ERS-1 scatterometer measurements - Part I: The relationship between radar cross section and buoy wind in two oceanic regions

IEEE Transactions on Geoscience and Remote Sensing

Volumn 36, Issue 2, 1998, Pages 603-622

  Rufenach, Clifford L ^a   Bates, John J ^a   Tosini, Stephen ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF COLORADO   (United States)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

CLIMATE CHANGE; ELECTROMAGNETIC WAVES; FUNCTIONS; GEOGRAPHICAL REGIONS; MATHEMATICAL MODELS; OCEANOGRAPHY; RADAR CROSS SECTION; SATELLITES; WIND;

BRAGG WAVES; SCATTEROMETRY;

REMOTE SENSING;

EID: 0032021911     PISSN: 01962892     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1109/36.662742     Document Type: Article

References (54)

1. D. Offiler The calibration of ERS-1 satellite scatterometer winds J. Atmos. Ocean. Tech. 11 1102 1017 1994
2. J. Boutin J. Etcheto Consistency of Geosat, SMM/I and ERS-1 global surface wind speeds̵Comparison with in-situ data J. Atmos. Ocean. Tech. 13 183 196 1996
3. W. J. Pierson Examples of reasons for, and consequences of the poor quality of wind data from ships for the marine boundary layer: Implications for remote sensing J. Geophys. Res. 95 C8 13 313 13 340 1990
4. T. M. Georges J. A. Harlan P. Chang Merging over-the-horizon radar with satellite oceanographic data Backscatter 7 1 19 21 1996
5. W. T. Liu K. B. Katsaros J. A. Businger Bulk parameterization of air-sea exchanges of heat and water vapor including the molecular constrains at the interface J. Atmos. Sci. 36 1722 1735 1981
6. W. T. Liu T. V. Blanc The Liu, Katsaros and Businger (1979) bulk atmospheric flux computational iteration program in FORTRAN and BASIS 1984 Naval Res. Lab. DC, Washington Memo. Rep. 5291
7. F. J. Wentz A model function for ocean radar cross section at 14.6 GHz J. Geophys. Res. 89 C3 3689 3704 1984
8. Y. Liu W. J. Pierson Comparisons of scatterometer models for the AMI on ERS-1: The possibility of systematic azimuth angle biases of wind speed and direction IEEE Trans. Geosci. Remote Sensing 32 662 635 May 1994 36 7385 297980
9. J. R. Apel An improved model of the ocean surface wave vector spectrum and its effects in radar backscatter J. Geophys. Res. 99 C8 16,269 16,291 1994
10. E. W. P. Attema The active microwave instrument on-board the ERS-1 satellite Proc. IEEE 79 791 799 June 1991 5 2988 90158
11. M. A. Donelan W. J. Pierson Radar scattering and equilibrium ranges in wind generated waves with application to scatterometry J. Geophys. Res. 82 4971 5030 1987
12. L. C. Schroeder W. L. Jones P. R. Schaffner J. L. Mitchell AAFE Radscat 13.9 GHz measurements and analysis: Wind speed signature of the ocean IEEE J. Oceanic Eng. OE-10 346 357 Apr. 1985
13. A. Stoffelen D. Anderson Scatterometer data interpretation: Estimation and validation of the transfer function CMOD4 J. Geophys. Res. 102 C3 5767 5780 1997
14. Y. Quilfen A. Cavanie A high precision wind algorithm for the ERS-1 scatterometer and its validation Proc. IGARRS'91 873 876 1995 Finland, Espoo 528 12537 580256
15. J. A. Johannessen R. A. Shuchman O. M. Johannessen K. L. Davidson D. R. Lyzenga Synthetic aperture radar imaging of upper ocean circulation features and wind fronts J. Geophys. Res. 96 C6 10 411 10 422 1991
16. C. Wackerman C. Rufenach R. Shuchman J. Johannessen K. Davidson Wind vector retrieval using ERS-1 synthetic aperture radar imagery IEEE Trans. Geosci. Remote Sensing 34 1343 1352 Nov. 1996
17. F. J. Wentz A simplified wind vector algorithm for satellite scatterometers J. Atmos. Ocean. Tech. 8 697 704 1991
18. F. Li G. Neumann S. Shaffer S. L. Durden Studies of the location of azimuthal modulation minima of Ku band ocean radar studies J. Geophys. Res. 93 C7 8229 8238 1988
19. R. E. Glazman S. H. Pilorz Effects of sea maturity on satellite altimeter measurements J. Geophys. Res. 95 C3 2857 2870 1990
20. W. G. Large J. Morzel G. B. Crawford Accounting for the surface wave distortion of the marine wind profile in low-level ocean storms wind measurements J. Phys. Oceanog. 25 2959 2971 1995
21. N. Draper H. Smith Applied Regression Analysis 2nd 1981 Wiley New York
22. W. Volk Applied Statistics for Engineers 300 1969 McGraw-Hill New York
23. J. Wu Effects of atmospheric stability on ocean ripples: A comparison between optical and microwave measurements J. Geophys. Res. 96 C4 7,265 7,269 1991
24. H. Masuko K. Okamoto M. Masanobu S. Niwa Measurements of microwave backscattering signatures of the ocean surface using X band and Ka band airborne scatterometers J. Geophys. Res. 91 C11 13065 13083 1986
25. S. V. Nghiem F. K. Li S. Lou G. Neumann R. McIntosh S. C. Carlson J. R. Carswell E. J. Walsh M. A. Donelan W. M. Drennan Observations of radar backscatter at Ku and C bands in the presence of large waves during the surface wave dynamics experiment IEEE Trans. Geosci. Remote Sensing 33 708 721 May 1995 36 8788 387586
26. S. L. Durden J. F. Vesecky A physical radar cross-section model for a wind-driven sea with swell IEEE J. Oceanic Eng. OE-10 445 451 Apr. 1985
27. G. R. Valenzuela Theories for the interaction of electromagnetic and ocean waves̵A review Boundary Layer Meteorol. 13 61 85 1978
28. R. C. Beal P. S. DeLoenibus I. Katz The structure of the short gravity waves on the ocean surface Spaceborne SAR for Oceanography 24 31 1981 John Hopkins Univ. Press MD, Baltimore
29. W. J. Plant A two-scale model of short wind-generated waves and scatterometry J. Geophys. Res. 91 C9 19735 10749 1986
30. D. E. Weissman K. L. Davidson R. A. Brown C. A. Friehe F. Li The relationship between the microwave radar cross section and both wind speed and stress: Model function studies using the frontal air-sea interaction experiment data J. Geophys. Res. 99 C5 10 087 10 108 1994
31. M. C. Colton W. J. Plant W. C. Keller G. L. Geernaert Tower-based measurements of normalized radar cross section from Lake Ontario: Evidence of wind stress dependence J. Geophys. Res. 100 C5 8791 8813 1995
32. K. F. Rieder J. A. Smith R. A. Weller Observed directional characteristics of the wind, wind stress, and surface waves on the open ocean J. Geophys. Res. 99 C11 22 589 22 596 1994
33. G. L. Geernaert F. Hansen M. Courtney T Herbers Directional attributes of the ocean surface wind stress vector J. Geophys. Res. 98 C9 16571 16582 1993
34. C. W. Fairall E. F. Bradley D. P. Rogers J. B. Edson G. S. Young Bulk parameterization of air-sea fluxes for tropical ocean-global atmosphere coupled-ocean atmosphere response experiment J. Geophys. Res. 101 C2 3747 3764 1996
35. D. G. Long G. B. Skouson Calibration of spaceborne scatterometers using tropical rain forests IEEE Trans. Geosci. Remote Sensing 34 413 424 Mar. 1996 36 10355 485119
36. S. P. Hayes L. J. Mangum J. Picaut A. Sumi K. Takeuchi TOGA-TAO: A moored array for real-time measurements in the tropical pacific ocean Bull. Amer. Meterol. Soc. 72 3 339 347 1991
37. R. A. Blake The dependence of wind stress on wave height and wind speed J. Geophys. Res. 96 C11 20531 20545 1991
38. D. B. Gilhousen A field evaluation of NDBC moored buoy winds J. Atmos. Ocean. Tech. 4 94 104 1987
39. K. Hasselmann S. Hasselmann E. Bauer C. Bru¨ning S. Lehner H. Graber P. Lionello Development of a satellite SAR image spectra and altimeter wave height data assimilation system for ERS-1 1988 Max Planck Institut fu¨r Meteteorolgie Germany, Hamburg Rep. 19
40. S. R. Long N. E. Huang E. Mollo-Christensen F. C. Jackson G. L. Geernaert Directional wind wave development Geophys. Res. Lett. 21 23 2503 2506 1994
41. D. Hauser G. Caudal Combined analysis of the radar cross-section modulation due to long ocean waves around 14 $^{\\circ}$ and 34 $^{\\circ}$ incidence J. Geophys. Res. 101 C11 25,833 25,846 1996
42. F. C. Jackson W. T. Walton P. L. Baker Aircraft and satellite measurements of ocean wave directional spectra using scanning beam microwave radars J. Geophys. Res. 90 C1 987 1004 1985
43. F. W. Fi Large W. Shaw E. J. Walsh K. Davidson Ocean radar backscatter relationship with near-surface winds: A case study during FASINEX J. Phys. Oceanog. 19 342 353 1989
44. W. C. Keller V. Wismann W. Alpers Tower-based measurements of Ocean C-band radar backscattering cross-section J. Geophys. Res. 94 C1 924 930 1989
45. C. L. Rufenach A new relationship between radar cross-section and ocean surface wind speed using ERS-1 scatterometer and buoy measurements Int. J. Remote Sens. 16 18 3629 3647 1995
46. L. C. Schroeder D. H. Boggs G. Dome I. M. Halberstam W. L. Jones W. J. Pierson F. J. Wentz The relationship between wind vector and normalized radar cross section used to derive SEASAT-A satellite scatterometer winds J. Geophys. Res. 87 C5 3318 3336 1982
47. J. R. Carswell S. C. Carson R. E. McIntosh F. K. Li G. Neumann D. J. McLaughlin J. C. Wilkerson P. G. Black S. V. Nghiem Airborne scatterometers: Investigating ocean backscatter under low-and high-wind conditions Proc. IEEE 82 1835 1860 Dec. 1994 5 7932 338074
48. L. Marht D. Vickers J. Howell J. Højstrup J. Wilczak J. Edson J. Hare Sea surface drag coefficients in the Risø air sea experiment J. Geophys. Res. 101 C6 14,327 14,335 1996
49. R. N. Hoffman J.-F. Louis The influence of atmospheric stratification on scatterometer winds J. Geophys. Res. 95 C6 9723 9730 1990
50. C. L. Rufenach ERS-1 scatterometer measurements̵Part II: A new algorithm for ocean surface wind retrieval including light winds IEEE Trans. Geosci. Remote Sensing 36 2 623 635 March 1998 36 14514 662743
51. F. Feindt V. Wismann W. Alpers W. Keller Airborne measurements of the ocean radar cross section at 5.3 GHz as a function of wind speed Radio Sci. 21 5 845 856 1986
52. M. H. Freilich R. S. Dunbar A preliminary C-band scatterometer model function for the ERS-1 AMI instrument Proc. 1st ERS-1 Symp.̵Space Service Environ. 79 83 4‘ Nov. 1993 France, Cannes ESA report SP-359
53. P. W. Vachon O. M. Johannessen J. A. Johannessen An ERS-1 synthetic aperture radar image of atmospheric lee Waves J. Geophys. Res. 99 C11 22 483 22 4490 1994
54. T. Hara W. J. Plant Hydrodynamic modulation of short wind-wave spectra by long waves and its measurement using microwave backscatter J. Geophys. Res. 99 C5 9767 9784 1994