In situ scanning force microscopy (SFM) study of the electrochemical activation of carbon fibres

Composites Science and Technology

Volumn 58, Issue 3-4, 1998, Pages 559-570

  Zhdan, P A ^a   Bors, M ^a   Castle, J E ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF SURREY   (United Kingdom)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

AMMONIUM COMPOUNDS; ASPECT RATIO; ELECTROCHEMISTRY; ETCHING; MICROSCOPIC EXAMINATION; MORPHOLOGY; NONMETALLIC MATRIX COMPOSITES; POLYACRYLONITRILES; POROUS MATERIALS; SURFACE ROUGHNESS; TENSILE STRENGTH; TEXTURES;

AMMONIUM BICARBONATE; ELECTROCHEMICAL ACTIVATION; SCANNING FORCE MICROSCOPY (SFM);

CARBON FIBER REINFORCED PLASTICS;

CARBON FIBRES; FIBRE/MATRIX INTERFACE; MICROSCOPY, FORCE, SCANNING;

EID: 0032030127     PISSN: 02663538     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1016/S0266-3538(97)00174-7     Document Type: Article

References (39)

1. 1. Proctor, A. and Sherwood, P. M. A., X-ray photoelectron spectroscopic studies of carbon fibre surfaces. 2. The effect of electrochemical treatment. Carbon, 1983, 21, 53-59.
2. 2. Denison, P., Jones, F. R. and Watts, J. F., A quantification and investigation of surface microporosity in carbon-fibers using labeling and XPS. Surf. Interf. Anal., 1988, 12, 455-460.
3. 3. Kozlowski, C. and Sherwood, P. M. A., X-ray photoelectron spectroscopic studies of carbon-fiber surfaces. VII - electrochemical treatment in ammonium salt electrolytes. Carbon, 1986, 24, 357-363.
4. 4. Jones, C., Effects of electrochemical and plasma treatments on carbon-fiber surfaces. Surf. Interf. Anal., 1993, 20, 357-367.
5. 5. Farrow, G. J., Atkinson, K. E., Fluck, N. and Jones, C., Effect of low-power air plasma treatment on the mechanical-properties of carbon-fibers and the interfacial shear-strength of carbon fiber-epoxy composites. Surf. Interf. Anal., 1995, 23, 313-318.
6. 6. Alexander, M. R. and Jones, F. R., Effect of electrolytic oxidation upon the surface-chemistry of type-A carbon-fibers. 2. Analysis of derivatized surface functionalities by XPS, and TOF SIMS. Carbon, 1995, 33, 569-580.
7. 7. Guigon, M., Microtexture and mechanical-properties of carbon-fibers - relationship with the fiber-matrix adhesion in a carbon-epoxy composite. Polym. Eng. Sci., 1991, 31, 1264-1270.
8. 8. Guigon, M., Characterization of the interface in a carbon epoxy composite using transmission electron-microscopy. J. Mater. Sci, 1992, 27, 4591-4597.
9. 9. Klinklin, E. and Guigon, M., Characterization of the interface in carbon-fiber-reinforced composites by transmission electron-microscopy. Colloids and Surfaces. A-Physicochem. Eng. Aspects, 1993, 74, 243-250.
10. 10. Guigon, M. and Klinklin, E., The interface and interphase in carbon-fiber-reinforced composites. Composites, 1994, 25, 534-539.
11. 11. Binnig, G., Rohrer, H., Gerber, C. and Weibel, E., Tunneling through a controllable vacuum gap. Appl. Phys. Lett., 1982, 40, 178-180.
12. 12. Hoffman, W. P., Hurley, W. C., Liu, P. M. and Owens, T. W., The surface-topography of non-shear treated pitch and PAN carbon-fibers as viewed by the STM. J. Mater. Res., 1991, 6, 1685-1694.
13. 13. Hoffman, W. P., Hurley, W. C., Owens, T. W. and Phan, H. T., Advantage of the scanning tunneling microscope in documenting changes in carbon-fiber surface-morphology brought about by various surface treatments. J. Mater. Sci., 1991, 26, 4545-4553.
14. 14. Marshall, P. and Price, J., Topography of carbon-fiber surfaces. Composites, 1991, 22, 388-393.
15. 15. Donnet, J. B. and Qin, R. Y., Study of carbon-fiber surfaces by scanning tunneling microscopy. 1. Carbon-fibers from different precursors and after various heat-treatment temperatures. Carbon, 1992, 30, 787-796.
16. 16. Effler, L. J., Fellers, J. F. and Annis, B. K., Scanning tunneling microscopy and X-ray analyses on mesophase pitch-based carbon-fibers. Carbon, 1992, 30, 631-638.
17. 17. Donnet, J. B. and Qin, R. Y., Study of carbon-fiber surfaces by scanning tunneling microscopy. 2. PAN-based high-strength carbon-fibers. Carbon, 1993, 31, 7-12.
18. 18. Donnet, J. B., Qin, R. Y., Park, S. J., Ryu, S. K. and Rhee, B. S., Scanning-tunneling-microscopy study of activated carbon-fibers. J. Mater. Sci., 1993, 28, 2950-2954.
19. 19. Debont, P. W., Scholte, P. M. L. O., Hottenhuis, M. H. J., Vankempen, G. M. P., Kerssemakers, J. W. and Tuinstra, F., Atomic-structure of longitudinal sections of a pitch-based carbon-fiber studied by STM. Appl. Surf. Sci., 1994, 74, 73-80.
20. 20. Binnig, G., Quate, C. F. and Gerber, C., Atomic force microscope. Phys. Rev. Lett., 1986, 56, 930-933.
21. 21. Hoffman, W. P., Scanning probe microscopy of carbon-fiber surfaces. Carbon, 1992, 30, 315-331.
22. 22. Magonov, S. N., Gorenberg, A. Y. and Cantow, H. J., Atomic force microscopy on polymers and polymer related-compounds. 5. Carbon-fibers. Polym. Bull., 1992, 28, 577-584.
23. 23. Smiley, R. J. and Delgass, W. N., AFM, SEM and XPS characterization of PAN-based carbon-fibers etched in oxygen plasmas. J. Mater. Sci., 1993, 28, 3601-3611.
24. 24. Zhdan, P. A., Grey, D. and Castle, J. E., Surface-structure of the PAN-based carbon-fibers studied by the scanning probe microscopy (SPM). Surf. Interf. Anal., 1994, 22, 290-295.
25. 25. Buser, R. A., Brugger, J. and Derooij, N. F., Micro-machined silicon cantilevers and tips for bidirectional force microscopy. Ultramicroscopy, 1992, 42(PtB), 1476-1480.
26. 26. Fitzer, E. and Weiss, R., Effect of surface-treatment and sizing of C-fibers on the mechanical-properties of CFR thermosetting and thermoplastic polymers. Carbon, 1987, 25, 455-467.
27. 27. Yuan, L. Y., Shyu, S. S. and Lai, J. Y., Plasma surface treatments on carbon-fibers. 2. Mechanical property and interfacial shear-strength. J. Appl. Polym. Sci., 1991, 42, 2525-2534.
28. 28. Krekel, G., Huttinger, K. J., Hoffman, W. P. and Silver, D. S., The relevance of the surface-structure and surface-chemistry of carbon-fibers in their adhesion to high-temperature thermoplastics. 1. Surface-structure and morphology. J. Mater. Sci., 1994, 29, 2968-2980.
29. 29. Krekel, G., Huttinger, K. J. and Hoffman, W. P., The relevance of the surface-structure and surface-chemistry of carbon-fibers in their adhesion to high-temperature thermoplastics. 2. Surface-chemistry. J. Mater. Sci., 1994, 29, 3461-3468.
30. 30. Krekel, G., Zielke, U. J., Huttinger, K. J. and Hoffman, W. P., The relevance of the surface-structure and surface-chemistry of carbon-fibers in their adhesion to high-temperature thermoplastics. 3. Interface adhesion and reinforcement effects. J. Mater. Sci., 1994, 29, 3984-3992.
31. 31. Baillie, C. A., Watts, J. F., Castle, J. E. and Bader, M. G., The influence of chemistry on the adhesion at the interface of carbon-epoxy composites. Compos. Sci. Technol., 1993, 48, 97-102.
32. 32. Scola, D. A. and Brooks, C. S., Surface aspects of new fibres, boron, silicon carbide and graphite. J. Adhes., 1970, 2, 213-237.
33. 33. Drzal, L. T., Rich, M. J. and Lloyd, P. F., Adhesion of graphite fibers to epoxy matrices. 1. The role of fiber surface-treatment. J. Adhesion, 1983, 16, 1-30.
34. 34. Jang, B. Z., Control of interfacial adhesion in continuous carbon and Kevlar fiber reinforced polymer composites. Compos. Sci. Technol., 1992, 44, 333-349.
35. 35. Huang, Y. L. and Young, R. J., Microstructure and mechanical-properties of pitch-based carbon-fibers. J. Mater. Sci., 1994, 29, 4027-4036.
36. 36. Jangchud, I., Serrano, A. M., Eby, R. K. and Meador, R. K., Studies of PAN-based carbon fibre surfaces: Their influence on interfacial bonding with PMR-15 polyimide and composite thermooxidative stability. J. Adv. Mater., 1996, 28, 19-25.
37. 37. Drzal, L. T., Mescher, J. A. and Hall, D. L., The surface composition and energetics of type HM graphite fibres. Carbon, 1979, 17, 375-382.
38. 38. Kinloch, A. J., Kodokian, G. K. A. and Watts, J. F., The adhesion of thermoplastic fiber composites. Philos. Trans. Roy. Soc. London Series A-Phys. Sci. Eng., 1992, 338(1649), 83-112.
39. 39. Frisbie, C. D., Rozsnyai, L. F., Noy, A., Wrighton, M. S. and Lieber, C. M., Functional-group imaging by chemical force microscopy. Science, 1994, 265, 2071-2074.