Strategies for dealing with micronutrient disorders and salinity in lowland rice systems

Field Crops Research

Volumn 56, Issue 1-2, 1998, Pages 139-155

  Neue, H U ^a,b   Quijano, C ^a   Senadhira, D ^a   Setter, T ^a  

^a INTERNATIONAL RICE RESEARCH INSTITUTE   (Philippines)

^b HELMHOLTZ CENTRE FOR ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH UFZ   (Germany)

Author keywords

Iron; Micronutrients; Nutrient use efficiency; Rice; Salinity; Selection; Zinc

Indexed keywords

BREEDING; CULTIVAR; GENOTYPE; GERMPLASM; IRON; LOWLAND; MANAGEMENT; MICRONUTRIENT DISORDER; PRECIPITATION; RHIZOSPHERE; RICE; SALINITY; TOXICITY; WETLAND; ZINC;

CROP PRODUCTION; NUTRIENT LIMITATION; RICE; SALINITY;

EID: 0032029939     PISSN: 03784290     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1016/S0378-4290(97)00125-1     Document Type: Article

References (135)

1. Abifarin, A.O., 1986. Inheritance of tolerance to iron toxicity in rice cultivars. In: Rice Genetics, Proceedings of the International Rice Genetics Symposium. The International Rice Research Institute, Los Banos, Philippines, pp. 423-427.
2. Afzal, M., 1980. Studies on the inheritance of resistance to zinc deficiency in rice (Oryza sativa L.) . J. Agric. Res. 18, 49-54.
3. Akbar, M., 1975. Water and chloride absorption in rice seedlings. J. Agric. Res. 13, 341-343.
4. Akbar, M., Ponnamperuma, F.N., 1982. Saline soils of South and Southeast Asia as potential land. International Rice Research Institute, Los Banos, Philippines.
5. Akbar, M., Yabuno, T., 1974. Breeding for saline-resistant varieties for rice: II. Comparative performance of some rice varieties to salinity during early development stage. Jpn. J. Breed. 24, 176-181.
6. Akbar, M., Yabuno, T., Nakao, S., 1972. Breeding for saline resistant varieties of rice: 1. Variability for salt tolerance among some rice varieties. Jpn. J. Breed. 22 (5), 277-284.
7. Akbar, M., Khush, G.S., HilleRisLambers, D., 1986. Genetics of salt tolerance in rice. In: Rice Genetics, Proceedings of the International Genetics Symposium. International Rice Research Institute, Los Baños, Philippines, pp. 399-409.
8. Akita, S., Cabuslay, G.S., 1990. Physiological basis of differential response to salinity in rice cultivars. Plant Soil 123 (2), 277-294.
9. Akita, S., Saito, K., 1986. Photosynthetic efficiency at rate-limiting light intensity in seedling population of some cultivars. Jpn. J. Crop Sci. 55 (4), 446-450.
10. Ando, T., Yoshida, S., Nishiyama, I., 1983. Nature of oxidizing power of rice roots. Plant Soil 72, 57-71.
11. Bell, P.F., Chaney, R.L., Angle, J.S., 1991. Free metal activity and total metal concentrations as indices of metal availability to barley (Hordeum vulgare cv. 'Klages'). Plant Soil 130, 51-62.
12. Benckiser, G., Ottow, J.C.G., Santiago, S., Watanabe, I., 1982. Physicochemical characterization of iron toxic soil in some Asian countries. IRRI Res. Pap. Ser. 85.
13. 2+ formation in the rhizosphere of rice (Oryza sativa L.) in relation to iron toxicity. Plant Soil 79, 305-316.
14. Bode, K., Doring, O., Luthze, Neue, H.U., Bottger, M., 1995. The role of active oxygen in iron tolerance of rice. Protoplasma 184, 249-255.
15. Boje-Klein, G., 1986. Problem soils as potential areas for adverse soils tolerant rice varieties in South and Southeast Asia. IRRI Res. Pap. Ser. 119, p. 53
16. Bowen, J.E., 1986. Kinetics of zinc uptake by two rice cultivars. Plant Soil 94, 99-107.
17. Bowen, J.E., 1987. Physiology of genotypic differences in zinc and copper uptake in rice and tomato. Plant Soil 99, 115-125.
18. 65 absorption by wheat seedlings and its translocation within the plants. Plant Soil 45, 137-143.
19. Brar, S.P.S., Randhawa, N.S., Dwiredi, R.S., 1974. Studies on differences in maize varieties for susceptibility of zinc deficiency - chemical and biochemical indices. Proc. 7th Int. Coll. Plant Anal. Fert. 1, 55-69.
20. Buol, S.W., Eswaran, H., 1993. Assessment and conquest of poor soils. Proceedings of the Workshop on Adaptation of Plants to Soil Stresses. University of Nebraska, Lincoln, NE, pp. 17-27.
21. Cakmak, I., 1988. Morphologische und physiologische Veränderungen bei Zink-Mangelpflanzen. Dissertation, Institut für Pflanzenernährung, Universität Hohenheim, Germany.
22. Cakmak, I., Marschner, H., 1987. Mechanism of phosphorus-induced zinc deficiency in cotton: III. Changes in physiological availability of zinc in plants. Physiol. Plant 70, 13-20.
23. Cakmak, I., Marschner, H., 1988. Increase in membrane permeability and exudation in roots of zinc deficient plants. J. Plant Physiol. 132, 356-361.
24. Cakmak, I., Gülüt, K.Y., Marschner, H., Graham, R.D., 1994. Effect of zinc and iron deficiency on phytosiderophore release in wheat genotypes differing in zinc efficiency. J. Plant Nutr. 17, 1-17.
25. Cassab, G.J., Varner, J.E., 1988. Cell wall proteins. Annu. Rev. Plant Physiol., Plant Mol. Biol. 39, 321-353.
26. Castro, R.U., 1977. Zinc deficiency in rice: a review of research at the International Rice Research Institute. IRRI, Res. Pap. Ser. 9.
27. Cayton, M.T.C., Reyes, E.D., Neue, H.U., 1985. Effect of zinc fertilization on the mineral nutrition of rice differing in tolerance to zinc deficiency. Plant Soil 87, 319-327.
28. Chaney, R.L., Brown, J.C., Tiffin, L.O., 1972. Obligatory reduction of ferric chelates in iron uptake by soybeans. Plant Physiol. 50, 208-213.
29. Chaubey, C.N., Senadhira, D., 1994. Conventional plant breeding for tolerance to problem soils. In: A.R. Yeo, T.J. Flowers (Eds.), Soil Mineral Stresses. Approaches to Crop Improvement. Monogr. Theor. Appl. Genet., Vol. 21. Springer-Verlag, Berlin.
30. Chaudry, F.M., Alam, S.M., Rashid, A., Latif, A., 1977. Mechanism of differential susceptibility of two rice varieties to zinc deficiency. Plant Soil 46, 637-642.
31. Cho, D.Y., Ponnamperuma, F.N., 1971. Influence of soil temperature on the chemical kinetics of flooded soils and the growth of rice. Soil Sci. 112 (3), 184-194.
32. CSSRI, 1979. Coastal saline soils of India. Bull. 5. Central Soil Salinity Research Institute, Karnal, India.
33. Dabin, P., Marafante, E., Mousny, J.M., Myttenaere, C., 1978. Absorption distribution and binding of cadmium and zinc in irrigated rice plants. Plant Soil 50, 329-341.
34. De Kock, P.C., Inkson, R.H.E., 1979. Active iron in plant leaves. Ann. Bot. 43, 737-740.
35. Elstner, E.F., 1987. Metabolism of activated oxygen species. The Biochemistry of Plants, Vol. II. Academic Press, Orlando, FL, pp. 253-315.
36. Elstner, E.F., Wagner, G.A., Schutz, W., 1988. Activated oxygen in green plants in relation to stress situations. Curr. Top. Plant Biochem. Physiol. 7, 159-187.
37. El-Naggar, M.I.A., 1990. Influence of salinity on the chemical kinetics of submerged soils and varietal tolerance of rice. PhD Thesis, Faculty of Agriculture, Cairo University, Cairo, Egypt.
38. Fageria, N.K., 1985. Salt tolerance of rice cultivars. Plant Soil 88, 237-243.
39. Forno, D.A., Asher, C.J., Yoshida, S., 1975. Zn deficiency in rice: I. Soil factors associated with the deficiency. Plant Soil 42, 537-550.
40. Foster, J.G., Hess, J.L., 1980. Responses of SOD and glutathione reductase activities in cotton leaf tissue exposed to an atmosphere enriched oxygen. Plant Physiol. 66, 482-487.
41. Fridovich, I., 1986. Superoxide dismutases. Adv. Enzymol. 41, 35-97.
42. Giordano, P.M., Noggle, J.C., Mortvedt, J.J., 1974. Zinc uptake hy rice as affected by metabolic inhibitors and competing cations. Plant Soil 41, 637-646.
43. Gregorio, G.B., 1997. Tagging salinity tolerance genes in rice using amplified fragment length polymorphism. PhD Thesis, University of the Philippines Los Banos, Philippines.
44. Gregorio, G.B., Senadhira, D., 1993. Genetic analysis of salinity tolerance in rice. Theor. Appl. Genet. 86, 333-338.
45. Gupta, R.K., Elihout, S.V.D., Abrol, I.P., 1987. Effect of pH on zinc adsorption-precipitation reactions in an alkali soil. Soil Sci. 143, 198-204.
46. Haldar, M., Mandal, L.N., 1981. Effect of P and Zn on the growth and P, Zn, Cu, Fe and Mn nutrition of rice. Plant Soil, 415-425.
47. Halliwell, B., Gutteridge, J.M.C., 1984. Oxygen toxicity, oxygen radicals, transition metals and disease. Biochem. J. 219, 1-14.
48. Hamilton, M.A., Westermann, D.T., James, D.W., 1993, Factors affecting zinc uptake in cropping systems. Soil Sci. Soc. Am. J. 57, 1310-1315.
49. Honna, Y., Hirata, H., 1978. Noticeable increase in cadmium absorption by zinc deficiency rice plants. Soil Sci. Plant Nutr. 24, 295-297.
50. Howeler, R.H., 1973. Iron induced oranging disease of rice in relation to physicochemical changes in a flooded Oxisol. Soil Sci. Soc. Am. Proc. 37, 898-903.
51. Ice, K.L., Pulfind, I.D., Duncan, H.J., 1981. Influence of water-logging and lime and organic matter addition on the distribution of trace metals in an acid soil: II. Zn and Cu. Plant Soil 59, 327-333.
52. Indian Council of Agricultural Research, 1978-1979. All India Coordinated Scheme of Micronutrients in Soils and Plants. Twelfth Annual Report, 101 pp.
53. IRRI, 1968. Annual report for 1967. International Rice Research Institute, Los Banos, Philippines.
54. IRRI, 1970. Annual report 1969. International Rice Research Institute, Los Banos, Philippines.
55. IRRI, 1971. Annual report for 1970. International Rice Research Institute, Los Banos, Philippines.
56. IRRI, 1979. Annual report for 1978. International Rice Research Institute, Los Banos, Philippines.
57. IRRI, 1988. Standard evaluation system for rice, 3rd edn. International Rice Testing Program, IRRI, Los Banos, Philippines.
58. Ishizuka, Y., 1961. Inorganic nutrition of rice plant: Part 6. Effect of iron, manganese and copper level in culture solution on yield and chemical composition of the plant. Soil Sci. Plant Nutr. 32, 97-100.
59. Jayawardena, S.D.G., Watabe, T., Tanaka, K., 1977. Relation between root oxidizing power and resistance to iron toxicity in rice. Rep. Soc. Crop Sci. Breed. 22, 38-47.
60. Katyal, J.C., Ponnamperuma, F.N., 1975. Zinc deficiency: a widespread nutritional disorder of rice in Agusan del Norte. Philippines Agric. J. 58 (3 and 4), 79-89.
61. Katyal, J.C., Sharma, B.D., 1979. Role of micronutrients in crop production. Fert. News 24, 33-50.
62. Kirk, G.J.D., Bajita, J.B., 1995. Root-induced iron oxidation, pH changes and zinc solubilization in the rhizosphere of lowland rice. New Phytol. 131, 129-137.
63. Kirk, G.J.D., Solivas, J.L., 1994. Coupled diffusion and oxidation of ferrous iron in soils: III. Further development of the model and experiment testing. Eur. J. Soil Sci. 45, 369-378.
64. Kirk, G.J.D., George, T., Courtois, B., Senadhira, D., 1997. Opportunities to improve phosphorus efficiency and soil fertility in rainfed lowland and upland rice ecosystems. Field Crops Res., this issue.
65. Kitagishi, K., Obata, H., 1986. Effects of zinc deficiency on the nitrogen metabolism of meristematic tissues of rice plants with reference to protein synthesis. Soil Sci. Plant Nutr. 32 (3), 397-405.
66. Lindsay, W.L., 1979. Chemical Equilibria in Soils. Wiley, New York.
67. Loneragan, J.F., 1976. Plant efficiencies in the use of B, Co, Cu, Mn and Zn, Proceedings of a Workshop on Plant Adaptation to Mineral Stresses in Problem Soils. Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, pp. 193-203.
68. Maas, E.V., Hoffmann, G.J., 1977. Crop salt tolerance in current assessment. J. Irrig. Drainage Div., Am. Soc. Civil Eng. 103 (IR2), 115-134.
69. Mahadevappa, M., Ikehashi, H., Aurin, P., 1981. Screening rice genotypes for tolerance to alkalinity and zinc deficiency. Euphytica 30, 253-257.
70. Marschner, H., 1986. Mineral Nutrition of Higher Plants. Academic Press, London.
71. Marschner, H., Cakmak, I., 1989. High light intensity enhances chlorosis and necrosis in leaves of zinc, potassium and magnesium deficient bean ( Phaseolus vulgaris) plant. J. Plant Physiol. 134, 308-315.
72. Marschner, H., Römheld, V., Kissel, M., 1987. Localization of phytosiderophore release and of iron uptake along intact barley roots. Physiol. Plant 71, 157-162.
73. Marschner, H., Römheld, V., Zhang, F.S., 1990. Mobilization of mineral nutrients in the rhizosphere by root exudates, Trans. 14th Int. Cong. Soil Sci. 2, 159-163.
74. Matsunaka, S., 1960, Studies on the respiratory enzyme system of plants: I. Enzymatic oxidation of naphthylamine in rice roots. J. Biochem. 47 (6), 820-829.
75. Matters, G.L., Scandalios, J.G., 1986. Effect of free radical generating herbicide paraquat on the expression of the superoxide dismutase genes in maize. Biochem. Biophys. Acta 882, 29-38.
76. Miller, D.M., Aust, S.D., 1983. Studies of ascorbate dependent iron catalyzed lipid peroxidation. Arch. Biochem. Biophys. 271 (1), 113-119.
77. Mikkelsen, D.S., Brandon, D.M., 1975. Zinc deficiency in California rice. California Agric., Sep. 1975.
78. Moeljopawiro, S., Ikehashi, H., 1981. Inheritance of salt tolerance in rice. Euphytica 30, 291-300.
79. Moormann, F.R., van Breemen, N., 1978. Rice: Soil, Water, Land. International Rice Research Institute, Los Banos, Philippines.
80. Nene, Y.L., 1972. Khaira disease of rice (Oryza sativa L.). Indian J. Agric. Sci. 42 (2), 87-95.
81. Neue, H.U., 1988. Holistic view of chemistry of flooded soils. Proceedings of the First International Symposium on Paddy Soil Fertility, IBSRAM, Bangkok, pp. 21-53.
82. Neue, H.U., 1991. Adverse soil tolerance of rice: mechanisms and screening techniques. In: Deturck, P., Ponnamperuma, F.N. (Eds.), Rice Production on Acid Soils in the Tropics. Institute of Fundamental Studies, Kandy, Sri Lanka, pp. 243-250.
83. Neue, H.U., Bloom, P.R., 1989. Nutrient kinetics and availability in flooded soils. In: Progress in Irrigated Rice Research. International Rice Research Institute, Los Banos, Philippines, pp. 173-190.
84. Neue, H.U., Lantin, R.S., 1994, Micronutrient toxicities and deficiencies in rice. In: Yeo, A.R., Flowers, T.J. (Eds.), Monographs on Theoretical and Applied Genetics, Vol. 21, Springer-Verlag, Berlin, pp. 175-200.
85. Neue, H.U., Mamaril, C.P., 1985. Zinc, sulfur and other micronutrients. In: Wetland soils: Characterization, Classification and Utilization. International Rice Research Institute, Los Banos, Philippines, pp. 307-320.
86. Neue, H.U., Singh, V.P., 1984. Management of wetland rice and fishponds on problem soils in the tropics. Ecology and Management of Problem Soils in Asia, FFTC Book No. 27. ASPAC, Taiwan, pp. 352-366.
87. Neue and Zhu-Zhong-lin, 1989. Chemistry of adverse flooded soils. In: Phosphorus requirements for sustainable agriculture in Asia and Oceania. International Rice Research Institute, Los Banos, Philippines, pp. 225-242.
88. Neue, H.U., Lantin, R.S., Cayton, M.T.C., Autor, N.U., 1990. Screening of rices for adverse soil tolerance. In: El Bassam, N., Dambroth, M., Loughman, B.C. (Eds.), Genetic Aspects of Plant Nutrition. Kluwer Academic Publisher, Dodrecht, the Netherlands, pp. 523-531.
89. Nhung, M.T., Ponnamperuma, F.N., 1966. Effect of calcium carbonate, manganese dioxide, ferric hydroxide, and prolonged flooding on chemical and electrochemical changes and growth of rice in a flooded acid sulfate soil. Soil Sci. 102, 29-41.
90. Norvell, W.A., 1991. Reactions of metal chelates in soils and nutrient solutions. In: Mortvedt, J.J., Cox, F.R., Shuman, L.M., Welch, R.M. (Eds.), Micronutrients in Agriculture, 2nd edn. Soil Sci. Soc. Am., Madison, WI., pp. 187-227.
91. Okajima, H., 1964. Environmental factors and nutrient uptake. In: The Mineral Nutrition of the Rice Plant. Johns Hopkins Univ. Press, Baltimore, MD, pp. 63-73.
92. Ota, Y., Yamada, N., 1962. Physiological study on bronzing of rice plant in Ceylon. Proc. Crop Sci. Soc. Jpn. 31, 90-97.
93. Park, Y.D., Tanaka, A., 1968. Studies of the rice plant and 'akiochi' soil in Korea. Soil Sci. Plant Nutr. 14, 27-34.
94. Parker, D.R., Chaney, R.L., Norvell, W.A., 1994. Chemical equilibrium models: applications to plant nutrition research. In: Loeppert, R.H. et. al (Eds.), Chemical Equilibrium and Reaction Models. Soil Sci. Soc. Am. Spec. Pub. No. XX, Soil Sci. Soc. Am., Madison, WI.
95. Pearson, G.A., Ayers, A.D., Eberhanrd, D.L., 1996. Relative salt tolerance of rice during germination and early seedling development. Soil Sci. 102, 151-156.
96. Peiris, B.D., Siegel, S.M., Senadhira, D., 1988. Chemical composition of grains of rice (Oryza Sativa L.) cultivated in saline media of varying ionic composition. J. Exp. Bot. 39, 623-631.
97. Ponnamperuma, F.N., 1972. The chemistry of submerged soils. Adv. Agron. 24, 29-95.
98. Ponnamperuma, F.N., 1975. Growth limiting factors of aerobic soils. In: Major Research in Upland Rice. International Rice Research Institute, Los Banos, Philippines.
99. Ponnamperuma, F.N., 1994. Evaluation and improvement of lands for wetland rice production. In: Senadhira, D. (Ed.), Rice and Problem Soils in South and Southeast Asia. International Rice Research Institute, Los Banos, Philippines, pp. 3-19.
100. Ponnamperuma, F.N., Bandyopadhyay, A.K., 1980. Soil salinity as a constraint on food production in the humid tropics. In: Proceedings of Symposium Priorities for Alleviating Soil-related Constraints to Food Production in the Tropics. International Rice Research Institute, Los Banos, Philippines.
101. Ponnamperuma, F.N., Solivas, J.L., 1982. Field amelioration of an acid sulfate soil with manganese dioxide and lime. In: Dost, H., van Breemen, N. (Eds.), Proceedings of the Bangkok Symposium on Acid Sulfate Soils. International Institute for Land Reclamation and Improvement, Wageningen, the Netherlands.
102. Quijano, C.C., Lantin, R.S., Reyes, R.Y., Neue, H.U., 1992. Wetland rice culture on marginally productive saline soils. Proceedings of the International Symposium on Strategies for Utilizing Salt-Affected Lands, Bangkok, Thailand, 17-25 February 1992. Funny Publishing, Bangkok, Thailand, pp. 532-541.
103. Rashid, A., Chaudry, F.M., Sharif, M., 1976. Micronutrient availability to cereals from calcareous soils: III. Zn absorption by rice and its inhibitions by important ions in submerged soils. Plant Soil 45, 613-623.
104. Sajwan, K.S., Lindsay, W.L., 1986. Effects of redox on zinc deficiency in paddy rice. Soil Sci. Soc. Am. J. 50, 1264-1269.
105. Sakal, R., 1980. Iron and zinc nutrition of rice. J. Indian Soc. Soil Sci. 28, 547-549.
106. Scharpenseel, H.W., Eichwald, E., Haupenthal, Ch., Neue, H.U., 1983. Zinc deficiency in a soil toposequence grown to rice at Tiaong, Quezon Province, Philippines. Catena 10, 115-132.
107. Shim, S.C., Vose, P.B., 1965. Varietal difference in the kinetics of iron uptake. J. Exp. Bot. 16 (47), 216-232.
108. Singh, M., 1981. Effect of zinc, P, and N on tryptophan concentrations in rice grains grown on limed and unlimed soils. Plant Soil 62, 305-308.
109. Singh, V.P., Neue, H.U., Akbar, M., 1994. Costal saline soils for rice cultivation. In: Senadhira, D. (Ed.), Rice and Problem Soils in South and Southeast Asia. International Rice Research Institute, Los Banos, Philippines, pp. 20-51.
110. Skoog, F., 1940. Relationships between zinc and auxin in the growth of higher plants. Am. J. Bot. 27, 935-951.
111. Sposito, G., Mattigod, S.V., 1980. GEOCHEM: a computer program for the calculation of chemical equilibria in soil solutions and other natural water systems. Department of Soil and Environmental Sciences, University of California, Riverside.
112. Tagawa, T., Ishizaka, N., 1964. Physiological studies on the salt tolerance of rice leaves. Mem. Fac. Agric. Hokkaido Univ. 5, 77-82.
113. Tanaka, A., Yoshida, S., 1970. Nutritional disorder of the rice plant in Asia. Int. Rice Res. Inst. Tech. Bull., 10.
114. Tanaka, A., Loe, R., Navasero, S.A., 1966. Some mechanisms involved in the development of iron toxicity symptoms in the rice plant. Soil Sci. Plant Nutr. 12, 32-38.
115. Tanaka, A., Mulleriyama, R.P., Yasu, T., 1968. Possibility of hydrogen sulfide induced iron toxicity of the rice plant. Soil Sci. Plant Nutr. 14, 1-6.
116. Thompson, J.E., Legge, R.L., Barber, R.F., 1987. The role of free radicals in senescence and wounding. New Phytol. 105, 317-344.
117. Tiwari, K.N., Pathak, A.N., 1982. Studies on Fe-Zn interrelationships in rice under flooded and unflooded conditions. J. Plant Nutr. 5 (4-7), 741-742.
118. Trier, K., Bergmann, W., 1974. Ergebnisse zur wechselseitigen Beeinflussung der Zink - und Phosphorsäureernährung von Mais (Zea mays L.). Arch. Acker Pflanzenb. Bodenkde. 18, 65-75.
119. Trierweiler, J.F., Lindsay, W.L., 1969, EDTA ammonium carbonate soil test for zinc. Soil Sci. Soc. Am. Proc. 33 (49).
120. Trolldenier, G., 1977. Mineral nutrition and reduction processes in the rhizosphere of rice. Plant Soil 47, 193-202.
121. van Breemen, N., 1976. Genesis and Solution Chemistry of Acid Sulfate Soil in Thailand. Center of Agricultural Publishing and Documentation, Wageningen, the Netherlands.
122. van Breemen, N., Moormann, F.R., 1978. Iron toxic soils. In: Soils and rice. International Rice Research Institute, Los Banos, Philippines, pp. 781-800.
123. + dependent in soybean mitochondria. Plant Cell Physiol. 28, 1263-1269.
124. Virmani, S.S., 1979. Breeding rice for tolerance to iron toxicity. Proceedings of the Second Varietal Improvement Seminar, WARDAS/76/7, 13-18 Sep. 1976, WARDA, Monrovia, Liberia, pp. 156-173.
125. Xie, R.J., MacKenzie, A.F., 1989. Effect of sorbed orthophosphate on zinc status in three soils of Eastern Canada. J. Soil Sci. 40, 49-58.
126. Yamanouchi, M., 1989. Relationships between the varietal difference of salinity tolerance and characteristics of absorption and translocation of sodium ion: 2. The mechanisms of salinity tolerance in rice plants. Jpn. J. Soil Sci. Plant Nutr. 60, 210-219.
127. Yeo, A.R., Flowers, T.J., 1982. Accumulation and localization of sodium ions within the shoots of rice (Oryza sativa) varieties differing in salinity resistance. Physiol. Plant 56, 543-548.
128. Yeo, A.R., Flowers, T.J., 1983. Varietal differences in the toxicity of sodium ions in rice leaves. Physiol. Plant 59, 189-195.
129. Yeo, A.R., Flowers, T.J., 1984. In: Staples, R.C., Toenniessen, G.H. (Eds.), Salinity Tolerance in Plants. Wiley, New York, pp. 151-169.
130. Yeo, A.R., Yeo, M.E., Flowers, T.J., 1988. Selection of lines with high and low sodium transport from within varieties of an inbreeding species, rice (Oryza sativa L.). New Phytol. 110, 13-19.
131. Yang, X., Römheld, V., Marschner, H., 1993. Effect of bicarbonate and root zone temperature on uptake of Zn, Fe, Mn and Cu by different rice cultivars (Oryza sativa L.) grown in calcacerous soil. In: Barrow, N.J. (Ed.), Plant Nutrition From Genetic Engineering to Field Practice. Kluwer Academic Publishers, Dordrecht, The Netherlands, pp. 657-660.
132. Yoshida, S., McLean, G.W., Shafi, M., Muller, K.E., 1970. Effects of different methods of zinc application on growth and yields of rice in a calcareous soil West Pakistan. Soil Sci. Plant Nutr. 16 (4), 147-149.
133. Yoshida, S., Ahn, J.S., Forno, D.H., 1973. Occurrence, diagnosis and correction of zinc deficiency of lowland rice. Soil Sci. Plant Nutr. 19 (2), 83-93.
134. Zapata, F.J., Abrigo, E.M., 1986. Plant regeneration and screening from long-term NaCl-stressed rice callus. Int. Rice Res. Newslett. 11 (4), 24-25.
135. Zhang, F., Römheld, V., Marschner, H., 1991. Diurnal rhythm of release of phytosiderophores and uptake rates of zinc in iron deficient wheat. Soil Sci. Plant Nutr. 37, 671-678.