Life-cycle air emissions from PV power systems

Progress in Photovoltaics: Research and Applications

Volumn 6, Issue 2, 1998, Pages 127-136

  Watt, M E ^a   Johnson, A J ^a   Ellis, M ^b   Outhred, H R ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF NEW SOUTH WALES   (Australia)

^b NONE   (Australia)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

AIR POLLUTION; GAS EMISSIONS; PHOTOVOLTAIC CELLS; SOLAR POWER PLANTS;

LIFE-CYCLE AIR EMISSIONS;

SOLAR POWER GENERATION;

EID: 0032025815     PISSN: 10627995     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1002/(SICI)1099-159X(199803/04)6:2<127::AID-PIP214>3.0.CO;2-Z     Document Type: Article

References (34)

1. B. Kuemmel and B. Sorensen, 'Life-cycle analysis of the total Danish energy system', No. 334, Danish Energy Research Programme EFP-94, Energy and Environment Group, Roskilde University, Roskilde, Denmark, 1997.
2. M. E. Watt and B. Sorensen, 'Using life-cycle analysis to bridge the development and marketing gap for photovoltaics', in Solar '93: Proc. Ann. Conf. of the Australian and New Zealand Solar Energy Society, Fremantle, Australia, 1-5 December 1993, pp. 404-09 (V2).
3. International Organization for Standardization (ISO), 'Environmental management - life cycle assessment: principles and framework', Final draft, ISO/FDIS 14040:1997(E), Geneva, 1997.
4. T. E. Graedel, B. R. Allenby and P. R. Comrie, 'Matrix approaches to abridged life cycle assessment', Environ. Sci. Technol. 29, 134A-39A (1995).
5. M. A. Curran, 'Broad-based environmental life cycle assessment', Environ. Sci. Technol. 27, 430-436 (1993).
6. D. Greene, and C. Ryan, 'Life cycle assessment uses, benefits and difficulties', Proc. 1996 Australian Academy of Science Fenner Conference on the Environment, Sydney, 30 September-3 October 1996.
7. Pace University Center for Environmental Legal Studies (PACE), Environmental Costs of Electricity, Oceana Publications, New York, 1990.
8. Department of the Environment, Sport and Territories (DEST), Climate Change: Australia's National Report Under the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change, Community Information Unit, Canberra, 1994.
9. A. Cabraal, M. Cosgrove-Davies and L. Schaeffer, 'Best practices for photovoltaic household electrification programs', Proc. 25th IEEE Photovoltaic Specialist Conference, Washington, DC, 13-17 May, 1996, pp. 1357-1362.
10. G. J. M. Phylipsen and E. A. Alsema, 'Environmental life-cycle assessment of multicrystalline silicon solar cell modules', Report No. 95057, Utrecht University, The Netherlands, 1995.
11. E. A. Alsema, 'Environmental aspects of solar cell modules: summary report', Report No. 96074, Department of Science, Technology, and Society, Utrecht University, The Netherlands, 1996.
12. J. M. Brouwer and E. W. Lindeijer, 'Milieubeoordeling van accus's voor PV-systemen (LCA of batteries for PV systems'), Onderzoeksreeks No. 72, Interfacultaire Vakgroep Milieukunde (1VAM), Universiteit van Amsterdam, Amsterdam, 1993 (in Dutch).
13. M. van Brummelen and E. Nieuwlaar, 'Life cycle assessment of roof integrated solar cell systems', Report No. 94023, Utrecht University, The Netherlands, 1994.
14. B. Williams, Personal communication, Onan Australia Pty Ltd (diesel generator supplier), Adelaide, 9 May, 1997.
15. Centre for Photovoltaic Devices and Systems, 'Opportunities for NSW electricity distributors to supply RAPS systems', Appendix 5, Workshop, University of New South Wales, Sydney, July 1994.
16. R. Stillman, personal communication, distribution engineering consultant, 1997.
17. T. Blackburn, personal communication, Department of Electric Power Engineering, University of New South Wales, Sydney, 9 May 1997.
18. Electricity Supply Association of Australia, Australia: Electricity Supply - 1996 Facts in Brief, ESAA, Sydney, 1996.
19. London Economics Ltd, 'Measuring the efficiency of the Australian electricity supply industry', Report No. 1, Electricity Supply Association of Australia, Sydney, August 1993.
20. G. Wilkenfeld and Associates, Energetics Pty Ltd and Enersonics Pty Ltd, 'Greenhouse gas emissions from the Australian energy system: the impact of energy efficiency and substitution', National Energy Research, Development, and Demonstration Program, Report No. 1379, July 1990.
21. National Greenhouse Gas Inventory Committee (NGGIC), 'Energy: workbook for fuel combustion activities (stationary sources)', Workbook 1-0, Australian Department of the Environment, Sport and Territories, 1994.
22. I. Boustead and G. F. Hancock, Handbook of Industrial Energy Analysis, Wiley, New York, 1979.
23. D. Fiebig and A. Woodland, Domestic Energy Use in New South Wales, An Economic Analysis of the 1989 ABS Domestic Energy Survey, NSW, Office of Energy, 1994.
24. S. Bush, L. Holmes and L. Ho Trieu, 'Australian Energy Consumption and Production: Historical Trends and Projections to 2009-10', ABARE Research Report No. 95, Canberra, 1995.
25. B. Cheung and R. A. Lopez, 'Life cycle inventory of the electricity generation in Victoria', Report for Centre for Design, Graduate School of Engineering, Royal Melbourne Institute of Technology, Melbourne, 1996.
26. L. Philpott, personal communication, Centre for Water and Waste Technology, University of NSW, Sydney, 1997.
27. PRé Consultants, SimaPro v. 3·1S Analyst Version, Amersfoort, The Netherlands, 1996.
28. Gesellschaft für Technische Zusammenarbeit and World Bank, Environmental Manual for Power Development, Vol. 1·00c, http://www.worldbank.org/html/fpd/em, Germany, 1996.
29. P. F. Chapman and F. Roberts, Metal Resources and Energy, Butterworth, London, 1983.
30. K. S., Yoshiki-Gravelsins, J. M. Toguri and R. T. C. Choo, 'Metals production, energy, and the environment, Part II: Environmental impact', JOM 45, 23-29 (1993).
31. S. B. Young and W. H. Vanderburg, 'Applying environmental life-cycle analysis to materials', JOM 46, 22-27 (1994).
32. G. J. Treloar, 'The environmental impact of construction - a case study', Australia and New Zealand Architectural Science Association Monograph 001, ANZAScA, Sydney, 1996.
33. Environmental Building News (EBN), 'Cement and concrete: environmental considerations', EBN 2(2), (1993).
34. Environmental Building News (EBN), 'Insulation materials: environmental comparisons', EBN 4(1), (1995).