메뉴 건너뛰기




Volumn 35, Issue 1, 1998, Pages 131-147

Comparative nesting and feeding ecology of skylarks Alauda arvensis on arable farmland in southern England with special reference to set-aside

Author keywords

Cereals; Clutch size; Fledging success; Nestling diet; Territory density

Indexed keywords

ARABLE FIELD; FEEDING ECOLOGY; NESTING SUCCESS; SET-ASIDE;

EID: 0031980447     PISSN: 00218901     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1046/j.1365-2664.1998.00289.x     Document Type: Article
Times cited : (98)

References (80)
  • 1
    • 0026397310 scopus 로고
    • Twenty years of monitoring invertebrates and weeds in cereal fields in Sussex
    • eds L.G. Firbank, N. Carter, J.F. Darbyshire & G.R. Potts, Blackwell Scientific Publications, Oxford
    • Aebischer, N.J. (1990) Twenty years of monitoring invertebrates and weeds in cereal fields in Sussex. The Ecology of Temperate Cereal Fields (eds L.G. Firbank, N. Carter, J.F. Darbyshire & G.R. Potts), pp. 305-331. Blackwell Scientific Publications, Oxford.
    • (1990) The Ecology of Temperate Cereal Fields , pp. 305-331
    • Aebischer, N.J.1
  • 2
    • 0000216525 scopus 로고
    • Survival and habitat utilisation: A case for compositional analysis
    • eds J. D. Lebreton & P.M. North, Birkhäuser Verlag, Basel, Switzerland
    • Aebischer, N.J., Marcström, V., Kenwood, R.E. & Karlbom, M. (1993) Survival and habitat utilisation: a case for compositional analysis. Marked Individuals in the Study of Bird Populations (eds J. D. Lebreton & P.M. North), pp. 343-353. Birkhäuser Verlag, Basel, Switzerland.
    • (1993) Marked Individuals in the Study of Bird Populations , pp. 343-353
    • Aebischer, N.J.1    Marcström, V.2    Kenwood, R.E.3    Karlbom, M.4
  • 3
    • 0000338186 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The distribution of corn buntings Miliaria calandra in Sussex in relation to crop type and invertebrate abundance
    • Miliaria calandra (eds P.F. Donald & N.J. Aebischer), UK Nature Conservation No. 13, Joint Nature Conservation Committee, Peterborough
    • Aebischer, N.J. & Ward, R.S. (1996) The distribution of corn buntings Miliaria calandra in Sussex in relation to crop type and invertebrate abundance. The Ecology and Conservation of Corn Buntings (Miliaria calandra) (eds P.F. Donald & N.J. Aebischer), UK Nature Conservation No. 13, Joint Nature Conservation Committee, Peterborough.
    • (1996) The Ecology and Conservation of Corn Buntings
    • Aebischer, N.J.1    Ward, R.S.2
  • 5
    • 2642664283 scopus 로고
    • Ministry of Agriculture, Fisheries and Food, London
    • Anon (1988) Set-Aside Explanatory Booklet SA1. Ministry of Agriculture, Fisheries and Food, London.
    • (1988) Set-Aside Explanatory Booklet SA1
  • 6
    • 0000015238 scopus 로고
    • The ecology of the partridge I. Outline of population processes with particular reference to chick mortality and nest density
    • Blank, T.H., Southwood, T.R.E. & Cross, D.J. (1967) The ecology of the partridge I. Outline of population processes with particular reference to chick mortality and nest density. Journal of Animal Ecology, 36, 549-556.
    • (1967) Journal of Animal Ecology , vol.36 , pp. 549-556
    • Blank, T.H.1    Southwood, T.R.E.2    Cross, D.J.3
  • 9
    • 0003126858 scopus 로고
    • Drastische Bestandseinbussen der Feldlerche Alauda arvensis auf Grünlandflächen in Schleswig-Holstein
    • Busche, G. (1989) Drastische Bestandseinbussen der Feldlerche Alauda arvensis auf Grünlandflächen in Schleswig-Holstein. Die Vogelwelt, 110, 51-59.
    • (1989) Die Vogelwelt , vol.110 , pp. 51-59
    • Busche, G.1
  • 12
    • 0012411973 scopus 로고
    • BCPC Monograph No. 50. BCPC Publications, Bracknell
    • Clarke, J. (ed.) (1992) Set-aside. BCPC Monograph No. 50. BCPC Publications, Bracknell.
    • (1992) Set-aside
    • Clarke, J.1
  • 15
    • 84995184250 scopus 로고
    • A population study of skylarks, Alauda arvensis
    • Delius, J.D. (1965) A population study of skylarks, Alauda arvensis. Ibis, 107, 466-490.
    • (1965) Ibis , vol.107 , pp. 466-490
    • Delius, J.D.1
  • 16
    • 0001692509 scopus 로고
    • An improved backpack motor fan for suction sampling of insect populations
    • Dietrick, E.J. (1961) An improved backpack motor fan for suction sampling of insect populations. Journal of Economic Entomology, 54, 394-395.
    • (1961) Journal of Economic Entomology , vol.54 , pp. 394-395
    • Dietrick, E.J.1
  • 18
    • 0000130569 scopus 로고
    • Multiple range and multiple F-tests
    • Duncan, D.B. (1955) Multiple range and multiple F-tests. Biometrics, 11, 1-42.
    • (1955) Biometrics , vol.11 , pp. 1-42
    • Duncan, D.B.1
  • 19
    • 0002590777 scopus 로고
    • On the determination of the size and composition of a passerine bird population during the breeding season
    • Enemar, A. (1959) On the determination of the size and composition of a passerine bird population during the breeding season. VDr FDgelvärld, Supplement, 2, 1-114.
    • (1959) VDr FDgelvärld, Supplement , vol.2 , pp. 1-114
    • Enemar, A.1
  • 20
    • 0028165776 scopus 로고
    • Habitat selection of cirl buntings Emberiza cirlus wintering in Britain
    • Evans, A.D. & Smith, K.W. (1994) Habitat selection of cirl buntings Emberiza cirlus wintering in Britain. Bird Study, 41, 81-87.
    • (1994) Bird Study , vol.41 , pp. 81-87
    • Evans, A.D.1    Smith, K.W.2
  • 21
    • 0343356135 scopus 로고
    • Political aspects of set-aside as a policy instrument in the European Community
    • ed. J. Clarke, BCPC Monograph No. 50. BCPC Publications, Bracknell
    • Floyd, W.D. (1992) Political aspects of set-aside as a policy instrument in the European Community. Set-aside (ed. J. Clarke), pp. 13-21. BCPC Monograph No. 50. BCPC Publications, Bracknell.
    • (1992) Set-aside , pp. 13-21
    • Floyd, W.D.1
  • 24
    • 0001679579 scopus 로고
    • Factors affecting the diet of farmland skylarks. Alauda arvensis
    • Green, R. (1978) Factors affecting the diet of farmland skylarks. Alauda arvensis. Journal of Animal Ecology, 47, 913-928.
    • (1978) Journal of Animal Ecology , vol.47 , pp. 913-928
    • Green, R.1
  • 25
    • 0000023641 scopus 로고
    • Food selection by skylarks and grazing damage to sugar beet seedlings
    • Green, R. (1980) Food selection by skylarks and grazing damage to sugar beet seedlings. Journal of Applied Ecology, 17, 613-630.
    • (1980) Journal of Applied Ecology , vol.17 , pp. 613-630
    • Green, R.1
  • 26
    • 0021567156 scopus 로고
    • The feeding ecology and survival of partridge chicks (Alectoris rufa and Perdix perdix) on arable farmland in East Anglia
    • Green, R.E. (1984) The feeding ecology and survival of partridge chicks (Alectoris rufa and Perdix perdix) on arable farmland in East Anglia. Journal of Applied Ecology, 21, 817-830.
    • (1984) Journal of Applied Ecology , vol.21 , pp. 817-830
    • Green, R.E.1
  • 29
    • 0001481615 scopus 로고
    • The assessment of the food of birds
    • Hartley, P.H.T. (1948) The assessment of the food of birds. Ibis, 90, 361-381.
    • (1948) Ibis , vol.90 , pp. 361-381
    • Hartley, P.H.T.1
  • 30
    • 0022232423 scopus 로고
    • The feeding ecology and survival of pheasant chicks on arable farmland
    • Hill, D.A. (1985) The feeding ecology and survival of pheasant chicks on arable farmland. Journal of Applied Ecology, 22, 645-654.
    • (1985) Journal of Applied Ecology , vol.22 , pp. 645-654
    • Hill, D.A.1
  • 31
    • 0001920955 scopus 로고
    • Lapwing Vanellus vanellus populations in relation to agricultural changes: A review
    • Vanellus vanellus (eds G. M. Tucker, S.M. Davies & R.J. Fuller), Joint Nature Conservation Committee, Peterborough
    • Hudson, R., Tucker, G.M. & Fuller, R.J. (1994) Lapwing Vanellus vanellus populations in relation to agricultural changes: a review. The Ecology and Conservation of Lapwings (Vanellus vanellus) (eds G. M. Tucker, S.M. Davies & R.J. Fuller), pp. 1-13. Joint Nature Conservation Committee, Peterborough.
    • (1994) The Ecology and Conservation of Lapwings , pp. 1-13
    • Hudson, R.1    Tucker, G.M.2    Fuller, R.J.3
  • 32
    • 2642656110 scopus 로고
    • Dutch Ornithological Society, The Netherlands
    • Hustings, F. (1992) Bird Census News, 5. Dutch Ornithological Society, The Netherlands.
    • (1992) Bird Census News , vol.5
    • Hustings, F.1
  • 34
    • 0025596454 scopus 로고
    • Nahrungsökologie der Feldlerche Alauda arvensis in einer intensiv genutzten Agrarlandschaft des Schweizerischen Mittellandes
    • Jenny, M. (1990) Nahrungsökologie der Feldlerche Alauda arvensis in einer intensiv genutzten Agrarlandschaft des Schweizerischen Mittellandes. Der Ornithologische Beobachter, 87, 31-53.
    • (1990) Der Ornithologische Beobachter , vol.87 , pp. 31-53
    • Jenny, M.1
  • 35
    • 0025601144 scopus 로고
    • Populationsdynamik der Feldlerche Alauda arvensis in einer intensiv genutzten Agrarlandschaft des Schweizerischen Mittellandes
    • Jenny, M. (1990a) Populationsdynamik der Feldlerche Alauda arvensis in einer intensiv genutzten Agrarlandschaft des Schweizerischen Mittellandes. Der Ornithologische Beobachter, 87, 153-163.
    • (1990) Der Ornithologische Beobachter , vol.87 , pp. 153-163
    • Jenny, M.1
  • 36
    • 0025672295 scopus 로고
    • Territorialität und Brutbiologie der Feldlerche Alauda arvensis in einer intensiv genutzten Agrarlandschaft
    • Jenny, M. (1990b) Territorialität und Brutbiologie der Feldlerche Alauda arvensis in einer intensiv genutzten Agrarlandschaft. Journal für Ornithologie, 131, 241-265.
    • (1990) Journal für Ornithologie , vol.131 , pp. 241-265
    • Jenny, M.1
  • 38
    • 0028163409 scopus 로고
    • The efficiency of a new lightweight suction sampler for sampling aphids and their predators in arable land
    • MacLeod, A., Wratten, S.D. & Harwood, R.W.J. (1994) The efficiency of a new lightweight suction sampler for sampling aphids and their predators in arable land. Annals of Applied Biology, 124, 11-17.
    • (1994) Annals of Applied Biology , vol.124 , pp. 11-17
    • MacLeod, A.1    Wratten, S.D.2    Harwood, R.W.J.3
  • 40
    • 0024528230 scopus 로고
    • Differences between the 7-spot and 2-spot ladybird beetles (Coccinellidae) in their toxic effects on a bird predator
    • Marples, N.M., Brakefield, P.M. & Cowie, R.J. (1989) Differences between the 7-spot and 2-spot ladybird beetles (Coccinellidae) in their toxic effects on a bird predator. Ecological Entomology, 14, 79-84.
    • (1989) Ecological Entomology , vol.14 , pp. 79-84
    • Marples, N.M.1    Brakefield, P.M.2    Cowie, R.J.3
  • 41
    • 0024250728 scopus 로고
    • An aid to the identification of arthropod fragments in the faeces of gamebird chicks (Galliformes)
    • Moreby, S.J. (1987) An aid to the identification of arthropod fragments in the faeces of gamebird chicks (Galliformes). Ibis, 130, 519-526.
    • (1987) Ibis , vol.130 , pp. 519-526
    • Moreby, S.J.1
  • 42
    • 0344096417 scopus 로고
    • Laboratory screening of pesticides against Calocoris norregicus, a non-target heteropteran in cereals. Tests of Agrochemicals and Cultivars No. 12
    • Moreby, S.J. (1991) Laboratory screening of pesticides against Calocoris norregicus, a non-target heteropteran in cereals. Tests of Agrochemicals and Cultivars No. 12. Annals of Applied Biology, 118 (Supplement), 8-9.
    • (1991) Annals of Applied Biology , vol.118 , Issue.SUPPL. , pp. 8-9
    • Moreby, S.J.1
  • 43
    • 0000723169 scopus 로고
    • Invertebrate abundance on cereal fields and set-aside land: Implications for wild gamebird chicks
    • ed. J. Clarke, BCPC Monograph No. 50. BCPC Publications, Bracknell
    • Moreby, S.J. & Aebischer, N.J. (1992) Invertebrate abundance on cereal fields and set-aside land: implications for wild gamebird chicks. Set-aside (ed. J. Clarke), BCPC Monograph No. 50. BCPC Publications, Bracknell.
    • (1992) Set-aside
    • Moreby, S.J.1    Aebischer, N.J.2
  • 46
    • 0001455594 scopus 로고
    • An assessment of faecal analysis technique in waterfowl feeding studies
    • Owen, M. (1975) An assessment of faecal analysis technique in waterfowl feeding studies. Journal of Wildlife Management, 39, 271-279.
    • (1975) Journal of Wildlife Management , vol.39 , pp. 271-279
    • Owen, M.1
  • 49
    • 0026394949 scopus 로고
    • The environmental and ecological importance of cereal fields
    • eds L.G. Firbank, N. Carter, J.F. Darbyshire & G.R. Potts, Blackwell Scientific Publications, Oxford
    • Potts, G.R. (1991) The environmental and ecological importance of cereal fields. The Ecology of Temperate Cereal Fields (eds L.G. Firbank, N. Carter, J.F. Darbyshire & G.R. Potts), pp. 3-21. Blackwell Scientific Publications, Oxford.
    • (1991) The Ecology of Temperate Cereal Fields , pp. 3-21
    • Potts, G.R.1
  • 52
    • 0000541729 scopus 로고
    • Quantitative comparison of two methods of assessing the diet of nestling skylarks (Alauda arvensis L.)
    • Poulsen, J.G. & Aebischer, N.J. (1995) Quantitative comparison of two methods of assessing the diet of nestling skylarks (Alauda arvensis L.) Auk, 112, 1070-1073.
    • (1995) Auk , vol.112 , pp. 1070-1073
    • Poulsen, J.G.1    Aebischer, N.J.2
  • 53
    • 0001314087 scopus 로고
    • Crow predation in recently cut set-aside land
    • Poulsen, J.G. & Sotherton, N.W. (1992) Crow predation in recently cut set-aside land. British Birds, 85, 674-675.
    • (1992) British Birds , vol.85 , pp. 674-675
    • Poulsen, J.G.1    Sotherton, N.W.2
  • 55
    • 0008810594 scopus 로고
    • Changes in vegetation composition and distribution within set-aside land
    • ed. J. Clarke, BCPC Monograph. No. 50, BCPC Publications, Bracknell
    • Rew, L.J., Wilson, P.J., Froud-Williams, R.J. & Boatman, N.D. (1992) Changes in vegetation composition and distribution within set-aside land. Set-aside (ed. J. Clarke), pp. 79-84. BCPC Monograph. No. 50, BCPC Publications, Bracknell.
    • (1992) Set-aside , pp. 79-84
    • Rew, L.J.1    Wilson, P.J.2    Froud-Williams, R.J.3    Boatman, N.D.4
  • 56
    • 2642601876 scopus 로고
    • Die Nahrung der Feldterche in der Kustanni-Steppe
    • Rjabow, W.F. (1968) Die Nahrung der Feldterche in der Kustanni-Steppe. Falke, 15, 112-118.
    • (1968) Falke , vol.15 , pp. 112-118
    • Rjabow, W.F.1
  • 57
    • 84989997121 scopus 로고
    • Factors governing feeding rate, food requirement and brood size of nestling great tits Parus major
    • Royama, T. (1966) Factors governing feeding rate, food requirement and brood size of nestling great tits Parus major. Ibis, 108, 313-347.
    • (1966) Ibis , vol.108 , pp. 313-347
    • Royama, T.1
  • 58
    • 0000527257 scopus 로고
    • Populationsökologie der Feldlerche, Alauda arvensis, in der intensiv genutzten Agrarlandschaft
    • Schläpfer, A. (1988) Populationsökologie der Feldlerche, Alauda arvensis, in der intensiv genutzten Agrarlandschaft. Der Ornithologische Beobachter, 85, 309-371.
    • (1988) Der Ornithologische Beobachter , vol.85 , pp. 309-371
    • Schläpfer, A.1
  • 59
    • 0008895111 scopus 로고
    • The value of set-aside to birds
    • ed. J. Clarke, BCPC Monograph No. 50. BCPC Publications, Bracknell
    • Sears, J. (1992) The value of set-aside to birds. Set-aside (ed. J. Clarke), pp. 175-180. BCPC Monograph No. 50. BCPC Publications, Bracknell.
    • (1992) Set-aside , pp. 175-180
    • Sears, J.1
  • 61
    • 84991114018 scopus 로고
    • The effects of herbicides on the chrysomelid beetle Gastrophysapolygoni (L.) in laboratory and field
    • Sotherton, N.W. (1982) The effects of herbicides on the chrysomelid beetle Gastrophysapolygoni (L.) in laboratory and field. Zeitschrift Fur Angewandte Entomologie, 94, 446-451.
    • (1982) Zeitschrift fur Angewandte Entomologie , vol.94 , pp. 446-451
    • Sotherton, N.W.1
  • 62
    • 0000252407 scopus 로고
    • The effects of six insecticides used in UK cereal fields on sawfly larvae (Hymenoptera: Tenthredinidae)
    • Sotherton, N.W. (1990) The effects of six insecticides used in UK cereal fields on sawfly larvae (Hymenoptera: Tenthredinidae). 1990 Brighton Crop Protection Conference: Pests & Diseases, pp. 999-1005.
    • (1990) 1990 Brighton Crop Protection Conference: Pests & Diseases , pp. 999-1005
    • Sotherton, N.W.1
  • 63
    • 0026363929 scopus 로고
    • Conservation headlands: A practical combination of intensive cereal farming and conservation
    • eds L.G. Firbank, N. Carter, J. F. Darbyshire & G.R. Potts, Blackwell Scientific Publications, Oxford
    • Sotherton, N.W. (1991) Conservation headlands: a practical combination of intensive cereal farming and conservation. The Ecology of Temperate Cereal Fields (eds L.G. Firbank, N. Carter, J. F. Darbyshire & G.R. Potts), pp. 399-412. Blackwell Scientific Publications, Oxford.
    • (1991) The Ecology of Temperate Cereal Fields , pp. 399-412
    • Sotherton, N.W.1
  • 64
    • 2642656109 scopus 로고
    • Use of herbicides on set-aside land
    • Sotherton, N.W. (1994) Use of herbicides on set-aside land. Pesticide Outlook, 5, 17-20.
    • (1994) Pesticide Outlook , vol.5 , pp. 17-20
    • Sotherton, N.W.1
  • 65
    • 0011064084 scopus 로고
    • The use of set-aside land for game conservation
    • ed. J. Clarke, BCPC Monograph No. 50, BCPC Publications, Bracknell
    • Sotherton, N.W., Boatman, N.D. & Robertson, P.A. (1992) The use of set-aside land for game conservation. Set-aside (ed. J. Clarke), pp. 223-228. BCPC Monograph No. 50, BCPC Publications, Bracknell.
    • (1992) Set-aside , pp. 223-228
    • Sotherton, N.W.1    Boatman, N.D.2    Robertson, P.A.3
  • 66
    • 0011091740 scopus 로고
    • Beneficial arthropods other than natural enemies in cereals: Interpretation for pesticide effects on beneficial arthropods
    • Sotherton, N.W. & Moreby, S.J. (1992) Beneficial arthropods other than natural enemies in cereals: interpretation for pesticide effects on beneficial arthropods. Aspects of Applied Biology, 31, 11-19.
    • (1992) Aspects of Applied Biology , vol.31 , pp. 11-19
    • Sotherton, N.W.1    Moreby, S.J.2
  • 67
    • 0002178475 scopus 로고
    • The effects of the foliar fungicide pyrazophos on beneficial arthropods in barley fields
    • Sotherton, N.W., Moreby, S.J. & Langley, M.G. (1987) The effects of the foliar fungicide pyrazophos on beneficial arthropods in barley fields. Annals of Applied Biology, 111, 75-87.
    • (1987) Annals of Applied Biology , vol.111 , pp. 75-87
    • Sotherton, N.W.1    Moreby, S.J.2    Langley, M.G.3
  • 68
    • 0027387459 scopus 로고
    • The decline of the corncrake Crex crex in Britain and Ireland in relation to habitat
    • Stowe, T.J., Newton, A.V., Green, R.E. & Mayes, E. (1993) The decline of the corncrake Crex crex in Britain and Ireland in relation to habitat. Journal of Applied Ecology, 30, 53-62.
    • (1993) Journal of Applied Ecology , vol.30 , pp. 53-62
    • Stowe, T.J.1    Newton, A.V.2    Green, R.E.3    Mayes, E.4
  • 70
    • 0001963879 scopus 로고
    • Census efficiency and number of visits to a study plot when estimating bird densities by the territory mapping method
    • Svensson, S. (1979) Census efficiency and number of visits to a study plot when estimating bird densities by the territory mapping method. Journal of Applied Ecology, 16, 61-68.
    • (1979) Journal of Applied Ecology , vol.16 , pp. 61-68
    • Svensson, S.1
  • 71
    • 0242538540 scopus 로고
    • A motorized insect sampler
    • Thornhill, E.W. (1978) A motorized insect sampler. PANS, 24, 205-207.
    • (1978) PANS , vol.24 , pp. 205-207
    • Thornhill, E.W.1
  • 73
    • 2642659186 scopus 로고
    • Response of pheasant chicks to adult lady beetles (Coleoptera: Coccinellidae)
    • Whitmore, R.W. & Pruess, K.P. (1982) Response of pheasant chicks to adult lady beetles (Coleoptera: Coccinellidae). Journal of Kansas Entomological Society, 55, 474-476.
    • (1982) Journal of Kansas Entomological Society , vol.55 , pp. 474-476
    • Whitmore, R.W.1    Pruess, K.P.2
  • 74
    • 0027019791 scopus 로고
    • The susceptibility of a cereal aphid and its natural enemies to deltamethrin
    • Wiles, J.A. & Jepson, P.C. (1992) The susceptibility of a cereal aphid and its natural enemies to deltamethrin. Pesticide Science, 36, 263-272.
    • (1992) Pesticide Science , vol.36 , pp. 263-272
    • Wiles, J.A.1    Jepson, P.C.2
  • 76
    • 0001284866 scopus 로고
    • The natural regeneration of vegetation under set-aside in southern England
    • ed. J. Clarke, BCPC Monograph No. 50. BCPC Publications, Bracknell
    • Wilson, J. (1992) The natural regeneration of vegetation under set-aside in southern England. Set-aside (ed. J. Clarke), pp. 73-79. BCPC Monograph No. 50. BCPC Publications, Bracknell.
    • (1992) Set-aside , pp. 73-79
    • Wilson, J.1
  • 77
    • 0028992945 scopus 로고
    • Wasteland or Oasis? the use of set-aside by breeding and wintering birds
    • Wilson, J., Evans, A., Poulsen, J.G. & Evans, J. (1995) Wasteland or Oasis? The use of set-aside by breeding and wintering birds. British Wildlife, 6, 214-223.
    • (1995) British Wildlife , vol.6 , pp. 214-223
    • Wilson, J.1    Evans, A.2    Poulsen, J.G.3    Evans, J.4
  • 78
    • 0027091405 scopus 로고
    • Set-aside: Potential and management for wildlife conservation
    • Wilson, J. & Fuller, R. (1992) Set-aside: potential and management for wildlife conservation. Ecos, 13, 24-29.
    • (1992) Ecos , vol.13 , pp. 24-29
    • Wilson, J.1    Fuller, R.2


* 이 정보는 Elsevier사의 SCOPUS DB에서 KISTI가 분석하여 추출한 것입니다.