"Moralism" and the gender gap: Judgments of political ethics in Japan

Political Psychology

Volumn 19, Issue 1, 1998, Pages 211-236

  Pharr, Susan J ^a  

^a NONE

Author keywords

Ethical judgment; Gender gap; Japan; Moralism; Political corruption

Indexed keywords

EID: 0032008588     PISSN: 0162895X     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1111/0162-895X.00100     Document Type: Article

References (55)

1. Abramson, P., Aldrich, J., & Rohde, D. (1995). Change and continuity in the 1992 elections. Washington, D.C.: Congressional Quarterly Press.
2. Abzug, B. (1984). Gender gap: Bella Abzug's guide to political power for American women (pp. 107-108). Boston: Houghton Mifflin.
3. Ackelsberg, M., & Diamond, L. (1987). Gender and political life: New directions in political science. In B. Hess & M. Ferree (Eds.), Analyzing gender (pp. 504-525). Newbury Park, CA: Sage.
4. Allinson, G. (1993). Citizenship, fragmentation, and the negotiated polity. In G. Allinson & Y. Sone (Eds.), Political dynamics in contemporary Japan (pp. 17-19). Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press.
5. Amano, M. (1995). "Jendā to seiji" no miraizu (The future of "gender and politics"). In S. Inoue, C. Ueno, M. Osawa, S. Mita, & S. Yoshimi (Eds.), Jendā no shakaigaku (Sociology of gender) (pp. 107-129). Tokyo: Iwanami Shoten.
6. Asahi Shimbun (1989, April 7).
7. Brinton, M. (1988). The social-institutional bases of gender stratification: Japan as an illustrative case. American Journal of Sociology, 94, 300-334.
8. Carnaghan, E., & Bahry, D. (1990). Political attitudes and the gender gap in the USSR. Comparative Politics, 22, 379-399.
9. Conover, P. (1988). Feminists and the gender gap. Journal of Politics, 50, 985-1010.
10. Ford, M., & Lowery, C. (1986). Gender differences in moral reasoning: A comparison of justice and care orientations. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 50, 777-783.
11. Gardiner, J. (1970). The politics of organized crime in an American city. New York: Russell Sage.
12. Gilligan, C. (1982). In a different voice: Psychological theory and women's development. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.
13. Gilligan, C., & Attanucci, J. (1988). Two moral orientations: Gender differences and similarities. Merrill-Palmer Quarterly, 34, 223-237.
14. Hamilton, V., & Sanders, J. (1992). Everyday justice: Responsibility and the individual in Japan and the United States. New Haven: Yale University Press.
15. Hastings, S. (1996). Women legislators in the postwar Diet. In A. Imamura (Ed.), Re-imaging Japanese women (pp. 271-300). Berkeley: University of California Press.
16. Heidenheimer, A. (1978). The context of analysis. In A. Heidenheimer (Ed.), Political corruption: Readings in comparative analysis (pp. 3-28). New Brunswick, NJ: Transaction.
17. Iwao, S. (1993). The Japanese woman: Traditional image and changing reality. New York: Free Press.
18. Jaquette, J. (1994). Conclusion: Women's political participation and the prospects for democracy. In J. Jaquette (Ed.), The women's movement in Latin America: Participation and democracy (pp. 223-238). Boulder, CO: Westview.
19. Johnson, C. (1986). Structural corruption and the advent of machine politics in Japan. Journal of Japanese Studies, 12, 1-28.
20. Johnson, L. (1992).The feminist politics of Takako Doi and the Social Democratic Party of Japan. Women's Studies International Forum, 15, 385-395.
21. Kohlberg, L. (1969). Stage and sequence: The cognitive-developmental approach to socialization. In D. Goslin (ed.), The handbook of socialization theory and research (pp. 347-180). Chicago, IL: Rand McNally.
22. Kohlberg, L. (1981). The philosophy of moral development: Moral stages and the idea of justice: Essays on moral development, 1. San Francisco, CA: Harper & Row.
23. Kohlberg, L. (1984). The psychology of moral development: Essays on moral development, 2. San Francisco, CA: Harper & Row.
24. Kohlberg, L., & Kramer, R. (1969). Continuities and discontinuities in childhood and adult moral development. Human Development, 12, 93-120.
25. Kpundeh, S. (1995). Politics and corruption in Africa: A case study of Sierra Leone. Lanham, MD: University Press of America.
26. Ladd, E. (1995). Japan and America: Two different nations draw closer. The Public Perspective: A Roper Center Review of Public Opinion and Polling, 6 (5), 22.
27. Long, S. (1996). Nurturing and femininity. The ideal of caregiving in postwar Japan. In A. Imamura (Ed.), Re-imaging Japanese women (pp. 156-176). Berkeley: University of California Press.
28. MacDougall, T. (1988). The Lockheed scandal and the high costs of politics in Japan. In A. Markovits & M. Silverstein (Eds.), The politics of scandal: Power and process in liberal democracies (pp. 193-229). London: Holmes & Meier.
29. Mansbridge, J. (1985). Myth and reality: The ERA and the gender gap in the 1980 election. Public Opinion Quarterly, 49, 164-178.
30. Mitchell, R. (1996). Political bribery in Japan. Honolulu: University of Hawaii Press.
31. Murobushi, T. (1988). Nihon oshoku shi (The history of Japanese corruption). Tokyo: Chikuma Shobo.
32. Neft, N., & Levine, A. (1997). Where women stand: An international report on the status of women in 140 countries, 1997-98. New York: Random House.
33. New York Times (1997, August 28), p. A1.
34. Norris, P. (1988). The gender gap: A cross-national trend? In C. Mueller (Ed.), The politics of the gender gap: The social construction of political influence (pp. 217-234). Newbury Park, CA: Sage.
35. Page, B., & Shapiro, R. (1992). The rational public: Fifty years of trends in Americans' policy preferences. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
36. Pharr, S. (1980). Political women in Japan. Berkeley: University of California Press.
37. Pharr, S. (1990). Losing face: Status politics in Japan. Berkeley: University of California Press.
38. Pharr, S. (1997). Public trust and democracy in Japan. In J. Nye Jr., P. Zelikow, & D. King (Eds.), Why people don't trust government (pp. 237-252). Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.
39. Randall, V. (1982). Women and politics. New York: St. Martin's.
40. Reed, S. (1996). Political corruption in Japan. International Social Science Journal, 149, 395-406.
41. Sapiro, V. (1984). The political integration of women: Roles, socialization, and politics. Urbana: University of Illinois Press.
42. Schlesinger, J. (1997). Shadow shoguns: The rise and fall of Japan's postwar political machine. New York: Simon & Schuster.
43. Schlozman, K. (1994). Participation's not a paradox: The view from American activists (Occasional Papers 94:3). Cambridge, MA: Center for American Political Studies, Harvard University.
44. Sechiyama, K. (1995). Jendā kenkyū no genjō to kadai (Current situation and problems of gender studies). In S. Inoue, C. Ueno, M. Osawa, S. Mita, & S. Yoshimi (Eds.), Jendā no shakaigaku (Sociology of gender) (pp. 227-243). Tokyo: Iwanami Shoten.
45. Seltzer, R., Newman, J., & Leighton, M. (1997). Sex as a political variable: Women as candidates and voters in U.S. elections. Boulder, CO: Lynne Rienner.
46. Shapiro, R., & Mahajan, H. (1986). Gender differences in policy preferences: A summary of trends from the 1960s to the 1980s. Public Opinion Quarterly, 50, 42-61.
47. Skocpol, T. (1992a). Protecting soldiers and mothers. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.
48. Skocpol, T. (1992b). State formation and social policy in the United States. In G. Marks & L. Diamond (Eds.), Reexamining democracy (pp. 227-249). Newbury Park, CA: Sage.
49. Smith, T. (1984). The polls: Gender and attitudes toward violence. Public Opinion Quarterly, 48, 384-396.
50. Soma, M. (1975). Nihon ni okeru hujin no tōhyō kōdō (Women's voting behavior in Japan). Hosei Kenkyō 41, 179-203.
51. Stoper, E., & Johnson, R. (1977). The weaker sex & the better half: The idea of women's moral superiority in the American feminist movement. Polity, 10, 192-217.
52. Upham, F. (1987). Law and social change in postwar Japan. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.
53. Wark, G., & Krebs, D. (1996). Gender and dilemma differences in real-life moral judgment. Developmental Psychology, 32, 220-230.
54. Watanuki, J. (1991). Yūkensha to shite no nihon josei (Japanese women as constituents). Leviathan, 8 (Spring), 23-40.
55. Welch, S., & Hibbing, J. (1992). Financial conditions, gender, and voting in American national elections. Journal of Politics, 54, 197-213.