Auger electron spectroscopy and its use for the characterization of titanium and hydroxyapatite surfaces

Biomaterials

Volumn 19, Issue 4-5, 1998, Pages 455-464

  Ong, J L ^a   Lucas, L C ^b  

^a UNIVERSITY OF TEXAS HEALTH SCIENCE CENTER AT SAN ANTONIO   (United States)

^b and Radiation Oncology   (United States)

Author keywords

Auger electron spectroscopy; Depth profiling; Hydroxyapatite; Surface composition; Titanium

Indexed keywords

AUGER ELECTRON SPECTROSCOPY; BIOCOMPATIBILITY; CERAMIC MATERIALS; COMPOSITION EFFECTS; SURFACE PROPERTIES; TITANIUM;

DEPTH PROFILING; HYDROXYAPATITE; SURFACE COMPOSITION;

IMPLANTS (SURGICAL);

BIOMATERIAL; HYDROXYAPATITE; PHOSPHATE; PHOSPHORUS; TITANIUM; TITANIUM DIOXIDE;

AUGER ELECTRON SPECTROSCOPY; CERAMICS; CHEMICAL BINDING; COVALENT BOND; ELECTRON BEAM; IMPLANT; PRIORITY JOURNAL; REVIEW; SURFACE PROPERTY; THICKNESS;

EID: 0032029799     PISSN: 01429612     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1016/S0142-9612(97)00224-X     Document Type: Article

References (80)

1. [1] Kasemo B, Lausmaa J. Surface science aspects on inoraganic biomaterials. CRC Crit Rev Biocomp 1986;2:335-80.
2. [2] Mattox DM. Adhesion and surface preparation. In: Bunshah, editor. Deposition technologies for films and coatings: developments and applications. NJ: Noyes Publications, 1982:63-82.
3. [3] Baier RE. Improved passivation of implantable biomaterials by glow-discharged processes. Surfaces in biomaterials symposium, Minneapolis, 1991.
4. [4] Kawahara D, Ong JL, Raikar GN, Lucas LC, Lemons JE, Nakamura M. Surface characterization of radio-frequency glow-discharged and autoclaved titanium before and after simulated biological fluid exposure. Inter J Oral Maxillolfac Impl 1996; 11:435-42.
5. [5] Keller JC, Draughn RA, Wightman JP, Dougherty WJ, Meletious SD. Characterization of sterilized cp titanium implant surfaces. Inter J Oral Maxillolfac Impl 1990;5:360-67.
6. [6] Doundoulakis JH. Surface analysis of titanium after sterilization: role in implant tissue interface and bioadhesion. J Prosthet Dent 1987;58:471-8.
7. [7] Olsson J, Carlen A, Holmberg K. Inhibition of Streptococcus mutans adherence by means of surface hydrophilization. J Dent Res 1990;69:1586-91.
8. [8] Olsson J, Carlen A, Holmberg K. Surface modification of hydroxyapatite to avoid bacterial adhesion. Col Polym Sci 1991; 269:1295-302.
9. [9] Hench LL, Paschall HA. Histochemical responses at a biomaterial's interface. J Biomed Mater Res 1974;8:49-64.
10. [10] Jarcho M, Kay JF, Gumaer KI, Doremus RH, Drobeck HP. Tissue, cellular and subcellular events at a bone-ceramic hydroxylapatite interface. J Bioengng 1977;1:79-92.
11. [11] Ong JL, Lucas LC, Raikar GN, Connatser R, Gregory JC. Spectroscopic characterization of passivated titanium in a physiologic solution. J Mater Sci: Mater Med 1995;6:113-9.
12. [12] Ong JL, Lucas LC, Raikar GN, Weimer JJ, Gregory JC. Surface characterization of ion-beam sputter-deposited Ca-P coatings after in vitro immersion. Col and Surf 1994;87:151-62.
13. [13] Hanawa T, Ota M. Calcium phosphate naturally formed on titanium in electrolyte solution. Biomaterials 1991;12:767-73.
14. [14] Tengvall P, Lundström I. Physico-chemical considerations of titanium as a biomaterial. Clin Mater 1992;11:115-34.
15. [15] Driessens FCM, van Dijk JWE, Borggreven JMPM. Biological calcium phosphates and their role in the physiological of bone and dental tissue. I. Composition and solubility of calcium phosphates. Calcif Tiss Res 1987;26:127-37.
16. 3-apatites. Calcif Tiss Int 1983;35:78-81.
17. [17] Ong JL, Chittur KK, Lucas LC. Dissolution/reprecipitation and protein adsorption studies of calcium phosphate coatings by FT-IR/ATR techniques. J Biomed Mater Res 1994; 28:1337-46.
18. [18] LeGeros RZ. Formation of calcium phosphates in vitro. In: Myers HM, editor. Calcium phosphates in oral biology and medicine. New York: Karger, 1991:46-67.
19. [19] Jung A, Bisaz S, Fleisch H. The binding of pyrophosphate and two diphosphonates by hydroxyapatite. Calc Tiss Res 1973; 11:269-80.
20. [20] Bartels T, Arends J. Adsorption of a polyphosphonate on bovine enamel and hydroxyapatite. Caries Res 1979;13:218-26.
21. [21] Horbett TA. Protein adsorption on biomaterials. In: Cooper SL, Peppas NA, editors. Biomaterials: interfacial phenomena and applications, advances in chemistry series, vol. 199. Washington DC: American Chemical Society, 1982:233-44.
22. [22] Albrektsson T, Branemark PI, Hansson HA, Lindstrom J. Osseointegrated titanium implants. Requirements for ensuring a long-lasting direct bone-to-implant anchorage in man. Acta Orthop Scand 1981;52:155-70.
23. [23] Michaels CM, Keller JC, Stanford CM. In vitro periodontal ligament fibroblast attachment to plasma cleaned Ti surfaces. J Oral Implant 1991;17:132-39.
24. [24] Keller JC, Dougherty WMJ, Grotendorst GR, Wightman JP. In vitro cell attachment to characterized cp Ti surfaces. J Adhesion 1989;28:115-33.
25. [25] Hanein D, Sabanay H, Addadi L, Geiger B. Selective interactions of cells with crystal surfaces: implications for the mechanism of cell adhesion. J Cell Sci 1993;104:275-88.
26. [26] Ricci JL, Spivak JM, Blumenthal NC, Alexander H. Modulation of bone ingrowth by surface chemistry and roughness. In: Davies JE, editor. The bone and biomaterials interface. Toronto: University of Toronto Press, 1991:205-13.
27. [27] Hercules DM. Surface analysis: an overview. Crit Rev Surf Chem 1992;1:243-77.
28. [28] Lander JJ. Auger peaks in the energy spectra of secondary electrons from various materials. Phys Rev 1953;91:1382-87.
29. [29] Harris LA. Analysis of materials by electron-excited Auger electrons. J Appl Phys 1968;39:1419-27.
30. [30] Harris LA. Some observations of surface segregation by Auger electron emission. J Appl Phys 1968;39:428-31.
31. [31] Bumgardner JD, Lucas LC. Surface analysis of nickel-chromium dental alloys. Dental Mater 1993;9:252-9.
32. [32] Miller RG, Bowles CQ, Eick JD, Gutshall PL. Auger electron spectroscopy of dentin: elemental quantification and the effects of electron and ion bombardment. Dent Mater 1993;9:280-5.
33. [33] Koopman MC, Thompson RG. Interface segregation in a nickel base superalloy. Microbeam Analysis 1990;25:263-4.
34. [34] Palmberg PW, Bohn GK, Tracy JC. High sensitivity Auger electron spectrometer. Appl Phys Lett 1969;15:254-5.
35. [35] Nordling C, Siegbahn K. New precision spectroscopy of atoms and molecules. Rev Roumaine Phys 1966;11:797-818.
36. [36] Nordbery N, Albridge RC, Bergmark T, Ericson U, Hedman J, Nordling C, Siegbahn K, Lindberg BJ. Molecular spectroscopy by means of electron spectroscopy for chemical analysis. Charge distribution in nitrogen compounds. Ark Kemi 1967;28:257-78.
37. [37] Rivière JC. Instrumentation. In: Briggs B, Seah MP, editors. Practical surface analysis, 2nd ed., vol. 1. New York: Wiley, 1990: 19-83.
38. [38] Grant JT, Haas TW, Houston JE. The effect of modulation amplitude on electron-excited Auger data from titanium. Surf Sci 1974;42:1-11.
39. [39] Grant JT, Haas TW, Houston JE. Quantitative Auger analysis using integration techniques. Phys Lett 1973;45A:309-10.
40. [40] Grant JT, Haas TW, Houston JE. Quantitative comparison of titanium and titanium monoxide surfaces using Auger electron and soft X-ray appearance potential spectroscopies. J Vac Sci Technol 1974;11:227-30.
41. [41] Mitchell DF, Sproule GI, Graham MJ. Quantitative analysis of iron oxides using Auger electron spectroscopy combined with ion sputtering. J Vac Sci Technol 1981;18:690-4.
42. [42] Davis LE, MacDonald NC, Palmberg PW, Riach GE, Weber RE. In: Handbook of Auger electron spectroscopy. 2nd ed. Eden Prairie: Physical Electronics Industries.
43. [43] Hall PM, Morabito JM. Matrix effects in quantitative Auger analysis of dilute alloys. Surf Sci 1979;83:391-405.
44. [44] Payling R. Modified elemental sensitivity factors for Auger electron spectroscopy. J Electron Spectrosc Relat Phenom 1985; 33:99-104.
45. [45] Mroczkowski S, Lichtman D. Quantitative AES of binary alloys: comparison between handbook and pseudo-first principles corrections. Surf Sci 1983;127:119-34.
46. [46] Ferron J, De Bernardez LS, Buitrago RH. Comments on 'pseudo first principles' calculations of Auger sensitivity factors. Surf Sci 1984;145:L501-3.
47. [47] Payling R. Semi-empherical elemental sensitivities for quantitative Auger electron spectroscopic analysis. J Electron Spectrosc Relat Phenom 1985;37:225-39.
48. [48] Seah MP. A review of the analysis of surfaces and thin films by AES and XPS. Vaccum 1984;34:463-78.
49. [49] Raemdonck WV, Ducheyne P, De Meester P. Auger electron spectroscopic analysis of hydroxylapatite coatings on titanium. J Am Ceramic Soc 1984;67:381-4.
50. [50] Seah MP, Sanz JM, Hofmann S. The statistical sputtering contribution to resolution in concentration-depth profiles. Thin Solid Films 1981;81:239-46.
51. [51] Seah MP, Lea C. Depth resolution in composition profiles by ion sputtering and surface analysis for single-layer and multilayer structures on real substrates. Thin Solid Films 1981;81: 257-70.
52. [52] Seah MP. Pure element sputtering yields using 500-1000 eV argon ions. Thin Solid Films 1981;81:279-87.
53. [53] Hofmann S. Depth profiling in AES and XPS. In: Briggs D, Seah MP, editors. Practical surface analysis, 2nd ed., vol. 1, Auger and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy. New York: Wiley, 1990: 143-255.
54. [54] Mroczkowski S, Lichtman D. Reply to Comments on pseudo-first principles calculations of Auger sensitivity factors. Surf Sci 1985;154:L221-4.
55. [55] Mroczkowski S, Lichtman D. Calculated Auger yields and sensitivity factors for KLL-NOO transitions with 1-10 kV primary beams. J Vac Sci Technol 1985;A3:1860-5.
56. [56] Payling R, Szajman J. On the semi-empherical elemental sensitivity factors for AES: ionization cross-section and electron mean free path. J Electron Spectrosc Relat Phenom 1987;43: 37-51.
57. [57] Oechsner H. Sputtering - a review of some recent experimental and theoretical aspects. Appl Phys 1975;8:185-98.
58. [58] Coburn JW. Sputtering in the surface analysis of solids: a discussion of some problems. J Vac Sci Technol 1976;13:1037-44.
59. [59] Sato T, Nagasawa T, Sekine T, Sakai Y, Buonaquisti AD. Conversion of Auger sensitivities at one primary excitation energy to those at another. Surf Interface Anal 1989;14:787-93.
60. [60] Holloway PH, Holloway DM. The effect of electromagnetic fields on Auger electron peak-height ratios. Surf Sci 1977;66: 636-40.
61. [61] Sickafus EN, Holloway DM. Specimen position effects on energy shifts and signal intensity in a single-stage cylindrical-mirror analyzer. Surf Sci 1975;51:131-9.
62. [62] Fine J, Navinsek B. An NBS standard reference material for depth profile analysis. Surf Interfacial Anal 1988;11:542-3.
63. [63] Seah MP, Holbourn MW, Ortega C, Davies JA. An intercomparison of tantalum pentoxide reference studies. Nucl Inst Meth Phys Res 1988;B30:128-39.
64. [64] Ong JL, Lucas LC, Raikar GN, Gregory JC. Electrochemical corrosion analyses and characterization of surface-modified titanium. Appl Surf Sci 1993;72:7-13.
65. [65] Lausmaa J, Kasemo B. Surface spectroscopic characterization of titanium implant materials. Appl Surf Sci 1990;44:133-46.
66. 2. Surf Sci 1976;55:754-8.
67. [67] Mathieu HJ, Mathieu JB, McClure DE, Landolt D. Beam effects in Auger electron spectroscopy analysis of titanium oxide films. J Vac Sci Technol 1977;14:1023-8.
68. [68] Haas TW, Grant JT, Dooley III GJ. Identification of the chemical state of adsorbed species with Auger electron spectroscopy. In: Ricca F, editor. Adsorption-desorption phenomena. New York: Academic Press, 1972:359-68.
69. 2. Surf Sci 1975;51:228-36.
70. [70] Bassett PJ, Gallon TE. The effect of oxidation on the high resolution Auger spectrum of titanium. J Electron Spectrosc Relat Phenom 1973;2:101-4.
71. [71] Ong JL, Harris LA, Lucas LC, Lacefield WR, Rigney D. X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy characterization of ion-beam sputter-deposited calcium phosphate coatings. J Am Ceram Soc 1991; 74:2301-4.
72. [72] Chang CC, Adams AC, Quintana, Sheng TT. Phosphorus concentration profiles in P-doped silicon dioxide measured using Auger spectroscopy. J Appl Physics 1974;45:252-6.
73. [73] Tarng ML, Wehner GK. Alloy sputtering studies with in situ Auger electron spectroscopy. J Appl Phys 1971;42:2449-52.
74. [74] Davis GD, Natan M, Anderson KA. Study of titanium oxides using Auger line shapes. Appl Surf Sci 1983;15:321-33.
75. [75] Pantel R, Levy D, Nicolas D. Auger electron spectroscopy technique for nitrogen depth profiling in titanium compounds. J Vac Sci Technol 1988;A6:2953-6.
76. [76] Bernett MK, Murday JS, Turner NH. An interpretation of the Auger LVV transitions from oxides of third-row elements. J Electron Spectrosc Relat Phenom 1977;12:375-93.
77. [77] Wagner CD, Zatko DA, Raymond RH. Two-dimensional chemical state plots: A standardized data set for use in identifying chemical states by X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy. Anal Chem 1980;52:1445-51.
78. [78] Ong JL, Lucas LC, Lacefield WR, Rigney ED. Structure, solubility and bond strength of thin calcium phosphate coatings produced by ion beam sputter deposition. Biomaterials 1992; 13:249-4.
79. [79] Ong JL, Lucas LC. Post-deposition heat treatments for ion beam sputter deposited calcium phosphate coatings. Biomaterials 1994; 15:337-41.
80. [80] Lucas LC, Lacefield WR, Ong JL, Whitehead. Calcium phosphate coatings for medical and dental implants. Coll Surf 1993; 77:141-7.