Off-line handwritten numeral string recognition by combining segmentation-based and segmentation-free methods

Pattern Recognition

Volumn 31, Issue 3, 1998, Pages 257-272

  Ha, Thien M ^a   Zimmermann, Matthias ^a   Bunke, Horst ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF BERN   (Switzerland)

Author keywords

Accept reject decision; Dummy symbol; Handwritten numeral string; Isolated numeral recognition; Segmentation based recognition; Segmentation free recognition

Indexed keywords

DECISION MAKING; DYNAMIC PROGRAMMING; IMAGE SEGMENTATION; NUMBER THEORY;

DUMMY SYMBOL; ISOLATED NUMERAL RECOGNITION; OFF LINE HANDWRITTEN NUMERAL STRING RECOGNITION; SEGMENTATION BASED RECOGNITION; SEGMENTATION FREE METHODS;

CHARACTER RECOGNITION;

EID: 0032017267     PISSN: 00313203     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1016/S0031-3203(97)00050-2     Document Type: Article

References (29)

1. R. G. Casey and E. Lecolinet, Strategies in character segmentation: a survey, Proc. 3rd Int. Conf. on Document Analysis and Recognition, 14-16 August, pp. 1028-1033, Montréal, Canada (1995).
2. H. Nishida and S. Mori, A model-based split-and-merge method for recognition and segmentation of character strings", Advances in Structural and Syntactic Pattern Recognition, H. Bunke, ed., pp. 300-309. World Scientific, Singapore (1992).
3. H. Fujisawa, Y. Nakano and K. Kurino, Segmentation methods for character recognition: from segmentation to document structure analysis, Proc. IEEE, Special Issue on OCR, 80(7), pp. 1079-1092, (1992).
4. F. Kimura, Y. Miyake and M. Shridhar, Handwritten ZIP code recognition using lexicon free word recognition algorithm, Proc. 3rd Int. Conf. on Document Analysis and Recognition, 14-16 August, pp. 906-910. Montréal, Canada (1995).
5. E. Lethelier, M. Leroux and M. Gilloux, An automatic reading system for handwritten numeral amounts on French checks, Proc. 3rd Int. Conf. on Document Analysis and Recognition, 14-16 August, pp. 92-97. Montréal, Canada (1995).
6. A. Filatov, A. Gitis and I. Kil, Graph-based handwritten digit string recognition, Proc. 3rd Int. Conf. on Document Analysis and Recognition, 14-16 August, pp. 845-848, Montréal, Canada (1995).
7. N. W. Strathy and C.Y. Suen, A new system for reading handwritten ZIP codes, Proc. 3rd Int. Conf. on Document Analysis and Recognition, 14-16 August, pp. 74-77. Montréal, Canada (1995).
8. G. Congedo, G. Dimauro, S. Impedovo and G. Pirlo, Segmentation of numeric strings, Proc. 3rd Int. Conf. on Document Analysis and Recognition, 14-16 August, pp. 1038-1041. Montréal, Canada (1995).
9. G. L. Martin, M. Rashid and J. A. Pittman, Integrated segmentation and recognition through exhaustive scans or learned saccadic jumps, Int. J. Pattern Recognition Artifial Intell. 7, pp. 831-847 (1993).
10. S. W. Lee and E. J. Lee, Integrated segmentation and recognition of connected handwritten characters with recurrent neural network, Proc. 3rd Int. Conf. on Document Analysis and Recognition, 14-16, August, pp. 413-416. Montréal, Canada (1995).
11. J. Keeler and D.E. Rumelhart, A self-organizing integrated segmentation and recognition neural network, Advances in Neural Information Processing Systems, Vol. 4, J.E. Moody, S.J. Hanson, and R.P. Lippmann, eds., pp. 496-503. Morgan Kaufmann, San Mateo, CA (1992).
12. O. Matan, J.C. Burges, Y. Le Cun and J.S. Denker, Multi-digit recognition using a space displacement neural network, Advances in Neural Information Processing Systems, Vol. 4, J.E. Moody, S.J. Hanson, and R.P. Lippmann, eds., pp. 488-495 Morgan Kaufmann, San Mateo, CA (1992).
13. J. J. Hull, A database for handwritten text recognition research, IEEE Trans. Pattern Anal. Mach. Intell. 16, 550-554, May 1994.
14. R. A. Wilkinson, J. Geist, S. Janet, P, J. Grother, C. J. C. Burges, R. Creecy, B. Hammond, J. J. Hull, N. W. Larsen, T. P. Vogl and C. L. Wilson, The First Census Optical Character Recognition Systems Conf., The U.S. Bureau of Census and the National Institute of Standards and Technology, Technical Report #NISTIR 4912, Gaithersburg, MD (1992).
15. F. Arcelli, A. Chianese, M. De Santo and A. Picariello, Approaching character segmentation with parallel contour/skeleton analysis, Proc. 8th Scandinavian Conf. on Image Analysis, 25-28 May, pp. 1299-1306, Tromsö, Norway (1993).
16. J. D. Keeler, D. E. Rumelhart and W. K. Leow, Integrated segmentation and recognition of hand-printed numerals, Advances in Neural Information Processing Systems 3, R. P. Lippmann, J. E. Moody, D. S. Touretzky, eds., pp. 557-563. Morgan Kaufmann, Los Altos, CA, (1991).
17. P. L. Sparks, M. V. Nagendraprasad and A. Gupta, An algorithm for segmenting handwritten numeral strings, Proc. 2nd Int. Conf. on Automation, Robotics, and Computer Vision, Singapore, September 16-18, pp. CV-1.1.1 to CV-1.1.4 (1992).
18. S. Seshadri and D. Sivakumar, A technique for segmenting handwritten digits, Pre-Proc. Int. Worshop on Frontiers in Handwriting Recognition III, 25-27 May, pp. 443-448. Buffalo, New York, USA, (1993).
19. R. Fenrich, Segmentation of automatically located handwritten numeric strings, From Pixels to Features III: Frontiers in Handwriting Recognition, S. Impedovo and J. C. Simon, eds., pp. 47-59. Elsevier, Amsterdam, The Netherlands (1992).
20. F. Kimura and M. Shridhar, Segmentation-recognition algorithm for zip code field recognition, Machine Vision Appt. 5, 199-210 (1992).
21. Thien M. Ha and H. Bunke, Handwritten numeral recognition by perturbation method, Proc. 4th Int. Workshop on Frontiers of Handwriting Recognition, 7-9 December, pp. 97-106. Taipei, Taiwan, (1994).
22. J. Schürmann, Pattern Classification. Wiley, New York (1996).
23. N. J. Nilsson, Principles of Artificial Intelligence. Springer Berlin (1982).
24. D. Niggeler, Handwritten numeral string recognition, Master Thesis, Institut für Informatik und angewandte Mathematik, University of Berne, Switzerland (1994).
25. C. K. Chow, An optimum character recognition system using decision functions, Inst. Radio Engineers (IRE) Trans. Electron. Comput. 6, 247-254, (1957).
26. C. K. Chow, On optimum recognition error and reject tradeoff, IEEE Trans. Inform. Theory IT-16 (1), 41-46 (1970).
27. A. K. Jain, Fundamentals of Digital Image Processing. Prentice-Hall, Englewood Cliffs, NJ (1989).
28. Thien M. Ha, D. Niggeler and H. Bunke, A system for segmenting and recognising totally unconstrained handwritten numeral strings, Proc. 3rd Int. Conf. on Document Analysis and Recognition, pp. 1003-1009, 14-16 August, Montréal, Canada (1995).
29. C. Y. Suen, C. Nadal, R. Legault, TA Mai and L. Lam, Computer recognition of unconstrained handwritten numerals, Proc. IEEE, Special Issue on Optical Character Recognition, T. Pavlidis and S. Mori, eds., pp. 1162-1180 (1992).