental light damage increases lipofuscin in the retinal pigment epithelium of Japanese quail (Coturnix coturnix japonica). Experimental Eye Research 57, 449-460.
12. FITZGERALD, M.E.C. & RHINER, A. (1989). Lesions of the nucleus of Edinger-Westphal deleteriously affect photoreceptors in avian retina. Investigative Ophthalmology and Visual Science (Suppl.) 30, 464.
13. FITZGERALD, M.E.C., GAMLIN, F.D.R., ZAGVAZDIN, Y. & REINER, A. (1996). Central neural circuits for the light-mediated reflexive control of choroidal blood flow in the pigeon eye: A laser Doppler study. Visual Neuroscience 13, 655-669.
14. FITZGERALD, M.E.C., VANA, B.A. & REINER, A. (1990a). Control of choroidal blood flow by the nucleus of Edinger-Westphal in pigeons: A laser Doppler study. Investigative Ophthalmology and Visual Science 31, 2483-2492.
15. FITZGERALD, M.E.C., VANA, B.A, & REINER, A. (1990b). Evidence for retinal pathology following interruption of neural regulation of choroidal blood flow: Müller cells express GFAP following lesions of Edinger-Westphal in pigeons. Current Eye Research 9, 583-598.
16. FITZGERALD, M.E.C., CALDWELL, R.B. & REINER, A. (1992). Vasoactive intestinal polypeptide-containing nerve fibers are increased in abundance in the choroid of dystrophic RCS rats. Current Eye Research 11, 501-515.
17. FITZGERALD, M.E.C. & REINER, A. (1993). Photoreceptor loss with aging is associated with decreased choroidal blood flow in pigeons. Investigative Ophthalmology and Visual Science (Suppl.) 34, 1396.
18. FITZGERALD, M.E.C., FRASE, S., HODOS, W. & REINER, A. (1994). Outer retinal and choroidal pathology in aged pigeons. Investigative Ophthalmology and Visual Science (Suppl.) 35, 1952.
19. GAMLIN, F.D.R. & COHEN, D.H. (1986). A second ascending visual pathway from the optic tectum to the telencephalon in the pigeon (Columba livia). Journal of Comparative Neurology 250, 296-310.
20. GAMLIN, F.D.R. & REINER, A. (1991). The Edinger-Westphal nucleus: Sources of input influencing accommodation, pupilloconstriction and choroidal blood flow. Journal of Comparative Neurology 306, 425-438.
21. GAMLIN, F.D.R., REINER, A., KEYSER, K.T., BRECHA, N. & KARTEN, H.J. (1996). The projection of nucleus pretectalis to a retinorecipient tectal layer in the pigeon (Columba livia). Journal of Comparative Neurology 368, 424-438.
22. GAMLIN, F.D.R., REINER. A. & KARTEN, H.J. (1982). Substance P-containing neurons of the avian suprachiasmatic nucleus project directly to the nucleus of Edinger-Westphal. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the U.S.A. 79, 3891-3895.
23. GAMLIN, F.D.R., REINER, A., ERICHSEN, J.T., COHEN, D.H. & KARTEN, H.J. (1984). The neural substrate for the pupillary light reflex in pigeons. Journal of Comparative Neurology 226, 523-543.
24. HODOS, W., KARTEN, H.J. & BONBRIGHT, J.C., JR. (1973). Visual intensity and pattern discrimination after lesions of the thalamofugal visual pathway in pigeons. Journal of Comparative Neurology 148, 447-468.
25. HODOS, W. & BONBRIGHT, J.C., JR. (1975). Intensity and pattern discrimination after lesions of the pretectal complex, accessory optic nucleus and ventral geniculate in pigeons. Journal of Comparative Neurology 161, 1-19.
26. HODOS, W., LEIBOWITZ, R.W. & BONBRIGHT, J.C., JR. (1976). Near-field visual acuity of pigeons: Effects of head position and stimulus luminance. Journal of the Experimental Analysis of Behavior 25, 129-141.
27. HODOS, W. & LEIBOWITZ, R.W. (1977). Near-field visual acuity of pigeons: Effects of scotopic adaptation and wavelength. Vision Research 17, 463-467.
28. HODOS, W., BESSETTE, B.B., MACKO, K.A. & WEISS, S.R.B. (1985). Normative data for pigeon vision. Vision Research 25, 1525-1527.
29. HODOS, W. & ERICHSEN, J.T. (1990). Lower field myopia in birds: An adaptation that keeps the ground in focus. Vision Research 30, 653-657.
30. HODOS, W., MILLER. R.F. & FITE, K.V. (1991a). Age-dependent changes in visual acuity and retinal morphology in pigeons. Vision Research 31, 669-677.
31. HODOS, W., FITE, K.V., PORCIATTI, V., HOLDEN, A.L., LEE, J.-Y. & DJAMGOZ, M.B.A. (1991b). Life-span changes in the visual acuity and retina in birds. In The Changing Visual System: Maturation & Aging in the Central Nervous System, ed. BAGNOLI. P. & HODOS, W., pp. 137-148. New York. New York: Plenum Press.
32. HODOS, W., GHIM, M.M., MILLER, R.A., STERNHEIM. C.E. & CURRIE, D.G. (1997). Comparative analysis of contrast sensitivity. Investigative Ophthalmology and Visual Science (Suppl.) 38, 634.
33. JAMES, C.B. & SMITH, S.E. (1991). Pulsatile ocular blood flow in patients with low tension glaucoma. British Journal of Ophthalmology 75, 466-470.
34. KANSKI, J.J. (1984). Clinical Ophthalmology. St. Louis, Missouri: The C.V. Mosby Company.
35. KARTEN, H.J. & DUBBELDAM, J.L. (1973). The organization and projections of the paleostriatal complex in the pigeon (Columba livia). Journal of Comparative Neurology 148, 61-90.
36. KARTEN, H.J. & HODOS, W. (1967). A Stereotaxic Atlas of the Brain of the Pigeon (Columba livia). Baltimore, Maryland: Johns Hopkins Press.
37. KEESEY, U.T. (1960). Effects of involuntary eye movements on acuity. Journal of the Optical Society of America 50, 769-774.
38. KUBOTA, T., JONAS, J.B. & NAUMANN, G.O.H. (1993). Decreased choroidal thickness in eyes with secondary angle closure glaucoma. An aetiological factor for deep retinal changes in glaucoma? British Journal of Ophthalmology 77, 430-432.
39. LANGHAM, M.E., GREBE, R., HOPKINS, S., MARCUS, S. & SEBAG, M. (1991). Choroidul blood flow in diabetic retinopathy. Experimental Eye Research 52, 167-173.
40. LANUM, J. (1978). The damaging effects of light on the retina. Empirical findings, theoretical and practical implications. Survey of Ophthalmology 22, 221-249.
41. MACKO, K.A. & HODOS, W. (1984). Near-field acuity after visual system lesions in pigeons. I: Thalamus. Behavioral Brain Research 13, 1-14.
42. MACKO, K.A. & HODOS, W. (1985). Near point of accommodation in pigeons. Vision Research 25, 1529-1530.
43. MARSHALL, J., MELLERIO. J. & PALMER, D.A. (1972). Damage to pigeon retinae by moderate illumination from fluorescent lamps. Experimental Eye Research 14, 164-169.
44. MARSHALL, J., MELLERIO, J. & PALMER, D.A. (1973). A schematic eye for the pigeon. Vision Research 13, 2449-2453.
45. MARWITT, R., PILAR, G. & WEAKLY, J.N. (1971). Characterization of two ganglion cell population in avian ciliary ganglion. Brain Research 25, 317-334.
46. MERINEY, S.D. & PILAR, G. (1987). Cholinergic innervation of the smooth muscle cells in the choroid coat of the chick eye and its development. Journal of Neuroscience 7, 3827-3839.
47. MILLER, D. (1991). Optics and Refraction. Vol. I. Textbook of Ophthalmology. Edited by PODOS, S.M. & YANOFF, M. New York. New York: Gower.
48. NEWMAN, E.A. (1991). Sodium-bicarbonate cotransport in retinal Müller cells of the salamander. Journal of Neuroscience 11, 3972-3983.
49. NEWSOME, D.A. (1988). Retinal Dystrophies and Degenerations. New York, New York: Raven Press.
50. NOELL, W.K., WALKER, V.S., RANG, B.S. & BERMAN, S. (1966). Retinal damage by light in rats. Investigative Ophthalmology and Visual Science 5, 450-473.
51. ORGANLSCIAK, D.T. & WINKLER, B.S. (1994). Retinal light damage: Practical and theoretical considerations. Progress in Retinal and Eye Research 13, 1-29.
52. PÉREZ, J. & PERENTES, E. (1994). Light-induced retinopathy in the albino rat in long-term studies. An immunohistochemical and quantitative approach. Experimental Toxicology and Pathology 46, 229-235.
53. PETTIGREW, J.D., WALLMAN, J. & WILDSOET, C.F. (1990). Saccadic oscillations facilitate ocular perfusion from the avian pecten. Nature 343, 362-363.
54. PILAR, G., LANDMESSER, L. & BURSTEIN, L. (1980). Competition for survival among developing ciliary ganglion cells. Journal of Neurophysiology 43, 233-254.
55. PILAR, G., NUNEZ, R., MCLENNAN, I.S. & MERINEY, S.D. (1980). Muscarinic and nicotinic synaptic activation of the developing chicken iris. Journal of Neuroscience 7, 3813-3826.
56. PILAR, G. & VAUGHN, P. (1969). Electrophysiological investigations of the pigeon iris neuromuscular junctions. Comparative Biochemistry and Physiology 29, 51-72.
57. PORCIATTI, V., HODOS, W., SIGNORINI, G. & BRAMANTI, F. (1991). Electroretinographic changes in aged pigeons. Vision Research 31, 661-668.
58. POTTS, A.M. (1966). An hypothesis on macular disease. Transactions of the American Academy of Ophthalmology and Otolaryngology 1058-1062.
59. REINER, A., KARTEN, H.J., GAMLIN, P.D.R. & ERICHSEN, J.T. (1983). Parasympathetic control of ocular function: Functional subdivisions and connections of the avian nucleus of Edinger-Westphal. Trends in Neurosciences 6, 140-145.
60. REINER, A., ERICHSEN, J.T., CABOT, J.B., EVINCER, C. & FITZGERALD, M.E.C. (1991). Neurotransmitter organization of the nucleus of Edinger- Westphal and its projection to the avian ciliary ganglion. Visual Neuroscience 6, 451-472.
61. REINER, A., SHIH, Y.F. & FITZGERALD, M.E.C. (1995). The relationship of choroidal blood flow and accommodation to the control of ocular growth. Vision Research 35, 1227-1245.
62. RIGGS, L.A., RATLIFF, F., CORNSWEET, J.C. & CORNSWEET, T.N. (1953). The disappearance of steadily fixated visual test objects. Journal of the Optical Society of America 43, 495-501.
63. SCHAEFKEL, F., TROILO, D., WALLMAN, J. & HUWLAND, H.C. (1990). Developing eyes that lack accommodation grow to compensate for imposed defocus. Visual Neuroscience 4, 177-183.
64. SCHWAHN, H.N. & SCHAEFFEL, F. (I994). Chick eyes under cycloplegia compensate for spectacle lenses despite 6OHDA treatment. Investigative Ophthalmology and Visual Science 35, 3516-3524.
65. SHAHINFAR, S., EDWARD, D.P. & TSO, M.O.M. (1991). A pathologic study of photoreceptor cell death in retinal photic injury. Current Eye Research 10, 47-59.
66. SHIH, Y.F., FITZGERALD, M.E.C. & REINER, A. (1993). Effects of choroidal and ciliary nerve transection on choroidal blood flow and ocular growth. Visual Neuroscience 10, 969-979.
67. SHIH, Y.F., FITZGERALD, M.E.C. & REINER, A. (1994). The effects of choroidal or ciliary nerve transection on myopic eye growth induced by goggles. Investigative Ophthalmology and Visual Science 35, 3691-3701.
68. SHORTESS, G.K. & KRAUSKOPF, J. (1961). Role of involuntary eye movements in stereoscopic acuity. Journal of the Optical Society of America 51, 555-559.
69. STEINBERG, R.H. (1987). Monitoring communications between photoreceptors and pigment epithelial cells: Effects of "mild" systemic hypoxia. Investigative Ophthalmology and Visual Science 28, 1888-1904.
70. STONE, R.A., KUWAYAMA, Y. & LATIES, A.M. (1987). Regulatory peptides in the eye. Experientia 43, 791-800.
71. STULL, D., TROILO, D. & ROWLAND, H.C. (1993). What is the role of accommodation in the perception of target distance and pecking behavior in chicks. Society for Neuroscience Abstracts 19, 552.
72. TSO, M. & JAMPOL, L.M. (1990). Hypertensive retinopathy, choroidopathy and optic neuropathy of hypertensive ocular disease. In Hypertension, Pathophysiology, Diagnosis & Management, ed. LARAGH, J.H. & BRENNER, B.M., pp. 433-465. New York, New York: Raven Press.
73. UHLRICH, D.J., BLOUGH, P.M. & BLOUGH, D.S. (1982). The pigeon's distant visual acuity as a function of viewing angle. Vision Research 22, 429-431.
74. VEENMAN, C.L., KARLH, E.J., ANDERSON, K.D. & REINER, A. (1995). Thalamostriatal projections neurons in birds utilize LANT6 and neurotensin: A light and electron microscopic double-labeling study. Journal of Chemical Neuroanatomy 9, 1-16.
75. VEENMAN, C.L., MEDINA, L. & REINER, A. (1997). The avian homologues of the mammalian intralaminar, mediodorsal and midline thalamic nuclei: Immunohistochemical and hodological evidence. Brain, Behavior, and Evolution 49, 78-98.
76. WALLS, G.L. (1963). The Vertebrate Eye and its Adaptive Radiation. New York, New York: Hafner.
77. WESTHEIMER, G. (1992). Visual acuity. In Adler's Physiology of the Eye, ed. HART, W.M., pp. 531-647. St. Louis, Missouri: The C.V. Mosby Company.
78. YANCEY, C.M. & LINSENMEIER, R.A. (1988). The ERG and choroidal PO2 in the cat during elevated IOP. Investigative Ophthalmology and Visual Science 29, 700-707.
79. YANCEY, C.M. & LINSENMEIER, R.A. (1989). Oxygen distribution and consumption in the cat retina at increased IOP. Investigative Ophthalmology and Visual Science 30, 600-611.
80. YIN, Z.Q., VAEGAN, T.J., MILLAR, J., SARKS, J. & SARKS, S.H. (1994). Choroidal atrophy in chronic primary open angle glaucoma. Investigative Ophthalmology and Visual Science (Suppl.) 35, 1842.
81. YONEYA, S., AMANO, H., MORI, K., OHKI, R. & DEGUCHI, T. (1995). Indocyanine green angiography of the choroid in young and aged eyes. Investigative Ophthalmology and Visual Science (Suppl.) 36, 187.