Modeling the sustainability of subsistence farming and hunting in the Ituri forest of Zaire

Conservation Biology

Volumn 12, Issue 1, 1998, Pages 137-147

  Wilkie, David S ^a,d   Curran, Bryan ^b   Tshombe, Richard ^b   Morelli, Gilda A ^c  

^a Ituri Project   (Congo)

^b WILDLIFE CONSERVATION SOCIETY   (United States)

^c BOSTON COLLEGE   (United States)

^d Assoc in Forest R and D   (United States)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

DEVELOPING COUNTRY; FOREST; FOREST RESOURCES; HUNTING; MEAT CONSUMPTION; PROTECTED AREA; SUBSISTENCE AGRICULTURE; SUBSISTENCE FARMING; SUBSTAINABLE DEVLEOPMENT; SUBSTRATE AGRICULTURE; SUSTAINABILITY; SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT;

ZAIRE, ITURI FOREST;

EID: 0031980079     PISSN: 08888892     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1046/j.1523-1739.1998.96156.x     Document Type: Article

References (61)

1. Alvard, M. S. 1993. Testing the "ecologically noble savage" hypothesis: interspecific prey choice by Piro hunters of Amazonian Peru. Human Ecology 21:355-387.
2. Alvard, M. S. 1994. Conservation by native peoples: prey choice in a depleted habitat. Human Nature 5:127-154.
3. Anadu, P. A., P. O. Elamah, and J. F. Oates. 1988. The bushmeat trade in southwestern Nigeria: a case study. Human Ecology 16:199-208.
4. Anstay, S. 1991. Wildlife utilization in Liberia. WWF International, Gland, Switzerland.
5. Asibey, E. O. A. 1977. Expected effects of land-use patterns on future supplies of bushmeat in Africa south of the Sahara. Environmental Conservation 4:43-49.
6. Aunger, R. 1992. An ethnography of variation: food avoidance among horticulturalists and foragers in the Ituri forest, Zaire. Ph.D. dissertation. University of California, Los Angeles.
7. Auzel, P. 1996. Agriculture/extractivisme et exploitation forestière. Etude de la dynamique des modes d'exploitation du milieu dans le nord de IUFA de Pokola, nord Congo. Wildlife Conservation Society/GEF Congo, Bomassa, Republic of Congo.
8. Bailey, R. C. 1985. The socioecology of Efe pygmy men in the Ituri forest, Zaire. Ph.D. dissertation. Harvard University, Cambridge.
9. Bailey, R. C., and R. Aunger. 1989. Net hunters vs. archers: variation in women's subsistence strategies in the Ituri Forest. Human Ecology 17:273-297.
10. Bailey, R. C., and N. R. Peacock. 1988. Efe pygmies of northeast Zaire: subsistence strategies in the Ituri forest. Pages 88-117 in I. de Garine and G. A. Harrison, editors. Uncertainty in the food supply. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, United Kingdom.
11. Barnes, R. F. W. 1990. Deforestation trends in tropical Africa. African Journal of Ecology 28:161-173.
12. Caldecott, J. 1987. Hunting and wildlife management in Sarawak. World Wildlife Fund, Washington, D.C.
13. Chardonnet, P., H. Fritz, N. Zorzi, and E. Feron. 1995. Current importance of traditional hunting and major contrasts in wild meat consumption in sub-saharan Africa. Pages 304-307 in J. A. Bissonette and P. R. Krausman, editors. Integrating people and wildlife for a sustainable future. The Wildlife Society, Bethesda, Maryland.
14. Cole, L. C. 1954. The population consequences of life history phenomena. Quarterly Review of Biology 29:103-137.
15. Dubost, G. 1978. Un apercu sur l'écologie du chevrotain africain Hyemoschus aquaticus Ogilby. Mammalia 42:1-62.
16. Ellison, P. T., N. R. Peacock, and C. Lager. 1989. Ecology and ovarian function among Lese women of the Ituri forest, Zaire. American Journal of Physical Anthropology 78:519-526.
17. Fa, J. E., J. Juste, J. Perez del Val, and J. Castroviejo. 1995. Impact of market hunting on mammal species in Equatorial Guinea. Conservation Biology 9:1107-1115.
18. Fimbel, C. C., and B. Curran. 1998. Enhancing the sustainability of duiker hunting through community participation and controlled access. In Robinson, J. G., E. L. Bennett, and A. Vedder. Yale University Press, New Haven, Connecticut.
19. Fitzgibbon, C. D., H. Mogaka, and J. H. Fanshawe. 1995. Subsistence hunting in Arabuko-Sokoke forest, Kenya and its effects on mammal populations. Conservation Biology 9:1116-1126.
20. Gautier-Hion, A. 1984. Seed dispersal by African forest cercopithecines. La Terre et la Vie: Revue d'Ecologie Appliquee 39:159-166.
21. Geist, V. 1988. How markets for wildlife meat and parts, and the sale of hunting privileges, jeopardize wildlife conservation. Conservation Biology 2:15-26.
22. Haltenorth, T., and H. Diller. 1980. A field guide to the mammals of Africa including Madagascar. Collins, London.
23. Harako, R. 1976. The Mbuti as hunters, a study of ecological anthropology of the Mbuti pygmies. Kyoto University African Studies 10:37-99.
24. Hart, J. A. 1978. From subsistence to market: a case study of the Mbuti net hunters. Human Ecology 6:32-53.
25. Hart, J. A. 1979. Nomadic hunters and village cultivators: a study of subsistence interdependence in the Ituri forest of Zaire. M.A. thesis. Michigan State University, East Lansing.
26. Hart, J. A. 1985. Comparative dietary ecology of a community of frugivorous forest ungulates in Zaire. Ph.D. dissertation. Michigan State University, East Lansing.
27. Hart, T. B., J. A. Hart, and P. G. Murphy. 1989. Monodominant and species rich forests of the humid tropics: causes for their co-occurrence. American Naturalist 133:613-633
28. Howe, H. F. 1984. Implications of seed dispersal by animals for tropical reserve management. Biological Conservation 30:261-281.
29. Ichikawa, M. 1983. An examination of the hunting dependent life of the Mbuti pygmies, eastern Zaire. African Studies Monographs 4:55-76.
30. Joanen, T., L. McNease, R. Elsey, and M. A. Staton. 1994. The commercial consumptive use of the American alligator (Alligator mississippiensis) in Louisiana: its effect on conservation - a case study. Rockefeller Wildlife Refuge, Grand Chenier, Louisiana.
31. Juste, J., J. E. Fa, J. Perez del Val, and J. Castroviejo. 1995. Market dynamics of bushmeat species in Equatorial Guinea. Journal of Applied Ecology 32:454-467.
32. Koppert, G., and C. M. Hladik. 1990. Measuring food consumption. Pages 59-61 in C. M. Bahuchet and I. S. deGarine, editors. Food and nutrition in the African rain forest. UNESCOMAB, Paris.
33. Lahm, S. A. 1993. Ecology and economics of human/wildlife interaction in northeastern Gabon. Ph.D. dissertation. New York University, New York.
34. Lahm, S. A. 1994. Diversity, abundance and distribution of game in relation to human predation in northeastern Gabon. Wildlife Conservation Society, New York.
35. Ludwig, D., R. Hilborn, and C. J. Walters. 1993 Uncertainty, resource exploitation and conservation: lessons from history. Science 260: 17-36.
36. ma Mbalele, M. 1978. Part of African culture. Unasylva 29:16-17.
37. Marks, S. A. 1994. Local hunters and wildlife surveys: a design to enhance participation. African Journal of Ecology 32:233-254.
38. Marsh, S. E., J. L. Walsh, and C. Sobrevila. 1994. Evaluation of airborne video data for land-cover classification accuracy assessment in an isolated Brazilian forest. Remote Sensing of Environment 48:61-69.
39. Martin, G. H. G. 1983. Bushmeat in Nigeria as a natural resource with environmental implications. Environmental Conservation 10:125-134.
40. Myers, N. 1980. Conversion of tropical moist forests. National Academy of Sciences, Washington, D.C.
41. Nelson, R., N. Horning, and T. A. Stone. 1987. Determining the rate of forest conversion in Mato Grosso, Brazil using Landsat MSS and AVHRR data. International Journal of Remote Sensing 8:1776-1784.
42. Noss, A. J. 1995. Duikers, cables and nets: a cultural ecology of hunting in a central African forest. Ph.D. dissertation. University of Florida, Gainesville.
43. Payne, J. C. 1992. A field study of techniques for estimating densities of duikers in Korup National Park, Cameroon. M.S. thesis. University of Florida, Gainesville.
44. Redford, K. H., and J. G. Robinson. 1991. Subsistence and commercial uses of wildlife in Latin America. Pages 6-23 in J. G. Robinson and K. H. Redford, editors. Neotropical wildlife use and conservation. University of Chicago Press, Chicago.
45. Robinson, J. G., and K. H. Redford. 1991a. Sustainable harvest of neotropical forest mammals. Pages 415-429 in J. G. Robinson and K. H. Redford, editors. Neotropical wildlife use and conservation. University of Chicago Press, Chicago.
46. Robinson, J. G., and K. H. Redford. 1991b. Neotropical wildlife use and conservation. University of Chicago Press, Chicago.
47. Ross, C. 1988. The intrinsic rate of natural increase and reproductive effort in primates. Journal of Zoology 214:199-219.
48. Skole, D., and C. J. Tucker. 1993. Tropical deforestation and habitat fragmentation in the Amazon: satellite data from 1978 to 1988. Science 260:1905-1910.
49. Stearman, A. M., and K. H. Redford. 1992. Commercial hunting by subsistence hunters: Siriono Indians and Paraguayan caiman in lowland Bolivia. Human Organization 51:235-244.
50. Stone, T. A., I. F. Brown, and G. M. Woodwell. 1991. Estimation by remote sensing of deforestation in central rondonia, Brazil. Forest Ecology and Management 38:291-304.
51. Thomas, S. 1991. Population densities and patterns of habitat use among anthropoid primates of the Ituri forest Zaire. Biotropica 23:68-83.
52. White, L. J. T. 1994. Biomass of rain forest mammals in the Lope reserve, Gabon. Journal of Animal Ecology 63:499-512.
53. Wilkie, D. S. 1988. Hunters and farmers of the African forest. Pages 111-126 in J. S. Denslow and C. Padoch, editors. People of the tropical rain forest. University of California Press, Berkeley.
54. Wilkie, D. S. 1989a. Impact of roadside agriculture on subsistence hunting in the Ituri forest of northeastern Zaire. American Journal of Physical Anthropology 78:485-494.
55. Wilkie, D. S. 1989b. Human settlement and forest composition within the proposed Okapi rainforest reserve in northeastern Zaire. World Wide Fund for Nature, Gland, Switzerland.
56. Wilkie, D. S., and B. Curran. 1991. Why do Mbuti hunters use nets? Ungulate hunting efficiency of bows and nets in the Ituri rain forest. American Anthropologist 93:680-689.
57. Wilkie, D. S., and B. Curran. 1993. Historical trends in forager and farmer exchange in the Ituri rain forest of northeastern Zaire. Human Ecology 2:389-417.
58. Wilkie, D. S., and J. T. Finn. 1988. A spatial model of land use and forest regeneration in the Ituri forest of northeastern Zaire. Ecological Modelling 41:307-323.
59. Wilkie, D. S., and J. T. Finn. 1990. Slash-burn cultivation and mammal abundance in the Ituri forest, Zaire. Biotropica 22:90-99.
60. Wilkie, D. S., and J. T. Finn. 1996. Remote sensing imagery for natural resources monitoring: a guide for first-time users. Columbia University Press, New York.
61. Wilkie, D. S., and M. C. Trexler. 1993. Biogeophysical setting and climate change. Anonymous Central Africa global climate change and development - technical report. Biodiversity Support Program, Washington, D.C.