Energy for future centuries: Will fusion be an inexhaustible, safe and clean energy source ?

Fusion Technology

Volumn 33, Issue 2 SUPPL. T, 1998, Pages 9-18

  Ongena, J P H E ^a,b   Van Oost, G ^a  

^a ROYAL MILITARY ACADEMY   (Belgium)

^b NFSR   (Belgium)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

ECONOMICS; ENERGY POLICY; FOSSIL FUELS; FUSION REACTIONS; NUCLEAR ENERGY;

FUTURE CENTURIES;

ENERGY RESOURCES;

EID: 0032025327     PISSN: 07481896     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.13182/fst98-a11946990     Document Type: Article

References (43)

1. "World Population Prospects : the 1994 Revision", United Nations Population Division, New York 1994.
2. H. Inhaber, H. Saunders, "Road to nowhere : Energy conservation often backfires and leads to increased consumption", The Sciences, November/December 1994, 20-25.
3. "International Energy Annual 1996", Report DOE/EIA-0219 (95), Washington DC, December 1996.
4. "Energy Statistics Yearbook 1993", United Nations, Department of Economic and Social Information and Policy Analysis, Statistical Division, New York 1995.
5. "UNESCO Statistical Yearbook 1995", UNESCO, Paris 1995.
6. "Energiedaten '94, Nationale und Internationale Entwicklung", Bundesministerium für Wirtschaft, Bonn, Germany (1994).
7. "Climate Change : The IPCC Scientific Assessment.", Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change, J.T.Houghton, G.J.Jenkins, J.J.Ephraums, editors. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, U.K. (1990); "Climate Change 1992 : The Supplementary Report to The IPCC Scientific Assessment.", Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change, J.T.Houghton, B.A.Callander, S.K.Varney, editors. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, U.K. (1992) "Climate Change 1995: The Science of Climate Change", Contribution of Working Group I to the Second Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change Editors J.J. Houghton, L.G. Meiro Filho, B.A. Callander, N. Harris, A. Kattenberg and K. Maskell, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, U.K. (1996). "Climate Change 1995: Impacts, Adaptations and Mitigation of Climate Change: Scientific-Technical Analyses", Contribution of Working Group II to the Second Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change Editors R.T. Watson, M.C. Zinyowera, and R.H. Moss. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, U.K. (1996). "Climate Change 1995: Economic and Social Dimensions of Climate Change", Contribution of Working Group III to the Second Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate ChangeEditors J. Bruce, Hoesung Lee and E. Haites. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, U.K. (1996).
8. "Climate Change : The IPCC Scientific Assessment.", Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change, J.T.Houghton, G.J.Jenkins, J.J.Ephraums, editors. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, U.K. (1990); "Climate Change 1992 : The Supplementary Report to The IPCC Scientific Assessment.", Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change, J.T.Houghton, B.A.Callander, S.K.Varney, editors. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, U.K. (1992) "Climate Change 1995: The Science of Climate Change", Contribution of Working Group I to the Second Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change Editors J.J. Houghton, L.G. Meiro Filho, B.A. Callander, N. Harris, A. Kattenberg and K. Maskell, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, U.K. (1996). "Climate Change 1995: Impacts, Adaptations and Mitigation of Climate Change: Scientific-Technical Analyses", Contribution of Working Group II to the Second Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change Editors R.T. Watson, M.C. Zinyowera, and R.H. Moss. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, U.K. (1996). "Climate Change 1995: Economic and Social Dimensions of Climate Change", Contribution of Working Group III to the Second Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate ChangeEditors J. Bruce, Hoesung Lee and E. Haites. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, U.K. (1996).
9. "Climate Change : The IPCC Scientific Assessment.", Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change, J.T.Houghton, G.J.Jenkins, J.J.Ephraums, editors. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, U.K. (1990); "Climate Change 1992 : The Supplementary Report to The IPCC Scientific Assessment.", Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change, J.T.Houghton, B.A.Callander, S.K.Varney, editors. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, U.K. (1992) "Climate Change 1995: The Science of Climate Change", Contribution of Working Group I to the Second Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change Editors J.J. Houghton, L.G. Meiro Filho, B.A. Callander, N. Harris, A. Kattenberg and K. Maskell, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, U.K. (1996). "Climate Change 1995: Impacts, Adaptations and Mitigation of Climate Change: Scientific-Technical Analyses", Contribution of Working Group II to the Second Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change Editors R.T. Watson, M.C. Zinyowera, and R.H. Moss. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, U.K. (1996). "Climate Change 1995: Economic and Social Dimensions of Climate Change", Contribution of Working Group III to the Second Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate ChangeEditors J. Bruce, Hoesung Lee and E. Haites. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, U.K. (1996).
10. "Climate Change : The IPCC Scientific Assessment.", Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change, J.T.Houghton, G.J.Jenkins, J.J.Ephraums, editors. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, U.K. (1990); "Climate Change 1992 : The Supplementary Report to The IPCC Scientific Assessment.", Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change, J.T.Houghton, B.A.Callander, S.K.Varney, editors. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, U.K. (1992) "Climate Change 1995: The Science of Climate Change", Contribution of Working Group I to the Second Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change Editors J.J. Houghton, L.G. Meiro Filho, B.A. Callander, N. Harris, A. Kattenberg and K. Maskell, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, U.K. (1996). "Climate Change 1995: Impacts, Adaptations and Mitigation of Climate Change: Scientific-Technical Analyses", Contribution of Working Group II to the Second Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change Editors R.T. Watson, M.C. Zinyowera, and R.H. Moss. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, U.K. (1996). "Climate Change 1995: Economic and Social Dimensions of Climate Change", Contribution of Working Group III to the Second Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate ChangeEditors J. Bruce, Hoesung Lee and E. Haites. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, U.K. (1996).
11. "Climate Change : The IPCC Scientific Assessment.", Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change, J.T.Houghton, G.J.Jenkins, J.J.Ephraums, editors. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, U.K. (1990); "Climate Change 1992 : The Supplementary Report to The IPCC Scientific Assessment.", Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change, J.T.Houghton, B.A.Callander, S.K.Varney, editors. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, U.K. (1992) "Climate Change 1995: The Science of Climate Change", Contribution of Working Group I to the Second Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change Editors J.J. Houghton, L.G. Meiro Filho, B.A. Callander, N. Harris, A. Kattenberg and K. Maskell, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, U.K. (1996). "Climate Change 1995: Impacts, Adaptations and Mitigation of Climate Change: Scientific-Technical Analyses", Contribution of Working Group II to the Second Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change Editors R.T. Watson, M.C. Zinyowera, and R.H. Moss. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, U.K. (1996). "Climate Change 1995: Economic and Social Dimensions of Climate Change", Contribution of Working Group III to the Second Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate ChangeEditors J. Bruce, Hoesung Lee and E. Haites. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, U.K. (1996).
12. M. Verrall, "Climate group rejects criticism of warnings", Nature, 371, 274 (1994); E.Masood, "New IPCC report set to confirm earlier warming conclusions", Nature, 377, 189 (1995);
13. M. Verrall, "Climate group rejects criticism of warnings", Nature, 371, 274 (1994); E.Masood, "New IPCC report set to confirm earlier warming conclusions", Nature, 377, 189 (1995);
14. F.Joos, "The Atmospheric Carbon Dioxide Perturbation", Europhysics News, 27, 6, 213-218 (1996).
15. M.Kleemann, "Aktuelle wirtschaftliche und ökologische Probleme bei der Nutzung regenerativer Energiequellen", Elektrowärme International, 49, Issue A2, A62-70 (Juni 1991) Vulkan Verlag, Essen 1991.
16. M.Fuchs, M.Eingartner, "Grenzen der Nutzung regenerativer Energien", in "Kernenergie und andere Energieoptionen: Nutzen, Risiken, Wirtschaftlichkeit", VDI Berichte, 984, 147-168 (1992); H.Schaefer, "Möglichkeiten und Grenzen der Nutzung regenerativer Energien", in "Zukunft der Energieversorgung - Energie der Zukunft", Ruhrgas AG, Essen (1994).
17. M.Fuchs, M.Eingartner, "Grenzen der Nutzung regenerativer Energien", in "Kernenergie und andere Energieoptionen: Nutzen, Risiken, Wirtschaftlichkeit", VDI Berichte, 984, 147-168 (1992); H.Schaefer, "Möglichkeiten und Grenzen der Nutzung regenerativer Energien", in "Zukunft der Energieversorgung - Energie der Zukunft", Ruhrgas AG, Essen (1994).
18. M.Kleemann, M.Meliss, "Regenerative Energiequellen", second revised edition, Springer Verlag, Heidelberg and New York (1993).
19. B.L.Cohen, "High level radioactive waste from light-water reactors", Rev.Mod.Phys., 49, 1-20, (1977); "The Disposal of Radioactive Wastes from Fission Reactors", Sci. Am 236, (6), 21-31 (1977).
20. B.L.Cohen, "High level radioactive waste from light-water reactors", Rev.Mod.Phys., 49, 1-20, (1977); "The Disposal of Radioactive Wastes from Fission Reactors", Sci. Am 236, (6), 21-31 (1977).
21. G.Collard, R. Andre-Jehan, A. Bonne et al., "The HADES project : an underground demonstration facility for the disposal of high-level waste in plastic clay" in Proceedings of the 3rd European Community Conference on Radioactive Waste Management and Disposal (Luxemburg, 17-21 Sept. 1990), Elsevier Science Publishers, London 1991, 418-436.
22. C.Rubbia, J.A.Rubio, S.Buono, et al. "Conceptual Design of a fast neutron operated High Power Energy Amplifier", Report CERN-AT-95-44 (ET), Geneva 1995.
23. W.Haefele et al., "Fusion and Fast Breeder Reactors", RR-77-8, International Institute for Applied Systems Analysis, Laxenburg, Austria (1977); R. Keith Evans, "Lithium Reserves and Resources", Energy, 3, 379-385 (1978).
24. W.Haefele et al., "Fusion and Fast Breeder Reactors", RR-77-8, International Institute for Applied Systems Analysis, Laxenburg, Austria (1977); R. Keith Evans, "Lithium Reserves and Resources", Energy, 3, 379-385 (1978).
25. S.Krawczynski and W.Krug, "Schnelle Brüter - ihre Technik und ihre Rolle zur langfristigen Energiebedarfsdeckung", Chemie-Technik 8, (4), 135-142 (1979); A. Camplani and A. Zambelli, "Advanced nuclear power stations : Superphénix and fast-breeder reactors", Endeavour, New Series, 10, (3), 132-138 (1986).
26. S.Krawczynski and W.Krug, "Schnelle Brüter - ihre Technik und ihre Rolle zur langfristigen Energiebedarfsdeckung", Chemie-Technik 8, (4), 135-142 (1979); A. Camplani and A. Zambelli, "Advanced nuclear power stations : Superphénix and fast-breeder reactors", Endeavour, New Series, 10, (3), 132-138 (1986).
27. M.W.Golay and N.Todreas, "Advanced Light-Water Reactors", Sci. Am., 262, (4), 58-65 (1990); J. Taylor, "Improved and Safer Nuclear Power", Science, 244, 318-325 (1989).
28. M.W.Golay and N.Todreas, "Advanced Light-Water Reactors", Sci. Am., 262, (4), 58-65 (1990); J. Taylor, "Improved and Safer Nuclear Power", Science, 244, 318-325 (1989).
29. J.Raeder et al., "Safety and Environmental Assessment of Fusion Power (SEAFP), European Commision, Report EURFUBRU XIII-217/95 (June 1995); S. Barabaschi, C.Berke, F Fuster Jaume, et al., "Fusion Programme Evaluation 1996", Report EUR 17521, European Commission, Brussels, December 1996.
30. J.Raeder et al., "Safety and Environmental Assessment of Fusion Power (SEAFP), European Commision, Report EURFUBRU XIII-217/95 (June 1995); S. Barabaschi, C.Berke, F Fuster Jaume, et al., "Fusion Programme Evaluation 1996", Report EUR 17521, European Commission, Brussels, December 1996.
31. J.P.Holdren et al., "Summary of the report of the senior committee on environmental, safety and economic aspects of magnetic fusion energy", Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Report UCRL-53766 (1987)
32. R.W.Conn et al. "Economic, safety and environmental prospects of fusion reactors", Nucl. Fusion, 30 (1990) 1919.
33. J.Raeder et al., "Controlled Nuclear Fusion : Fundamentals of its Utilization for Energy Supply", John Wiley & Sons, New York (1986)
34. J.Wesson, "Tokamaks", Second Edition, Oxford Science Series nr. 48, Clarendon Press, Oxford (1997).
35. "Status Report on Controlled Thermonuclear Fusion, Executive Summary and General Overview", prepared by the International Fusion Research Council (IFRC), International Atomic Energy Agency, Vienna (1990).).
36. E.E. Bloom, "Structural materials for fusion reactors", Nucl. Fusion, 33, 1879-1896 (1990)
37. R. Gelbspan, "The Heat is On: The High Stakes Battle over Earth's Threatened Climate", Addison-Wesley, 1997; reviewed by T. O'Riordan, "Betrayers of a global truth", Nature, 389, 685 (1997).
38. R. Gelbspan, "The Heat is On: The High Stakes Battle over Earth's Threatened Climate", Addison-Wesley, 1997; reviewed by T. O'Riordan, "Betrayers of a global truth", Nature, 389, 685 (1997).
39. E.Rebhan, "Heisser als das Sonnenfeuer", Piper Verlag, München und Zürich, 1992.
40. G.Kaser et al., Zeitschrift für Gletscherkunde und Glazialgeologie, 32, 75 (1996); B.Francou, P. Ribstein and B.Pouyaud, "La fonte des glaciers tropicaux : ils comptent parmi les indicateurs les plus fiable d'un rechauffement global", La Recherche, 302, 34 (1997).
41. G.Kaser et al., Zeitschrift für Gletscherkunde und Glazialgeologie, 32, 75 (1996); B.Francou, P. Ribstein and B.Pouyaud, "La fonte des glaciers tropicaux : ils comptent parmi les indicateurs les plus fiable d'un rechauffement global", La Recherche, 302, 34 (1997).
42. See the website of noaa; http://www.pmel.noaa.gov/toga-tao/el-nino/home. html.
43. "IEA Energy Technology R&D Statistics, 1974-1995", International Energy Agency, Paris, (1997)