Exercise prescription for weight management

Proceedings of the Nutrition Society

Volumn 57, Issue 1, 1998, Pages 93-103

  Hills, Andrew P ^a   Byrne, Nuala M ^a  

^a QUEENSLAND UNIVERSITY OF TECHNOLOGY   (Australia)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

ENERGY METABOLISM; EXERCISE; HUMAN; REVIEW; WEIGHT REDUCTION;

ENERGY METABOLISM; EXERCISE; HUMANS; WEIGHT LOSS;

EID: 0031989705     PISSN: 00296651     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1079/PNS19980015     Document Type: Article

References (143)

1. Aellen R, Hollmann W & Boutellier U (1993) Effects of aerobic and anaerobic training on plasma lipoproteins. International Journal of Sports Medicine 14, 396-400.
2. American College of Sports Medicine (1990) Position stand on the recommended quantity and quality of exercise for developing and maintaining cardiorespiratory and muscular fitness in healthy adults. Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise 22, 265-274.
3. American College of Sports Medicine (1991) Guidelines for Exercise Testing and Prescription, 4th ed. Philadelphia, PA: Lea & Febiger.
4. American College of Sports Medicine (1995) Guidelines for Exercise Testing and Prescription, 5th ed. Philadelphia, PA: Lea & Febiger.
5. Andersson B, Xu X, Rebuffe-Scrive M, Terning K, Krotkiewski M & Bjorntorp P (1991) The effects of exercise training on body composition and metabolism in men and women. International Journal of Obesity 15, 75-81.
6. Arborelius M, Balldin UI & Lundgren CEG (1972) Hemodynamic changes in man during immersion with the head above water. Aerospace Medicine 43, 592-598.
7. Avellini BA, Shapiro Y & Pandolf KV (1983) Cardiorespiratory physical training in water and on land. European Journal of Applied Physiology 50, 255-264.
8. Bahr R & Maehlum S (1986) Excess post-exercise oxygen consumption. A short review. Acta Physiologica Scandinavica 128, Suppl. 556, 99-104.
9. Ballor DL, Becque MD, Marks CR, Nau KL & Katch VL (1989) Physiological responses to nine different exercise : rest protocols. Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise 21, 90-95.
10. Ballor DL & Keesey RE (1991) A meta-analysis of the factors affecting exercise-induced changes in body mass, fat mass and fat-free mass in males and females. International Journal of Obesity 15, 717-726.
11. Ballor D, McCarthy J & Wilterdink E (1990) Exercise intensity does not affect the composition of diet- and exercise-induced body mass loss. American Journal of Clinical Nutrition 51, 142-146.
12. Bar-Or O, Lundegren HM & Buskirk ER (1969) Heat tolerance of exercising obese and lean women. Journal of Applied Physiology 26, 403-409.
13. Barr S, Costill D & Fink W (1991) Fluid replacement during prolonged exercise: effects of water, saline, or no fluid. Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise 23, 811-817.
14. Begin R, Epstein M, Sackner MA, Levinson R, Dougherty R & Duncan D (1976) Effect of water immersion to the neck on pulmonary circulation and tissue volume in man. Journal of Applied Physiology 40, 293-299.
15. Belman M & Gaesser G (1990) Exercise training below and above the lactate threshold in the elderly. Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise 23, 562-568.
16. Bjorntorp P (1990) Adipose tissue adaptation to exercise. In Exercise, Fitness and Health: A Consensus of Current Knowledge, pp. 315-323 [C Bouchard, RJ Shephard, T Stephens, JR Sutton and BD McPherson, editors]. Champaign, IL: Human Kinetics.
17. Blessey RL, Hislop HJ, Waters RL & Antonelli D (1976) Metabolic energy cost of unrestrained walking. Physical Therapy 56, 1019-1024.
18. Borg G (1985) An Introduction to Borg's RPE-Scale. Ithaca, NY: Mouvement Publications.
19. Bouchard C (1994) Genetic variation in exercise and obesity. In Exercise and Obesity, pp. 33-48 [AP Hills and ML Wahlqvist, editors]. London: Smith-Gordon.
20. Bouchard C (1996) Dietary management: what works and what doesn't (Panel discussion). Proceedings of a Symposium by the National Heart Foundation of Australia: Wrestling with Obesity, pp. 39-47.
21. Bouchard C, Tremblay A, Nadeau A, Dussault J, Després JP, Theriault G, Lupien PJ, Serresse O, Boulay MR & Fournier G (1990) Long-term exercise training with constant energy intake. 1: Effect on body composition and selected metabolic variables. International Journal of Obesity 14, 57-73.
22. Brooks GA, Fahey TD & White TP (1996) Exercise Physiology, Human Bioenergetics and its Applications, 2nd ed. Mountain View, CA: Mayfield Publishing Company.
23. Brown SP, Chitwood LF, Beason KR & McLemore DR (1996a) Perceptual responses to deep water running and treadmill exercise. Perceptual and Motor Skills 83, 131-139.
24. Brown SP, Chitwood LF, Beason KR & McLemore DR (1996b). Physiological correlates with perceived exertion during deep water running. Perceptual and Motor Skills 83, 155-162.
25. Bullard RW & Rapp GM (1970) Problems of body heat loss in water immersion. Aerospace Medicine 41, 1269-1277.
26. Burgess ML, Robertson RJ, Davis JM & Norris JM (1991) RPE, blood glucose and carbohydrate oxidation during exercise: effects of glucose feeding. Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise 23, 353-359.
27. Burse RL, Pandolf KB & Goldman RF (1979) Physical conditioning of sedentary young man with ankle weights during working hours. Ergonomics 22, 69-78.
28. Buskirk ER (1993) Obesity. In Exercise Testing and Exercise Prescription for Special Cases. Theoretical Basis and Clinical Application, pp. 185-210 [JS Skinner, editor]. Philadelphia, PA: Lea & Febiger.
29. Butts NK, Tucker M & Greening C (1991) Physiologic responses to maximal treadmill and deep water running in men and women. American Journal of Sports Medicine 19, 612-614.
30. Calles-Escandon J & Horton ES (1992) The thermogenic role of exercise in the treatment of morbid obesity: a critical evaluation. American Journal of Clinical Nutrition 55, S533-S537.
31. Casaburi RT, Storer TW, Sullivan SS & Wasserman K (1995) Evaluation of blood lactate as an intensity criterion for exercise training. Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise 27, 852-862.
32. Cornish G (1983) Personal exercise prescription. Cardiac rehabilitation and preventive medicine. Medical Journal of Australia 4, 163-165.
33. Crampes F, Riviere D, Beauvill M, Marceron M & Garrigues M (1989) Lipolytic response of adipocytes to epinephrine in sedentary and exercise-trained subjects: sex-related differences. European Journal of Applied Physiology 59, 249-255.
34. de Groot, L, van Es A, van Raaij J, Vogt J & Hautvast J (1990) Energy metabolism of overweight women 1 mo and 1 y after an 8-week slimming period. American Journal of Clinical Nutrition 51, 578-583.
35. Despres JP (1994) Metabolic dysfunction and exercise. In Exercise and Obesity, pp. 71-84 [AP Hills and ML Wahlqvist, editors]. London: Smith-Gordon.
36. Despres JP & Lamarche B (1994) Low-intensity endurance exercise training, plasma lipoproteins and the risk of coronary heart disease. Journal of International Medicine 236, 7-22.
37. Despres JP, Pouliot MC, Moorjani S, Nadeau A, Tremblay A, Lupien PJ, Theriault G & Bouchard C (1991) Loss of abdominal fat and metabolic response to exercise training in obese women. American Journal of Physiology 261, E159-E167.
38. DeVries HA & Housh TJ (1994) Physiology of Exercise, 5th ed. Madison, WI: Brown & Benchmark.
39. DePietro L (1995) Physical activity, body weight, and adiposity: an epidemiological perspective. Exercise and Sport Sciences Reviews 23, 275-303.
40. Dishman RK (1994) Prescribing exercise intensity for healthy adults using perceived exertion. Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise 26, 1087-1094.
41. Dunbar CC & Bursztyn DA (1996) The slope method of prescribing exercise with ratings of perceived exertion (RPE). Perceptual and Motor Skills 83, 91-97.
42. Dunbar CC, Glickman-Weiss EL, Edwards WW, Conley P & Quiroz A (1996a) Three-point method of prescribing exercise with ratings of perceived exertion is valid for cardiac patients. Perceptual and Motor Skills 83, 384-386.
43. Dunbar CC, Goris C, Michielli DW & Kalinski MI (1994) Accuracy and reproducibility of an exercise prescription based on Ratings of Perceived Exertion for treadmill and cycle ergometer exercise. Perceptual and Motor Skills 78, 1335-1344.
44. Dunbar CC, Kalinski MI & Robertson RJ (1996b) A new method for prescribing exercise: three-point ratings of perceived exertion. Perceptual and Motor Skills 82, 139-146.
45. Dwyer GB, Wallace JP & Whaley MH (1994) Influence of metabolic control on the ventilatory threshold in adults with non-insulin dependent diabetes mellitus. Diabetes Research 25, 39-16.
46. Ebbeling C, Ward A & Rippe J (1988) Evaluation of the ACSM energy cost for walking. Journal of Cardiorespiratory Rehabilitation 8, 400.
47. Epstein LH & Wing RR (1980) Aerobic exercise and weight. Addictive Behaviors 5, 371-388.
48. Eston R & Connolly D (1996) The use of ratings of perceived exertion for exercise prescription in patients receiving beta-blocker therapy. Sports Medicine 21, 176-190.
49. Evans SL, Davy KP, Stevenson ET & Seals DR (1995) Physiological determinants of 10-km performance in highly trained female runners of different ages. Journal of Applied Physiology 78, 1931-1941.
50. Feigenbaum MS & Pollock ML (1997) Strength training-rationale for current guidelines for adult fitness. Physician and Sports Medicine 25, 44.
51. Fletcher GF, Balady G, Froelicher VF, Hartley LH, Haskell WL & Pollock ML (1995) Exercise standards: A statement for healthcare professionals from the American Heart Association. Circulation 91, 580-615.
52. Foreyt JP, Brunner RL, Goodrich GK, St Jeor ST & Miller GD (1995) Psychological correlates of reported physical activity in normal-weight and obese adults: the Reno diet-heart study. International Journal of Obesity 17, 279-286.
53. Francis K & Hoobler T (1986) Changes in oxygen consumption associated with treadmill walking and running with light hand-carried weights. Ergonomics 29, 999-1004.
54. Frey-Hewitt B, Vranizan KM, Dreon DM & Wood PD (1990) The effect of weight loss by dieting or exercise on resting metabolic rate in overweight men. International Journal of Obesity 14, 327-334.
55. Friedberg SJ, Harlan WR & Estes EH (1960) The effects of exercise on the concentration and turnover of plasma nonesterified fatty acids. Journal of Clinical Investigation 39, 215-220.
56. Glass SC, Whaley MH & Wegner MS (1991) Rating of perceived exertion among standard treadmill protocols and steady state running. International Journal of Sports Medicine 12, 77-82.
57. Goldberg GR, Prentice AM, Davies HL & Murgatroyd PR (1990) Residual effect of gradual levels of exercise on metabolic rate. European Journal of Clinical Nutrition 44, 99-105.
58. Graves JE, Martin AD, Miltenberger LA & Pollock ML (1988) Physiological responses to walking with hand weights, wrist weights, and ankle weights. Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise 20, 265-271.
59. Graves JE, Pollock ML, Montain SJ, Jackson AS & O'Keefe JM (1987) The effect of hand-held weights on the physiological responses to walking exercise. Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise 19, 260-265.
60. Grediagin A, Cody M, Rupp J, Benardot D & Shern R (1995) Exercise intensity does not effect body composition change in untrained and moderately overfat women. Journal of the American Dietetic Association 95, 661-665.
61. Haskell WL (1984) The influence of exercise on the concentrations of triglyceride and cholesterol in human plasma. Exercise and Sport Sciences Reviews 12, 205-244.
62. Haskell WL (1994) Health consequences of physical activity: understanding and challenges regarding dose-response. Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise 26, 649-660.
63. Havel RJ, Pernow B & Jones NL (1967) Uptake and release of fatty acids and other substrates in the legs of exercising men. Journal of Applied Physiology 23, 90-99.
64. Henriksson J (1977) Training induced adaptation of skeletal muscle and metabolism during submaximal exercise. Journal of Physiology 270, 661-675.
65. Hetzler RK, Seip RL, Pierce E, Snead D & Waltman A (1991) Effect of exercise modality on ratings of perceived exertion at various lactate concentrations. Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise 23, 88-89.
66. Hill JO, Drougas H & Peters JC (1993) Obesity treatment: can diet composition play a role? American College of Physicians 119, 694-697.
67. Hill JO, Melby C, Johnson SL & Peters JC (1995) Physical activity and energy requirements. American Journal of Clinical Nutrition 62, S1059-S1066.
68. Hills AP & Wahlqvist ML (editors) (1994) What is overfatness? In Exercise and Obesity, pp. 1-6. London: Smith-Gordon.
69. Holloszy JO & Coyle EF (1983) Adaptations of skeletal muscle to endurance exercise and their metabolic consequences. Journal of Applied Physiology 56, 831-838.
70. Hurley BF, Nemeth PM, Martin WH, Hagberg JM, Dalsky GP & Holloszy JO (1986) Muscle triglyceride utilization during exercise: effect of training. Journal of Applied Physiology 60, 562-567.
71. O2 and perceived exertion. International Journal of Obesity 19, 382-387.
72. James WPT (1995) A public health approach to the problem of obesity. International Journal of Obesity 19, S37-S45.
73. Jebb S & Prentice A (1995) Is obesity an eating disorder? Proceedings of the Nutrition Society 54, 721-728.
74. Jette M (1975) An exercise prescription program for use in conjunction with the Canadian Home Fitness Test. Canadian Journal of Public Health 66, 461-464.
75. Katz MZ & Lowenthal DT (1994) Influences of age and exercise on glucose metabolism: implications for management of older diabetics. Southern Medical Journal 87, S70-S73.
76. Keren G, Epstein Y, Magazanik A & Sohar E (1981) The energy cost of walking and running with and without a backpack load. European Journal of Applied Physiology 46, 317-324.
77. Lee L, Kumar S & Leong LC (1994) The impact of a five-month basic military training on the body weight and body fat of 197 moderately to severely obese Singaporean males age 17 to 19 years. International Journal of Obesity 18, 105-109.
78. Leutholtz BC, Keyser RE, Heusner WW, Wendt VE & Rosen L (1995) Exercise training and severe caloric restriction: effect on lean body mass in the obese. Archives of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation 76, 65-70.
79. McArdle WD, Katch FI & Katch VL (1996) Exercise Physiology, 4th ed. Baltimore, MD: Williams & Wilkins.
80. Makalous SL, Araujo J & Thomas TR (1988) Energy expenditure during walking with hand weights. Physician and Sports Medicine 16, 139-148.
81. Martin WH (1996) Effects of acute and chronic exercise on fat metabolism. Exercise and Sport Sciences Reviews 24, 203-231.
82. Milesis CA, Pollock ML, Bah MD, Ayres JJ, Ward A & Linnerud AC (1976) Effects of different durations of physical training on cardio-respiratory function, body composition, and serum lipids. Research Quarterly 47, 716-725.
83. Miller WC, Wallace JP & Eggert KE (1993) Predicting max HR and the HR-VO2 relationship for exercise prescription in obesity. Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise 25, 1077-1081.
84. National Health & Medical Research Council (1997) Acting on Australia's Weight: a Strategic Plan for the Prevention of Overweight and Obesity. Canberra: Australian Government Publishing Service.
85. Noble B, Borg G, Jacobs I, Ceci R & Kaiser P (1983) A category-ratio perceived exertion scale: relationship to blood and muscle lactates and heart rate. Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise 15, 523-528.
86. O'Hara WJ, Allen C & Shephard RJ (1977) Treatment of obesity by exercise in the cold. Canadian Medical Association Journal 117, 773-786.
87. O'Hara WJ, Allen C, Shephard RJ & Allen G (1979) Fat loss in the cold - a controlled study. Journal of Applied Physiology 46, 872-877.
88. Oscai LB (1973) The role of exercise in weight control. Exercise and Sport Sciences Reviews 1, 103-123.
89. Paffenbarger RS, Wing AL, Hyde RT & Jung DL (1983) Physical activity and incidence of hypertension in college alumni. American Journal of Epidemiology 117, 245-257.
90. Pandolf KB & Goldman RF (1975) Physical conditioning of less fit adults by use of leg weight loading. Archives of Physical and Medical Rehabilitation 56, 255-261.
91. Pate RR (1995) Physical activity and health: dose-response issues. Research Quarterly 66, 313-317.
92. Poehlman ET (1989) A review: exercise and its influence on resting energy metabolism in man. Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise 21, 515-525.
93. Poehlman ET, Melby CL & Goran MI (1991) The impact of exercise and diet restriction on daily energy expenditure. Sports Medicine 11, 78-101.
94. Pollock ML, Fiegenbaum MS & Brechue WF (1995) Exercise prescription for physical fitness. Quest 47, 320-337.
95. Pollock ML, Graves JE, Swart DL & Lowenthal DT (1994) Exercise training and prescription for the elderly. Southern Journal of Medicine 87, S88-S95.
96. Pollock ML & Jackson A (1977) Body composition: measurement and changes resulting from physical training. In Toward an Understanding of Human Performance, pp. 67-77 [EJ Burke, editor]. Ithaca, NY: Mouvement Publications.
97. Pollock ML, Miller HS Jr, Linnerud AC & Cooper KH (1975) Frequency of training as a determinant for improvement in cardiovascular function and body composition of middle aged men. Archives of Physical Medicine Rehabilitation 56, 141-145.
98. Pollock ML, Ward A & Ayres JJ (1977) Cardiorespiratory fitness: responses to differing intensities and durations of training. Archives of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation 58, 467-473.
99. Pollock ML & Wilmore J (1990) Exercise in Health and Disease: Evaluation and Prescription for Prevention and Rehabilitation, 2nd ed. Philadelphia, PA: Saunders.
100. Porcari J, McCarron R, Kline G, Freedson PS & Ward A (1987) Is fast walking an adequate aerobic training stimulus for 30- to 60-year-old men and women? Physician and Sports Medicine 15, 119-129.
101. Porcari JP, Ebbeling CB, Ward A, Freedson PS & Rippe JM (1989a) Walking for exercise testing and training. Sports Medicine 8, 189-200.
102. Porcari JP, Ward A, Morris D, Maher M & Cuneo P (1989b) Comparison of weight loss in males and females after 16 weeks of fitness walking and/or diet. Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise 21, S201.
103. Powers SK & Howley ET (1997) Exercise Physiology: Theory and Application to Fitness and Performance, 3rd ed. Madison, WI: Brown & Benchmark.
104. Prentice AM & Jebb SA (1995) Obesity in Britain: gluttony or sloth? British Medical Journal 311, 437-439.
105. Ravussin E, Lilloja S, Knowler WC, Christian L, Freymond D, Abbott WG, Boyce V, Howard BV & Bogardus C (1988) Reduced rate of energy expenditure as a risk factor for body weight gain. New England Journal of Medicine 318, 467-472.
106. Ravussin E & Tataranni PA (1996) The role of altered sympathetic nervous system activity in the pathogenesis of obesity. Proceedings of the Nutrition Society 55, 793-802.
107. Rising R, Harper IT, Fontvielle AM, Ferraro RT, Spraul M & Ravussin E (1994) Determinants of total daily energy expenditure: variability in physical activity. American Journal of Clinical Nutrition 59, 800-804.
108. Ritchie SE & Hopkins WG (1991) The intensity of exercise in deep-water running. International Journal of Sports Medicine 12, 27-29.
109. Riviere D, Crampes F, Beauville M & Garrigues M (1989) Lipolytic response of fat cells to catecholamines in sedentary and exercise-trained women. Journal of Applied Physiology 66, 330-335.
110. Robertson RJ, Casperson CJ, Allison TG, Skrinar GS & Abbott RA (1982) Differentiated perceptions of exertion and energy cost of young women while carrying loads. European Journal of Applied Physiology 49, 69-78.
111. Romijn JA, Coyle EF, Sidossis LS, Gastaldelli A, Horowitz JF, Endert E & Wolfe RR (1993) Regulation of endogenous fat and carbohydrate metabolism in relation to exercise intensity and duration. American Journal of Physiology 265, E380-E391.
112. Saltzman E & Roberts SB (1995) The role of energy expenditure in energy regulation: findings from a decade of research. Nutrition Reviews 53, 209-222.
113. Sandvik L, Erikssen J, Thaulow E, Erikssen G, Mundal R & Rodahl K (1993) Physical fitness as a predictor of mortality among healthy, middle aged Norwegian men. New England Journal of Medicine 328, 533-537.
114. Saris WHM (1996) Physical inactivity and metabolic factors as predictors of weight gain. Nutrition Reviews 11, S110-S115.
115. Schultz LO & Schoeller DA (1994) A compilation of total daily energy expenditures and body weight in healthy adults. American Journal of Clinical Nutrition 60, 676-681.
116. Schwartz RS, Shuman WP & Larson V (1991) The effect of intensive endurance training on body fat distribution in young and older men. Metabolism 40, 545-551.
117. Seip RL, Snead D, Pierce EF & Weltman A (1991) Perceptual responses and blood lactate concentration: effect of training state. Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise 23, 80-87.
118. Shah M & Jeffery RW (1991) Is obesity due to overeating and inactivity, or to a defective metabolic rate? A review. Annals of Behavioral Medicine 13, 73-81.
119. Sheldahl LM (1985) Special ergometric techniques and weight reduction. American Journal of Clinical Nutrition 18, 25-30.
120. Sheldahl LM, Buskirk JL, Loomis JL, Hodgson JL & Mendez J (1982) Effects of exercise in cool water on body weight loss. International Journal of Obesity 6, 29-42.
121. Soukup JT & Kovaleski JE (1993) A review of the effects of resistance training for individuals with diabetes mellitus. Diabetes Educator 19, 307-312.
122. Stefanick ML (1993) Exercise and weight control. Exercise and Sport Sciences Reviews 21, 363-396.
123. Svedenhag J & Seger J (1992) Running on land and in water: comparative exercise physiology. Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise 24, 1155-1160.
124. Tanaka K, Takeshima N, Kato T, Nihata S & Ueda K (1990) Critical determinants of endurance performance in middle aged and elderly endurance runners with heterogeneous training habits. European Journal of Applied Physiology and Occupational Physiology 59, 443-449.
125. Thompson JL, Manore MM & Thomas JR (1996) Effects of diet and diet-plus-exercise programs on resting metabolic rate: a meta-analysis. International Journal of Sports Nutrition 6, 41-61.
126. Tremblay A, Despres JP, Leblanc C, Craig CL, Ferris B, Stephens T & Bouchard C (1990) Effect of physical activity on body fatness and fat distribution. American Journal of Clinical Nutrition 51, 153-157.
127. Tremblay A, Nadeau A, Despres JP & St-Jean L (1990) Long-term exercise training with constant energy intake. 2: Effect on glucose metabolism and resting energy expenditure. International Journal of Obesity 14, 75-84.
128. Tremblay A, Simoneau JA & Bouchard C (1994) Impact of exercise intensity on body fatness and skeletal muscle metabolism. Metabolism 43, 814-818.
129. US Department of Health and Human Services (1996) Physical Activity and Health: A Report of the Surgeon General. Atlanta, GA: Department of Health and Human Services, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, National Center for Chronic Disease Prevention and Health Promotion.
130. Van Zant RS (1992) Influence of diet and exercise on energy expenditure - a review. International Journal of Sports Medicine 2, 1-19.
131. Voloshin AS (1988) Shock absorption during walking and running. Journal of the Padiatric Medical Association 78, 295-299.
132. Vroman NB, Buskirk ER & Hodgson JL (1983) Cardiac output and skin blood flow in lean and obese individuals during exercise in the heat. Journal of Applied Physiology 55, 69-74.
133. Walcott G, Coleman R, MacVeigh M, Ross J & Gurry M (1986) Heart rate and VO2max response to weighted walking. Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise 18, S28.
134. Weltman A (1995) The Blood Lactate Response. Current Issues in Exercise Science Monograph no. 4. Champaign, IL: Human Kinetics.
135. Wibom R, Hultman E, Johansson M, Matherei K, Constantin-Teodosiu D & Schantz PG (1992) Adaptation of mitochondrial ATP production in human skeletal muscle to endurance training and detraining. Journal of Applied Physiology 73, 2004-2010.
136. Wilber RL, Moffatt RJ, Scott BE, Lee DT & Cucuzzo NA (1996) Influence of water run training on the maintenance of aerobic performance. Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise 28, 1056-1062.
137. Williams JG & Eston RG (1989) Determination of the intensity dimension in vigorous exercise programmes with particular reference to the use of the rating of perceived exertion. Sports Medicine 8, 177-189.
138. Williamson DF, Kahn HS, Remington PL & Anda RF (1993) The 10-year incidence of overweight and major weight gain in US adults. Archives of International Mediciine 150, 665-672.
139. Wilmore JH & Costill DL (1994) Physiology of Sport and Exercise, pp. 504-505. Champaign, IL: Human Kinetics.
140. Wing RR, Matthews KA, Kuller LH, Meilahn EN & Plantinga P (1991) Waist to hip ratio in middle-aged women. Associations with behavioral and psychosocial factors and with changes in cardiovascular risk factors. Arteriosclerosis Thrombosis 11, 1250-1257.
141. Wolfe RR, Klein S, Carraro F & Weber JM (1990) Role of triglyceride-fatty acid cycle in controlling fat metabolism in humans during and after exercise. American Journal of Physiology 258, E382-E389.
142. Zelasko CJ (1995) Exercise for weight loss: what are the facts? Journal of the American Dietetic Association 95, 1414-1417.
143. Zierler KL (1976) Fatty acids as substrates for heart and skeletal muscle. Circulation Research 38, 459-463.