Individual response spread in self-report scales: Personality correlations and consequences

Personality and Individual Differences

Volumn 24, Issue 3, 1998, Pages 421-438

  Austin, Elizabeth J ^a,b   Deary, Ian J ^a   Gibson, Gavin J ^b   McGregor, Murray J ^c   Dent, J Barry ^a,d  

^a UNIVERSITY OF EDINBURGH   (United Kingdom)

^b Biomathematics and Statistics for Scotland 'BioSS'   (United Kingdom)

^c SCOTTISH AGRICULTURAL COLLEGE   (United Kingdom)

^d ROYAL AGRICULTURAL UNIVERSITY   (United Kingdom)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

EID: 0032014026     PISSN: 01918869     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1016/S0191-8869(97)00175-X     Document Type: Article

References (78)

1. Allport, G. W. (1937). Personality: A Psychological Interpretation, Henry Holt: New York.
2. Allport, G. W. (1961). Pattern and Growth in Personality, Holt, Rinehart & Winston: New York.
3. Bartholomew, D. J. (1987). Latent Variable Models and Factor Analysis, London: Griffin.
4. Baumeister, R. F., & Tice, D. M. (1988). Metatraits. Journal of Personality, 56, 571-598.
5. Bem, D. J., & Allen, A. (1974). On Predicting Some of the People Some of the Time: The Search for Cross-Situational Consistencies in Behaviour. Psychological Review, 81, 506-520.
6. Berg, I. A. (1953). The Reliability of Extreme Position Response Sets in Two Tests. Journal of Psychology, 36, 3-9.
7. Berg, I. A., & Collier, J. S. (1953). Personality and Group Differences in Extreme Response Sets. Educational and Psychological Measurement, 13, 164-169.
8. Borgatta, E. F., & Glass, D. C. (1961). Personality Concomitants of Extreme Response Set (ERS). Journal of Social Psychology, 55, 213-221.
9. Brengelman, J. C. (1958). The Effects of Exposure Time in Immediate Recall on Abnormal and Questionnaire Criteria of Personality. Journal of Mental Science, 104, 665-680.
10. Brengelman, J. C. (1959). Abnormal and Personality Correlates of Certainty. Journal of Mental Science, 105, 142-162.
11. Brengelman, J. C. (1960a). Extreme Response Set, Drive Level, and Abnormality in Questionnaire Rigidity. Journal of Mental Science, 106, 171-186.
12. Brengelman, J. C. (1960b). A Note on Questionnaire rigidity and Extreme Response Set. Journal of Mental Science, 106, 187-192.
13. Brim, O. G., & Hoff, D. B. (1957) Individual and Situational Differences in Desire for Certainty. Journal of Abnormal and Social Psychology, 54, 225-229.
14. Carroll, J. B. (1983). The Difficulty of a Test and Its Factor Composition Revisited. In H. Wainer and F. M. Messick (Eds.). Principals of Modern Psychological Measurement (pp. 257-282). Hillsdale: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates.
15. Cheek, J. M. (1982). Aggregation, Moderator Variables and the Validity of Personality Tests: A Peer-Rating Study. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 43, 1254-1269.
16. Costa, P. T., & McCrae, R. R. (1992a). Four Ways Five Factors are Basic. Personality and Individual Differences, 13, 653-665.
17. Costa, P. T., & McCrae, R. R. (1992b). Revised NEO Personality Inventory and NEO Five Factor Inventory. Professional Manual, Odessa, Florida: Psychological Assessment Resources Inc.
18. Cronbach, L. J. (1946). Response Sets and Test Validity. Educational and Psychological Measurement, 6, 475-494.
19. Cronbach, L. J. (1950). Further Evidence on Response Sets and Test Design. Educational and Psychological Measurement, 10, 3-31.
20. Cummings, J. D. (1939). Variability of Judgement and Steadiness of Character. British Journal of Psychology, 29, 345-370.
21. Das, J. P., & Dutta, T. (1969). Some correlates of Extreme Response Set. Acta Psychologica, 29, 85-92.
22. Deary, I. J., Blenkin, H., Agius, R. M., Endler, N. S., Zealley, H., & Wood, R. (1996). Models of Job-Related Stress and Personal Achievement Among Consultant Doctors. British Journal of Psychology, 87, 3-29.
23. Deary, I. J., & Mathews, G. (1993). Personality Traits are Alive and Well. The Psychologist, 6, 299-311.
24. Endler, N. S., & Parker, J. D. A. (1990). Multidimensional Assessment of Coping: A Critical Evaluation. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 58, 844-854.
25. Fazio, R. H., Sanbonmatsu, D. M., Powell, M. C., & Kardes, F. R. (1986). On the Automatic Activation of Attitudes. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 50, 229-238.
26. Fenigstein, A., Scheier, M. F., & Buss, A. H. (1975). Public and Private Self-Consciousness: Assessment and Theory. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 43, 522-527.
27. Fiske, D. W., & Rice, L. (1955). Intra-Individual Response Variability. Psychological Bulletin, 52, 217-250.
28. Gangestad, S., & Snyder, M. (1985). "To Carve Nature at Its Joints": On the Existence of Discrete Classes in Personality. Psychological Review, 92, 317-349.
29. Goldberg, L. R., & Kilkowski, J. M. (1985). The Prediction of Semantic Consistency in Self-Descriptions: Characteristics of Persons and of Terms that Affect the Consistency of Responses to Synonym and Antonym Pairs. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 48, 82-98.
30. Greenteaf, E. A. (1992a). Measuring Extreme Response Style. Public Opinion Quarterly, 56, 328-351.
31. Greenleaf, E. A. (1992b). Improving Rating Scale Measures by Detecting and Correcting Bias Components in Some Response Styles. Journal of Marketing Research, 29, 176-188.
32. Havlicek, L. L., & Peterson, N. L. (1977). Effect of Violation of Assumptions Upon Significance Levels of the Pearson r. Psychological Bulletin, 84, 373-377.
33. Heide, H., & Grønhaug, K. (1992). The Impact of Response Styles in Surveys: A Simulation Study. Journal of the Market Research Society, 34, 215-230.
34. Helmes, E., & Jackson, D. N. (1989). Prediction Models of Personality Item Responding. Multivariate Behaviour Research, 24, 71-91.
35. Hershberger, S. L., Plomin, R., & Pedersen, N. L. (1995). Traits and Metatraits: Their Reliability, Stability and Shared Genetic Influence. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 69, 673-685.
36. Hesterly, S. O. (1963). Deviant Response Patterns as a Function of Chronological Age. Journal of Consulting Psychology, 27, 210-214.
37. Hulin, C. L., Drasgow, F., & Parsons, K. (1983). Item Response Theory: Application to Psychological Measurement. Homewood: Dow Jones-Irwin.
38. Jackson, D. N. (1986). The Process of Responding in Personality Assessment. In A. Angleitner and J. S. Wiggins (Eds.). Personality Assessment via Questionnaires: Current Issues in Theory and Measurement (pp. 123-142). Berlin: Springer.
39. Jöreskog, K. G. (1990). New Developments in LISREL: Analysis of Ordinal Variables Using Polychoric Correlations and Weighted Least Squares. Quality and Quantity, 24, 387-804.
40. Kirton, M. (1987). Adaption-Innovation Inventory: Manual (second edition). Occupational Research Centre: Hatfield.
41. Lewis, N. A., & Taylor, J. A. (1955). Anxiety and Extreme Response Preferences. Educational and Psychological Measurement, 15, 111-116.
42. Light, C. S., Zax, M., & Gardiner, D. H. (1965). Relationship of Age, Sex, and Intelligence Level to Extreme Response Style. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 2, 907-909.
43. Malhortra, N. K., Jain, A. K., & Pinson, C. (1983). Extremity of Judgement and Personality Variables: Two Empirical Investigations. Journal of Social Psychology, 120, 111-118.
44. Maslach, C., & Jackson, S. E. (1986). Maslach Burnout Inventory Manual (Second Edition). Consulting Psychologists Press, Inc.: Palo Alto.
45. McFarland, S. G., & Sparks, C. M. (1985). Age, Education and the Internal Consistency of Personality Scales. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 49, 1692-1702.
46. Mischel, W. (1968). Personality and Assessment, New York: Wiley.
47. Mogar, R. E. (1960). Three Versions of the F-Scale and Performance on the Semantic Differential. Journal of Abnormal and Social Psychology. 60, 262-265.
48. Nelson, H. E., & Willison, J. (1991). National Adult Reading Test. 2nd Edition. Windsor, U.K.: NFER-Nelson.
49. Norman, R. P. (1969). Extreme Response Tendency as a Function of Emotional Adjustment and Stimulus Ambiguity. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 33, 406-410.
50. Olsson, U. (1979). Maximum Likelihood Estimation of the Polychoric Correlation Coefficient. Psychometrika, 44, 443-460.
51. Paunonen, S. V. (1988). Trait Relevance and the Differential Prediction of Behaviour. Journal of Personality, 56, 599-619.
52. Paunonen, S. V., & Jackson, D. N. (1985). Idiographic Measurement Strategies for Personality and Prediction: Some Unredeemed Promissory Notes. Psychological Review, 92, 486-511.
53. Raven, J. C. (1992). Raven's Standard Progressive Matrices. 1992 Edition. Windsor, U.K. : NFER-Nelson.
54. Raven, J. C., Raven, J., & Court, J. H. (1992). Manual for the Raven's Standard Progressive Matrices. 1992 Edition, Windsor, U.K.: NFER-Nelson.
55. Reise, S. P., & Waller, N. G. (1993). Traitedness and the Assessment of Response Pattern Scalability. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 65, 143-151.
56. Rogers, T. B. (1971). The Process of Responding to Personality Items: Some Issues, a Theory and Some Research Multivariate Behaviour Research Monographs; volume 6; no. 2). Fort Worth: Texas Christian University Press.
57. Rost, J., (1997). Logistic Mixture Models. In W. J. van der Linden, & R. K. Hambleton (Eds.). Handbook of Modern Item Response Theory (pp. 449-463). Berlin: Springer.
58. Rost, J., Carstensen, C., & von Davier, M. (1996). Applying the Mixed Rasch Model to Personality Questionnaires. In J. Rost, & R. Langeheine (Eds.). Applications of Latent Trait and Latent Class Models in the Social Sciences (pp. 324-332). Münster: Waxmann.
59. Rost, J., & Langeheine, R. (Eds.) (1996). Applications of Latent Trait and Latent Class Models in the Social Sciences, Waxmann: Münster.
60. Rundquist, E. A. (1950). Response Sets: A note on the Consistency in Taking Extreme Positions. Educational and Psychological Measurement, 10, 97-99.
61. Scheier, M. F., Buss, A. H., & Buss, D. M. (1978). Self-Consciousness, Self-Report of Aggressiveness, and Aggression. Journal of Research in Personality, 12, 133-140.
62. Schneiderman, W. (1980). A Personality Dimension of Consistency Versus Variability Without the Use of Self-Reports or Ratings. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 39, 158-164.
63. Schutz, R. E., & Foster, R. J. (1963). A Factor Analytic Study of Acquiescent and Extreme Response Set. Educational and Psychological Measurement, 23, 435-447.
64. Snyder, M. (1974). The Self-Monitoring of Expressive Behaviour. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 30, 526-537.
65. Soueif, M. I. (1958). Extreme Response Sets as a Measure of Intolerance of Ambiguity. British Journal of Psychology, 49, 329-334.
66. Spector, P. E. (1988). Development of the Work Locus of Control Scale. Journal of Occupational Psychology, 61, 335-340.
67. Tellegen, A. (1988). The Analysis of Consistency in Personality Assessment. Journal of Personality, 56, 621-663.
68. Thurstone, L. L. (1959). The Measurement of Values. University of Chicago Press: Chicago.
69. Turner, R. G. (1978). Consistency, Self-Consciousness, and the Predictive Value of Typical and Maximal Personality Measures. Journal of Research in Personality, 12, 117-132.
70. Underwood, B., & Moore, B. S. (1981). Sources of Behavioural Consistency. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 40, 780-785.
71. von Davier, M., & Rost, J. (1996). Self-Monitoring - A Class Variable? In J. Rost, & R. Langeheine (Eds.). Applications of Latent Trait and Latent Class Models in the Social Sciences (pp. 296-304). Münster: Waxmann.
72. Voyce, C. D., & Jackson, D. N. (1977). An Evaluation of a Threshold Theory for Personality Assessment, Educational and Psychological Measurement. 37, 383-408.
73. Warr, P. B., & Coffman, T. L. (1970). Personality, Involvement and Extremity of Judgement, British Journal of Social and Clinical Psychology. 9, 108-121.
74. Watson, D., & Pennebaker, J. W. (1989). Health Complaints, Stress and Distress: Exploring the Central Role of Negative Affectivity, Psychological Review, 96, 234-254.
75. White, B. J., & Harvey, O. J. (1965). Effects of Personality and Own Stand on Judgment and Production of Statements About a Central Issue. Journal of Experimental Social Psychology, 1, 334-347.
76. Willock, J., Deary, I., McGregor, M., Sutherland, A., Dent, B., & Grieve, R. (1995). Decision-Making on Family Farms. In B. H. Jacobsen, D. E. Pedersen, J. Christensen and S. Rasmussen (Eds.). Farmers Decision Making - A Descriptive Approach (Proceedings of the 38th E.A.A.E. Seminar). Copenhagen: Institute of Agricultural Economics and the Royal Veterinary and Agricultural University.
77. Zax, M., Gardiner, D. H., & Lowy, D. G. (1964). Extreme Response Tendency as a Function of Emotional Adjustment. Journal of Abnormal and Social Psychology, 69, 654-657.
78. Zuckermann, M., Koestner, R., Deboy, T., Garcia, T., Maresca, B. C., & Sartoris, J. M. (1988). To Predict Some of the People Some of the Time - A re-examination of the Moderator Variable Approach in Personality Theory. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 54, 1006-1019.