Social Epidemiology and the Fundamental Cause Concept: On the Structuring of Effective Cancer Screens by Socioeconomic Status

Milbank Quarterly

Volumn 76, Issue 3, 1998, Pages 375-402

  Link, Bruce G ^a   Northridge, Mary E ^b   Phelan, J O C ^b   Ganz, Michael L ^b  

^a Columbia Univ Sch of Public Health ^*  (United States)

^b NONE

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

ADOLESCENT; ADULT; ARTICLE; BREAST TUMOR; DIAGNOSTIC TEST; ECONOMICS; FEMALE; HEALTH SURVEY; HIGH RISK BEHAVIOR; HUMAN; INCOME; MAMMOGRAPHY; MIDDLE AGED; POVERTY; PROGRAM DEVELOPMENT; SOCIAL CLASS; SOCIOECONOMICS; STANDARD; STATISTICS; UNITED STATES; UTERINE CERVIX TUMOR; UTILIZATION REVIEW; VAGINA SMEAR;

ADOLESCENT; ADULT; BREAST NEOPLASMS; DIAGNOSTIC TESTS, ROUTINE; FEMALE; HUMANS; INCOME; MAMMOGRAPHY; MIDDLE AGED; POPULATION SURVEILLANCE; POVERTY; PROGRAM DEVELOPMENT; RISK-TAKING; SOCIAL CLASS; SOCIOECONOMIC FACTORS; UNITED STATES; UTERINE CERVICAL NEOPLASMS; VAGINAL SMEARS;

EID: 0031987119     PISSN: 0887378X     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1111/1468-0009.00096     Document Type: Article

References (52)

1. Adler N.E, T. Boyce, M.A. Chesney, et al. 1994. Socioeconomic Status and Health: The Challenge of the Gradient. American Psychologist 49:15-24.
2. American Cancer Society. 1996. Cancer Facts and Figures - 1996. Atlanta: American Cancer Society.
3. Antonovsky, A. 1967. Social Class Life Expectancy and Overall Mortality. Milbank Memorial Fund Quarterly 45(2, pt. 1):31-73.
4. _. 1968. Social Class and the Major Cardiovascular Diseases. Journal of Chronic Diseases 21:65-106.
5. Ayre, J.E. 1946. Vaginal and Cervical Cytology in Uterine Cancer Diagnosis. American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology 51:743.
6. Beaglehole, R. 1990. International Trends in Coronary Heart Disease Mortality, Morbidity and Risk Factors. Epidemiologic Reviews 12:1-16.
7. Behavioral Surveillance Branch. 1996. A Brief History of the Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance System. Atlanta: National Center for Chronic Disease Prevention and Health Promotion, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention.
8. Bowmann, J.A., J.A. Dickinson, R. Gibberd, and R.W. Sanson-Fisher. 1991. The Accuracy of Pap Smear Utilization Self-Reports: A Methodological Consideration in Cervical Screening Research. Health Services Research 26:97-107.
9. Breen, N., and L. Kessler. 1994. Changes in the Use of Screening Mammography: Evidence from the 1987 and 1990 National Health Interview Surveys. American Journal of Public Health 84:62-7.
10. Calle, E.E., D. Flanders, M.J. Thun, and L.M. Martin. 1993. Demographic Predictors of Mammography and Pap Smear Screening in US Women. American Journal of Public Health 83:53-60.
11. Cassel, J. 1976. The Contribution of the Social Environment to Host Resistance. American Journal of Epidemiology 104:107-23.
12. Centers for Disease Control. 1988. Use of Mammography for Breast Cancer Screening - Rhode Island 1987. Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report 37:357-60.
13. _. 1990a. Trends in Breast Cancer Screening - Rhode Island 1987-1989. Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report 38:569-71.
14. _. 1990b. Use of Mammography - United States, 1990. Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report 39:621-30.
15. Chapin, C.V. 1924. Deaths among Taxpayers and Non-Taxpayers Income Tax, Providence, 1865. American Journal of Public Health 4:647-51.
16. Coombs, L.C. 1941. Economic Differentials in Causes of Death. Medical Care 1:246-55.
17. Dawson D.A., and G.B. Thomson. 1990. Breast Cancer Risk Factors and Screening: United States 1987. Hyattsville, Md.: U.S. Department of Health and Human Services.
18. Dodd, G.D. 1992. American Cancer Society Guidelines on Screening for Cancer: An Overview. Cancer 42:177-80.
19. Evans, R.G., M. L. Barer, and T.R. Marmor. 1994. Why Are Some People Healthy and Others Not?: The Determinants of Health of Populations. New York: De Gruyter.
20. Ferraroni, M., C. La Vecchia, R. Pagano, E. Negri, F. Parazzini, and A. Decarli. 1989. Pattern of Cervical Cancer Screening Utilization in Italy. Tumori 75:420-2.
21. Fink, D.J. 1988. Change in American Cancer Society Checkup Guidelines for Early Detection of Cervical Cancer. Cancer 38:127-8.
22. Goel, V. 1994. Factors Associated with Cervical Cancer Screening: Results from the Ontario Health Survey. Canadian Journal of Public Health 85:125-7.
23. Greenwald, H.P., E.F. Borgatta, R. McCorkle, and N. Polissar. 1996. Explaining Reduced Cancer Survival among the Disadvantaged. Milbank Quarterly 74:215-38.
24. Hayward R.A., M.F. Shapiro, H.E. Freeman, and C.R. Corey. 1988. Who Gets Screened for Cervical and Breast Cancer? Archives of Internal Medicine 148:1177-81.
25. House, J.S., K.R. Landis, and D. Umberson. Social Relationships and Health. Science 241:540-5.
26. Kaplan, G.A., E.R. Pamuk, J.W. Lynch, R.D. Cohen, and J.L. Balfour. 1996. Inequality in Income and Mortality in the United States: Analysis of Mortality and Potential Pathways. British Medical Journal 312:999-1003.
27. Kawachi, I., B.P. Kennedy, K. Lochner, and D. Prothrow-Stith. 1997. Social Capital, Income Inequality, and Mortality. American Journal of Public Health 87:1491-8.
28. Kelsey, J.L., and P.L. Horn-Ross. 1993. Breast Cancer: Magnitude of the Problem and Descriptive Epidemiology Epidemiologic Reviews 15:7-16.
29. Kennedy, B.P., I. Kawachi, and D. Prothrow-Snth. 1996. Income Distribution and Mortality: Cross Sectional Ecological Study of the Robin Hood Index in the United States. British Medical Journal 312:1004-7.
30. Liberatos, P., B.G. Link, and J.L. Kelsey. 1988. The Measurement of Social Class in Epidemiology. Epidemiologic Reviews 10:87-121.
31. Link, B.G., and J.C. Phelan. 1995. Social Conditions as Fundamental Causes of Disease. Journal of Health and Social Behavior (extra issue): 80-94.
32. _. 1996. Understanding Sociodemographic Differences in Health - The Role of Fundamental Social Causes. American Journal of Public Health 86:471-3.
33. Marmot, M.G., G.D. Smith, S. Stanfeld, et al. 1991. Health Inequalities among British Civil Servants: The Whitehall II Study. Lancet 1387-93.
34. McKinlay, J.B. 1996. Some Contributions from the Social System to Gender Inequalities in Heart Disease. Journal of Health and Social Behavior 37:1-26.
35. Merton, R.K. 1934. The Unanticipated Consequences of Purposive Social Action. American Sociological Review 1:894-904.
36. National Cancer Institute Breast Cancer Screen Consort. 1990. Screening Mammography: A Missed Clinical Opportunity? Journal of the American Medical Association 264:54-8.
37. Newcomb, P.A., and P.M. Lantz. 1993. Recent Trends in Breast Cancer Incidence, Mortality, and Mammography. Breast Cancer Research and Treatment 28:97-106.
38. Papanicolaou, G.N., and H.F. Traut. 1941. The Diagnostic Value of Vaginal Smears in Carcinoma of the Uterus. American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology 42:193.
39. Pappas, G., S. Queen, W. Hadden, and G. Fisher. 1993. The Increasing Disparity in Mortality between Socioeconomic Groups in the United States. New England Journal of Medicine 329:103-9.
40. Potvin, L., J. Camirand, and F. Beland. 1995. Patterns of Health Services Utilization and Mammography Use among Women Aged 50 to 59 Years in the Quebec Medicare System. Medical Care 33:515-30.
41. Romans, M.C. 1993. Utilization of Mammography. Social and Behavioral Trends. Cancer 72:1475-7.
42. Shapiro, S., P. Strax, and L. Venet. 1971. Periodic Breast Cancer Screening in Reducing Mortality from Breast Cancer. Journal of the American Medical Association 215:1777-85.
43. Smith, R.A. 1992. Breast Cancer Screening Guidelines. Women's Health Issues 2:212-17.
44. Sorlie, P.D., E. Backlund, and J. Keller. 1995. US Mortality by Economic, Demographic, and Social Characteristics: The National Longitudinal Mortality Study. American Journal of Public Health 85:949-56.
45. Susser, M., and E. Susser. 1996. Choosing a Future for Epidemiology. I. Eras and Paradigms. American Journal of Public Health 86:668-73.
46. Susser, M., W. Watson, K. Hopper. 1985. Sociology in Medicine. New York: Oxford.
47. Villerme, L. 1840. Tableau d'Etat Physique et Moral des Ouvriers, Vol 2. Paris: Renouard.
48. Wallace, R., and D. Wallace. 1997. Community Marginalisation and the Diffusion of Disease and Disorder in the United States. British Medical Journal 314:1341-5.
49. White, E., N. Urban, and V. Taylor. 1993. Mammography Utilization, Public Health Impact, and Cost-Effectiveness in the United States. Annual Review of Public Health 14:605-33.
50. Wilcox, L.S., and W.D. Mosher. 1993. Factors Associated with Obtaining Health Screening among Women of Reproductive Age. Public Health Reports 108:76-86.
51. Wilkinson, R. 1992. Income Distribution and Life Expectancy. British Medical Journal 304:165-8.
52. Zapka, J.G., C. Bigelow, T. Hurley, et al. 1996. Mammography Use among Sociodemographically Diverse Women: The Accuracy of Self-Report. American Journal of Public Health 86:1016-21.