메뉴 건너뛰기




Volumn 8, Issue 2, 1998, Pages 411-424

Spatial patterns in the moose-forest-soil ecosystem on Isle Royale, Michigan, USA

Author keywords

Alces alces; Boreal forests; Diffusion models; Geostatistics; Hardwood conifer shift; Herbivore ecosystem interactions; Isle Royale; Moose; Nitrogen availability; Spatial patterns

Indexed keywords

FORAGING; FOREST ECOSYSTEM; HERBIVORE; NITROGEN CYCLING; SPATIAL PATTERN;

EID: 0031970805     PISSN: 10510761     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1890/1051-0761(1998)008[0411:SPITMF]2.0.CO;2     Document Type: Article
Times cited : (105)

References (89)
  • 2
    • 0004282671 scopus 로고
    • Houghton-Mifflin, New York, New York, USA
    • Allen, D. L. 1976. Wolves of Minong. Houghton-Mifflin, New York, New York, USA.
    • (1976) Wolves of Minong
    • Allen, D.L.1
  • 3
    • 0024252879 scopus 로고
    • Grazing impact in relation to livestock watering points
    • Andrew, M. H. 1988. Grazing impact in relation to livestock watering points. Trends in Ecology and Evolution 3:336-339.
    • (1988) Trends in Ecology and Evolution , vol.3 , pp. 336-339
    • Andrew, M.H.1
  • 4
    • 0023495143 scopus 로고
    • Effects of simulated winter browsing by moose on morphology and biomass of two browse species
    • Bergstrom, R., and K. Danell. 1987. Effects of simulated winter browsing by moose on morphology and biomass of two browse species. Journal of Ecology 75:533-544.
    • (1987) Journal of Ecology , vol.75 , pp. 533-544
    • Bergstrom, R.1    Danell, K.2
  • 5
    • 0028976910 scopus 로고
    • Effects of simulated summer browsing by moose on leaf and shoot biomass of birch, Betula pendula
    • Bergstrom, R., and K. Danell. 1995. Effects of simulated summer browsing by moose on leaf and shoot biomass of birch, Betula pendula. Oikos 72:132-138.
    • (1995) Oikos , vol.72 , pp. 132-138
    • Bergstrom, R.1    Danell, K.2
  • 6
    • 0021640066 scopus 로고
    • Ion exchange resin bags: Factors affecting estimates of nitrogen availability
    • Binkley, D. 1984. Ion exchange resin bags: factors affecting estimates of nitrogen availability. Soil Science Society of America Journal 48:1181-1184.
    • (1984) Soil Science Society of America Journal , vol.48 , pp. 1181-1184
    • Binkley, D.1
  • 7
    • 0025206145 scopus 로고
    • Balsam fir on Isle Royale: Effects of moose herbivory and population density
    • Brandner, T. O., R. O. Peterson, and K. L. Risenhoover. 1990. Balsam fir on Isle Royale: effects of moose herbivory and population density. Ecology 71:155-164.
    • (1990) Ecology , vol.71 , pp. 155-164
    • Brandner, T.O.1    Peterson, R.O.2    Risenhoover, K.L.3
  • 9
    • 0003008369 scopus 로고
    • Browsing-woody plant interactions during boreal forest plant succession
    • K. Van Cleve, F. S. Chapin, III, P. W. Flanagan, L. A. Viereck, and C. T. Dyrness, editors. Springer-Verlag, New York, New York, USA
    • Bryant, J. P., and F. S. Chapin, III. 1985. Browsing-woody plant interactions during boreal forest plant succession. Pages 213-225 in K. Van Cleve, F. S. Chapin, III, P. W. Flanagan, L. A. Viereck, and C. T. Dyrness, editors. Forest ecosystems in the Alaskan taiga. Springer-Verlag, New York, New York, USA.
    • (1985) Forest Ecosystems in the Alaskan Taiga , pp. 213-225
    • Bryant, J.P.1    Chapin F.S. III2
  • 10
    • 0000213520 scopus 로고
    • Selection of winter forage by subarctic browsing vertebrates: The role of plant chemistry
    • Bryant, J. P., and P. J. Kuropat. 1980. Selection of winter forage by subarctic browsing vertebrates: the role of plant chemistry. Annual Review of Ecology and Systematics 11: 261-285.
    • (1980) Annual Review of Ecology and Systematics , vol.11 , pp. 261-285
    • Bryant, J.P.1    Kuropat, P.J.2
  • 12
    • 0000877883 scopus 로고
    • Silvics of North America
    • U.S. Department of Agriculture, Washington, D.C., USA
    • Burns, R. M., and B. H. Honkala. 1990. Silvics of North America. Agricultural Handbook 654, U.S. Department of Agriculture, Washington, D.C., USA.
    • (1990) Agricultural Handbook 654
    • Burns, R.M.1    Honkala, B.H.2
  • 13
    • 0021060264 scopus 로고
    • Multiscale sources of spatial variation in soil. The application of fractal concepts to nested levels of soil variation
    • Burrough, P. A. 1983. Multiscale sources of spatial variation in soil. The application of fractal concepts to nested levels of soil variation. Journal of Soil Science 34:577-597.
    • (1983) Journal of Soil Science , vol.34 , pp. 577-597
    • Burrough, P.A.1
  • 14
    • 0025593306 scopus 로고
    • Semivariograms of digital imagery for analysis of conifer canopy structure
    • Cohen, W. B., T. A. Spies, and G. A. Bradshaw. 1990. Semivariograms of digital imagery for analysis of conifer canopy structure. Remote Sensing of Environment 34:167-178.
    • (1990) Remote Sensing of Environment , vol.34 , pp. 167-178
    • Cohen, W.B.1    Spies, T.A.2    Bradshaw, G.A.3
  • 15
    • 0028682320 scopus 로고
    • Effect of large mammalian browsers on architecture, biomass, and nutrients of woody plants
    • Danell, K., R. Bergstrom, and L. Edenius. 1994. Effect of large mammalian browsers on architecture, biomass, and nutrients of woody plants. Journal of Mammalogy 75:833-844.
    • (1994) Journal of Mammalogy , vol.75 , pp. 833-844
    • Danell, K.1    Bergstrom, R.2    Edenius, L.3
  • 16
    • 0022169630 scopus 로고
    • Interactions between browsing moose and two species of birch in Sweden
    • Danell, K., and K. Huss-Danell. 1985. Interactions between browsing moose and two species of birch in Sweden. Ecology 66:1867-1878.
    • (1985) Ecology , vol.66 , pp. 1867-1878
    • Danell, K.1    Huss-Danell, K.2
  • 17
    • 0344469970 scopus 로고
    • Environmental Systems Research Institute, Redlands, California, USA
    • Environmental Systems Research Institute. 1992. ARC/ INFO user's guide, version 6.1. Environmental Systems Research Institute, Redlands, California, USA.
    • (1992) ARC/ INFO User's Guide, Version 6.1
  • 18
    • 0020870739 scopus 로고
    • Nutrient cycling in relation to decomposition and organic-matter quality in taiga ecosystems
    • Flanagan, P. W., and K. Van Cleve. 1983. Nutrient cycling in relation to decomposition and organic-matter quality in taiga ecosystems. Canadian Journal of Forest Research 13: 795-817.
    • (1983) Canadian Journal of Forest Research , vol.13 , pp. 795-817
    • Flanagan, P.W.1    Van Cleve, K.2
  • 19
    • 28244462573 scopus 로고
    • Neutral models for the analysis of broad-scale landscape pattern
    • Gardner, R. H., B. T. Milne, M. G. Turner, and R. V. O'Neill. 1987. Neutral models for the analysis of broad-scale landscape pattern. Landscape Ecology 1:19-28.
    • (1987) Landscape Ecology , vol.1 , pp. 19-28
    • Gardner, R.H.1    Milne, B.T.2    Turner, M.G.3    O'Neill, R.V.4
  • 20
    • 0024924018 scopus 로고
    • Quantifying scale-dependent effects of animal movement with simple percolation models
    • Gardner, R. H., R. V. O'Neill, M. G. Turner, and V. H. Dale. 1989. Quantifying scale-dependent effects of animal movement with simple percolation models. Landscape Ecology 3:217-227.
    • (1989) Landscape Ecology , vol.3 , pp. 217-227
    • Gardner, R.H.1    O'Neill, R.V.2    Turner, M.G.3    Dale, V.H.4
  • 21
    • 0019053303 scopus 로고
    • Moose winter browsing patterns on clear-cuttings in northern Ontario
    • Hamilton, G. D., P. D. Drysdale, and D. L. Euler. 1980. Moose winter browsing patterns on clear-cuttings in northern Ontario. Canadian Journal of Zoology 58:1412-1416.
    • (1980) Canadian Journal of Zoology , vol.58 , pp. 1412-1416
    • Hamilton, G.D.1    Drysdale, P.D.2    Euler, D.L.3
  • 22
    • 78951490985 scopus 로고
    • The forest of Isle Royale in relation to fire history and wildlife
    • University of Minnesota Agricultural Experiment Station, St. Paul, Minnesota, USA
    • Hansen, H., L. Krefting, and V. Kurmis. 1973. The forest of Isle Royale in relation to fire history and wildlife. Technical Bulletin 294, University of Minnesota Agricultural Experiment Station, St. Paul, Minnesota, USA.
    • (1973) Technical Bulletin 294
    • Hansen, H.1    Krefting, L.2    Kurmis, V.3
  • 23
    • 0343144598 scopus 로고
    • On the importance of landscape heterogeneity in northern regions for the breeding population densities of homeotherms: A general hypothesis
    • Hansson, L. 1979. On the importance of landscape heterogeneity in northern regions for the breeding population densities of homeotherms: a general hypothesis. Oikos 33:182-189.
    • (1979) Oikos , vol.33 , pp. 182-189
    • Hansson, L.1
  • 24
    • 0003535524 scopus 로고
    • University of Chicago Press, Chicago, Illinois, USA
    • Harris, L. D. 1984. The fragmented forest. University of Chicago Press, Chicago, Illinois, USA.
    • (1984) The Fragmented Forest
    • Harris, L.D.1
  • 25
    • 0030417343 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Modification of ecosystems by ungulates
    • Hobbs, N. T. 1996. Modification of ecosystems by ungulates. Journal of Wildlife Management 60:695-713.
    • (1996) Journal of Wildlife Management , vol.60 , pp. 695-713
    • Hobbs, N.T.1
  • 27
    • 0026313217 scopus 로고
    • Fire and grazing in the tallgrass prairie: Contingent effects on nitrogen budgets
    • Hobbs, N. T., D. S. Schimel, C. E. Owensby, and D. S. Ojima. 1991. Fire and grazing in the tallgrass prairie: contingent effects on nitrogen budgets. Ecology 72:1374-1382.
    • (1991) Ecology , vol.72 , pp. 1374-1382
    • Hobbs, N.T.1    Schimel, D.S.2    Owensby, C.E.3    Ojima, D.S.4
  • 28
    • 0027042295 scopus 로고
    • Physiological responses of plant populations to herbivory and their consequences for ecosystem nutrient flow
    • Holland, E. A., W. J. Parton, J. K. Detling, and D. L. Coppock. 1992. Physiological responses of plant populations to herbivory and their consequences for ecosystem nutrient flow. American Naturalist 140:685-706.
    • (1992) American Naturalist , vol.140 , pp. 685-706
    • Holland, E.A.1    Parton, W.J.2    Detling, J.K.3    Coppock, D.L.4
  • 29
    • 0344038824 scopus 로고
    • Glacial and postglacial geologic history of Isle Royale National Park, Michigan
    • U.S. Government Printing Office, Washington, D.C., USA
    • Huber, N. K. 1973. Glacial and postglacial geologic history of Isle Royale National Park, Michigan. Geological Survey Professional Paper 754-A, U.S. Government Printing Office, Washington, D.C., USA.
    • (1973) Geological Survey Professional Paper 754-A
    • Huber, N.K.1
  • 30
    • 0001542860 scopus 로고
    • Pocket gophers in ecosystems: Patterns and mechanisms
    • Huntly, N., and R. Inouye. 1988. Pocket gophers in ecosystems: patterns and mechanisms. BioScience 38:786-793.
    • (1988) BioScience , vol.38 , pp. 786-793
    • Huntly, N.1    Inouye, R.2
  • 31
    • 0002651298 scopus 로고
    • Vegetational mosaics, plant-animal interactions and resources for plant growth
    • L. D. Gottlieb and S. K. Jain, editors. Chapman and Hall, New York, New York, USA
    • Jefferies, R. L. 1988. Vegetational mosaics, plant-animal interactions and resources for plant growth. Pages 341-369 in L. D. Gottlieb and S. K. Jain, editors. Plant evolutionary biology. Chapman and Hall, New York, New York, USA.
    • (1988) Plant Evolutionary Biology , pp. 341-369
    • Jefferies, R.L.1
  • 32
    • 0002651301 scopus 로고
    • Pattern and process in arctic coastal vegetation in response to foraging by Lesser Snow Geese
    • M. J. A. Werger, editor. SPB Academic, The Hague, The Netherlands
    • _. 1989. Pattern and process in arctic coastal vegetation in response to foraging by Lesser Snow Geese. Pages 1-20 in M. J. A. Werger, editor. Plant form and vegetation structure, adaptation, plasticity and relation to herbivory. SPB Academic, The Hague, The Netherlands.
    • (1989) Plant Form and Vegetation Structure, Adaptation, Plasticity and Relation to Herbivory , pp. 1-20
  • 33
    • 0028163349 scopus 로고
    • Vertebrate herbivores and northern plant communities: Reciprocal influences and responses
    • Jefferies, R. L., D. R. Klein, and G. R. Shaver. 1994. Vertebrate herbivores and northern plant communities: reciprocal influences and responses. Oikos 71:193-206.
    • (1994) Oikos , vol.71 , pp. 193-206
    • Jefferies, R.L.1    Klein, D.R.2    Shaver, G.R.3
  • 34
    • 0025645090 scopus 로고
    • Browse selection by beaver: Effects on riparian forest composition
    • Johnston, C. A., and R. J. Naiman. 1990. Browse selection by beaver: effects on riparian forest composition. Canadian Journal of Forest Research 20:1036-1043.
    • (1990) Canadian Journal of Forest Research , vol.20 , pp. 1036-1043
    • Johnston, C.A.1    Naiman, R.J.2
  • 35
    • 0001287193 scopus 로고
    • Experimental and mathematical analyses of herbivore movement: Quantifying the influence of plant spacing and quality of foraging discrimination
    • Kareiva, P. M. 1982. Experimental and mathematical analyses of herbivore movement: quantifying the influence of plant spacing and quality of foraging discrimination. Ecological Monographs 52:261-282.
    • (1982) Ecological Monographs , vol.52 , pp. 261-282
    • Kareiva, P.M.1
  • 36
    • 0021085261 scopus 로고
    • Analyzing insect movement as a correlated random walk
    • Kareiva, P. M., and N. Shigesada. 1983. Analyzing insect movement as a correlated random walk. Oecologia 56:234-238.
    • (1983) Oecologia , vol.56 , pp. 234-238
    • Kareiva, P.M.1    Shigesada, N.2
  • 37
    • 0002548209 scopus 로고
    • A simple simulation model of dispersal of animals among units of discrete habitats
    • Kitching, R. 1971. A simple simulation model of dispersal of animals among units of discrete habitats. Oecologia (Bed.) 7:95-116.
    • (1971) Oecologia (Bed.) , vol.7 , pp. 95-116
    • Kitching, R.1
  • 38
    • 78951470052 scopus 로고
    • The ecology of the Isle Royale moose
    • University of Minnesota Agricultural Experiment Station, Forestry Series 15, St. Paul, Minnesota, USA
    • Krefting, L. W. 1974. The ecology of the Isle Royale moose. University of Minnesota Agricultural Experiment Station, Technical Bulletin 297, Forestry Series 15, St. Paul, Minnesota, USA.
    • (1974) Technical Bulletin 297
    • Krefting, L.W.1
  • 39
    • 0000378831 scopus 로고
    • Population dynamic models in heterogeneous environments
    • Levin, S. A. 1976. Population dynamic models in heterogeneous environments. Annual Review of Ecology and Systematics 7:287-310.
    • (1976) Annual Review of Ecology and Systematics , vol.7 , pp. 287-310
    • Levin, S.A.1
  • 40
    • 0027044174 scopus 로고
    • Effects of moose browsing on vegetation and litter-fall of the boreal forest, Isle Royale, Michigan, USA
    • McInnes, P. F., R. J. Naiman, J. Pastor, and Y. Cohen. 1992. Effects of moose browsing on vegetation and litter-fall of the boreal forest, Isle Royale, Michigan, USA. Ecology 73: 2059-2075.
    • (1992) Ecology , vol.73 , pp. 2059-2075
    • McInnes, P.F.1    Naiman, R.J.2    Pastor, J.3    Cohen, Y.4
  • 41
    • 0001383966 scopus 로고
    • Some effects of mammalian herbivores and fertilization on tundra soils and vegetation
    • McKendrick, J. D., G. O. Batzli, K. R. Everett, and J. C. Swanson. 1980. Some effects of mammalian herbivores and fertilization on tundra soils and vegetation. Arctic and Alpine Research 12:565-578.
    • (1980) Arctic and Alpine Research , vol.12 , pp. 565-578
    • McKendrick, J.D.1    Batzli, G.O.2    Everett, K.R.3    Swanson, J.C.4
  • 42
    • 0028668989 scopus 로고
    • Wolves, moose, and tree rings on Isle Royale
    • McLaren, B. E., and R. O. Peterson. 1994. Wolves, moose, and tree rings on Isle Royale. Science 266:1555-1558.
    • (1994) Science , vol.266 , pp. 1555-1558
    • McLaren, B.E.1    Peterson, R.O.2
  • 43
    • 0001578138 scopus 로고
    • Ecology of a grazing ecosystem: The Serengeti
    • McNaughton, S. J. 1985. Ecology of a grazing ecosystem: the Serengeti. Ecological Monographs 55:259-294.
    • (1985) Ecological Monographs , vol.55 , pp. 259-294
    • McNaughton, S.J.1
  • 44
    • 0001389491 scopus 로고
    • Large mammals and process dynamics in African ecosystems
    • McNaughton, S. J., R. W. Ruess, and S. W. Seagle. 1988. Large mammals and process dynamics in African ecosystems. BioScience 38:794-800.
    • (1988) BioScience , vol.38 , pp. 794-800
    • McNaughton, S.J.1    Ruess, R.W.2    Seagle, S.W.3
  • 45
    • 0002387308 scopus 로고
    • Heterogeneity as a multiscale characteristic of landscapes
    • J. Kolasa and S. T. A. Pickett, editors. Springer-Verlag, New York, New York, USA
    • Milne, B. T. 1991a. Heterogeneity as a multiscale characteristic of landscapes. Pages 69-84 in J. Kolasa and S. T. A. Pickett, editors. Ecological heterogeneity. Springer-Verlag, New York, New York, USA.
    • (1991) Ecological Heterogeneity , pp. 69-84
    • Milne, B.T.1
  • 46
    • 0001851875 scopus 로고
    • Lessons from applying fractal models to landscape patterns
    • M. G. Turner and R. H. Gardner, editors. Springer-Verlag, New York, New York, USA
    • _. 1991b. Lessons from applying fractal models to landscape patterns. Pages 200-233 in M. G. Turner and R. H. Gardner, editors. Quantitative methods in landscape ecology. Springer-Verlag, New York, New York, USA.
    • (1991) Quantitative Methods in Landscape Ecology , pp. 200-233
  • 47
    • 0021031210 scopus 로고
    • Browse regrowth and consumption following summer defoliation by moose
    • Miquelle, D. G. 1983. Browse regrowth and consumption following summer defoliation by moose. Journal of Wildlife Management 47:17-24.
    • (1983) Journal of Wildlife Management , vol.47 , pp. 17-24
    • Miquelle, D.G.1
  • 48
    • 85036687040 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Linking moose population and plant growth models with a moose energetics model
    • in press
    • Moen, R., Y. Cohen, and J. Pastor. Linking moose population and plant growth models with a moose energetics model. Ecosystems: in press.
    • Ecosystems
    • Moen, R.1    Cohen, Y.2    Pastor, J.3
  • 49
    • 0030616870 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • A spatially explicit model of moose foraging and energetics
    • Moen, R., J. Pastor, and Y. Cohen. 1997. A spatially explicit model of moose foraging and energetics. Ecology 78:505-521.
    • (1997) Ecology , vol.78 , pp. 505-521
    • Moen, R.1    Pastor, J.2    Cohen, Y.3
  • 50
    • 0030616746 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Population consequences of constitutive and inducible plant resistance: Herbivore spatial spread
    • Morris, W. F., and G. Dwyer. 1997. Population consequences of constitutive and inducible plant resistance: herbivore spatial spread. American Naturalist 149:1071-1090.
    • (1997) American Naturalist , vol.149 , pp. 1071-1090
    • Morris, W.F.1    Dwyer, G.2
  • 52
    • 0000412537 scopus 로고
    • Alteration of North American streams by beaver
    • Naiman, R. J., C. A. Johnston, and J. C. Kelley. 1988. Alteration of North American streams by beaver. BioScience 38:753-762.
    • (1988) BioScience , vol.38 , pp. 753-762
    • Naiman, R.J.1    Johnston, C.A.2    Kelley, J.C.3
  • 53
    • 0022855467 scopus 로고
    • Ecosystem alteration of boreal forest streams by beaver (Castor canadensis)
    • Naiman, R. J., J. M. Melillo, and J. E. Hobbie. 1986. Ecosystem alteration of boreal forest streams by beaver (Castor canadensis). Ecology 67:1254-1269.
    • (1986) Ecology , vol.67 , pp. 1254-1269
    • Naiman, R.J.1    Melillo, J.M.2    Hobbie, J.E.3
  • 55
    • 0028165630 scopus 로고
    • Responses to simulated grazing and browsing of vegetation available to caribou in the Arctic
    • Quellet, J. P., S. Boutin, and D. C. Heard. 1994. Responses to simulated grazing and browsing of vegetation available to caribou in the Arctic. Canadian Journal of Zoology 72: 1426-1435.
    • (1994) Canadian Journal of Zoology , vol.72 , pp. 1426-1435
    • Quellet, J.P.1    Boutin, S.2    Heard, D.C.3
  • 56
    • 0030758509 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Herbivores, the functional diversity of plant species, and the cycling of nutrients in ecosystems
    • Pastor, J., and Y. Cohen. 1997. Herbivores, the functional diversity of plant species, and the cycling of nutrients in ecosystems. Theoretical Population Biology 51:165-179.
    • (1997) Theoretical Population Biology , vol.51 , pp. 165-179
    • Pastor, J.1    Cohen, Y.2
  • 57
    • 0027386543 scopus 로고
    • Moose browsing and soil fertility in the boreal forests of Isle Royale National Park
    • Pastor, J., B. Dewey, R. J. Naiman, P. F. McInnes. and Y. Cohen. 1993. Moose browsing and soil fertility in the boreal forests of Isle Royale National Park. Ecology 74: 467-480.
    • (1993) Ecology , vol.74 , pp. 467-480
    • Pastor, J.1    Dewey, B.2    Naiman, R.J.3    McInnes, P.F.4    Cohen, Y.5
  • 58
    • 0002727375 scopus 로고
    • The southern boreal-northern hardwood forest border
    • H. H. Shugart, R. Leemans, and G. B. Bonan, editors. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, UK
    • Pastor, J., and D. Mladenoff. 1992. The southern boreal-northern hardwood forest border. Pages 216-240 in H. H. Shugart, R. Leemans, and G. B. Bonan, editors. A systems analysis of the global boreal forest. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, UK.
    • (1992) A Systems Analysis of the Global Boreal Forest , pp. 216-240
    • Pastor, J.1    Mladenoff, D.2
  • 59
    • 0000083634 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Spatial heterogeneities, carrying capacity, and feedbacks in animal-landscape interactions
    • Pastor, J., R. A. Moen, and Y. Cohen. 1997. Spatial heterogeneities, carrying capacity, and feedbacks in animal-landscape interactions. Journal of Mammalogy 78:1040-1052.
    • (1997) Journal of Mammalogy , vol.78 , pp. 1040-1052
    • Pastor, J.1    Moen, R.A.2    Cohen, Y.3
  • 60
    • 0026540204 scopus 로고
    • Selective foraging and ecosystem processes in boreal forests
    • Pastor, J., and R. J. Naiman, 1992. Selective foraging and ecosystem processes in boreal forests. American Naturalist 139:690-705.
    • (1992) American Naturalist , vol.139 , pp. 690-705
    • Pastor, J.1    Naiman, R.J.2
  • 62
    • 0003354031 scopus 로고
    • Moose habitat selection and relationships to forest management in northeastern Minnesota
    • Peek, J. M., D. L. Ulrich, and R. J. Mackie. 1976. Moose habitat selection and relationships to forest management in northeastern Minnesota. Wildlife Monographs Number 48.
    • (1976) Wildlife Monographs Number 48
    • Peek, J.M.1    Ulrich, D.L.2    Mackie, R.J.3
  • 63
    • 0003947799 scopus 로고
    • University of Toronto Press, Toronto, Canada
    • Peterson, R. L. 1955. North American moose. University of Toronto Press, Toronto, Canada.
    • (1955) North American Moose
    • Peterson, R.L.1
  • 65
    • 0024927605 scopus 로고
    • The role of Lesser Snow Geese as nitrogen processors in a subarctic salt marsh
    • Reuss, R. W., D. S. Hik, and R. L. Jefferies. 1989. The role of Lesser Snow Geese as nitrogen processors in a subarctic salt marsh. Oecologia 79:23-29.
    • (1989) Oecologia , vol.79 , pp. 23-29
    • Reuss, R.W.1    Hik, D.S.2    Jefferies, R.L.3
  • 68
    • 0023480107 scopus 로고
    • The influence of moose on the composition and structure of Isle Royale forests
    • Risenhoover, K. L., and S. A Maass. 1987. The influence of moose on the composition and structure of Isle Royale forests. Canadian Journal of Forest Research 17:357-364.
    • (1987) Canadian Journal of Forest Research , vol.17 , pp. 357-364
    • Risenhoover, K.L.1    Maass, A.S.A.2
  • 69
    • 0023481068 scopus 로고
    • Geostatistics in ecology: Interpolating with known variance
    • Robertson, G. P. 1987. Geostatistics in ecology: interpolating with known variance. Ecology 68:744-748.
    • (1987) Ecology , vol.68 , pp. 744-748
    • Robertson, G.P.1
  • 70
    • 0024258875 scopus 로고
    • Spatial variability in a successional plant community: Patterns of nitrogen availability
    • Robertson, G. P., M. A. Huston, F. C. Evans, and J. Tiedje. 1988. Spatial variability in a successional plant community: patterns of nitrogen availability. Ecology 69:1517-1524.
    • (1988) Ecology , vol.69 , pp. 1517-1524
    • Robertson, G.P.1    Huston, M.A.2    Evans, F.C.3    Tiedje, J.4
  • 71
    • 0000193460 scopus 로고
    • Microtine cycles: The role of habitat heterogeneity
    • Rosenzweig, M. L., and Z. Abramsky. 1980. Microtine cycles: the role of habitat heterogeneity. Oikos 34:141-146.
    • (1980) Oikos , vol.34 , pp. 141-146
    • Rosenzweig, M.L.1    Abramsky, Z.2
  • 72
    • 0026540034 scopus 로고
    • Geostatistical tools for modeling and interpreting ecological spatial dependence
    • Rossi, R. E., D. J. Mulla, A. G. Journel, and E. H. Franz. 1992. Geostatistical tools for modeling and interpreting ecological spatial dependence. Ecological Monographs 62: 277-314.
    • (1992) Ecological Monographs , vol.62 , pp. 277-314
    • Rossi, R.E.1    Mulla, D.J.2    Journel, A.G.3    Franz, E.H.4
  • 73
    • 0001371672 scopus 로고
    • Application of nonlinear stability theory to the study of the effects of diffusion on predator-prey interactions
    • R. A. Piccirelli, editor. American Institute of Physics, New York, New York, USA
    • Segal, L. A., and S. A. Levin. 1976. Application of nonlinear stability theory to the study of the effects of diffusion on predator-prey interactions. Pages 123-152 in R. A. Piccirelli, editor. Topics in statistical mechanics and biophysics. American Institute of Physics, New York, New York, USA.
    • (1976) Topics in Statistical Mechanics and Biophysics , pp. 123-152
    • Segal, L.A.1    Levin, S.A.2
  • 75
    • 0026289910 scopus 로고
    • Variogram fitting with a general class of conditionally non-negative definite functions
    • Shapiro, A., and J. D. Botha. 1991. Variogram fitting with a general class of conditionally non-negative definite functions. Computational Sciences and Data Analysis 11:87-96.
    • (1991) Computational Sciences and Data Analysis , vol.11 , pp. 87-96
    • Shapiro, A.1    Botha, J.D.2
  • 76
    • 0003152388 scopus 로고
    • Spatial heterogeneity and population stability
    • Steele, J. H. 1974. Spatial heterogeneity and population stability. Nature 248:83.
    • (1974) Nature , vol.248 , pp. 83
    • Steele, J.H.1
  • 77
    • 0003171694 scopus 로고
    • On the importance of spatiotemporal heterogeneity for the population dynamics of rodents: Toward a theoretical foundation of rodent control
    • Stenseth, N. C. 1977. On the importance of spatiotemporal heterogeneity for the population dynamics of rodents: toward a theoretical foundation of rodent control. Oikos 29: 545-552.
    • (1977) Oikos , vol.29 , pp. 545-552
    • Stenseth, N.C.1
  • 78
    • 0001084021 scopus 로고
    • Food selection of the field vole Microtus agrestis
    • Stenseth, N. C., L. Hansson, and A. Myllymaki. 1977a. Food selection of the field vole Microtus agrestis. Oikos 29:511-524.
    • (1977) Oikos , vol.29 , pp. 511-524
    • Stenseth, N.C.1    Hansson, L.2    Myllymaki, A.3
  • 79
    • 0000840261 scopus 로고
    • General models for the populations of the field vole Microtus agrestis in Sweden
    • Stenseth, N. C., L. Hansson, L. Myllymaki, A. Andersson, and J. Katilla. 1977b. General models for the populations of the field vole Microtus agrestis in Sweden. Oikos 29: 616-642.
    • (1977) Oikos , vol.29 , pp. 616-642
    • Stenseth, N.C.1    Hansson, L.2    Myllymaki, L.3    Andersson, A.4    Katilla, J.5
  • 80
    • 0006148854 scopus 로고
    • Circumpolar distribution and habitat requirements of moose (Alces alces)
    • R. Olson, R. Hastings, and F. Geddes, editors. University of Alberta Press, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
    • Telfer, E. S. 1984. Circumpolar distribution and habitat requirements of moose (Alces alces). Pages 145-182 in R. Olson, R. Hastings, and F. Geddes, editors. Northern ecology and resource management. University of Alberta Press, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada.
    • (1984) Northern Ecology and Resource Management , pp. 145-182
    • Telfer, E.S.1
  • 81
    • 0022193713 scopus 로고
    • On approximations to geopotential and wind-field correlation measures
    • Thiébaux, H. J. 1985. On approximations to geopotential and wind-field correlation measures. Tellus 37A:126-131.
    • (1985) Tellus , vol.37 A , pp. 126-131
    • Thiébaux, H.J.1
  • 82
    • 0027948036 scopus 로고
    • Simulating winter interactions among ungulates, vegetation, and fire in northern Yellowstone Park
    • Turner, M. G., Y. Wu, L. L. Wallace, W. H. Romme, and A. Brenkert. 1994. Simulating winter interactions among ungulates, vegetation, and fire in northern Yellowstone Park. Ecological Applications 4:472-496.
    • (1994) Ecological Applications , vol.4 , pp. 472-496
    • Turner, M.G.1    Wu, Y.2    Wallace, L.L.3    Romme, W.H.4    Brenkert, A.5
  • 83
    • 0024903380 scopus 로고
    • Microhabitat pattern and the structure of forest bird communities
    • Urban, D. L., and T. M. Smith. 1989. Microhabitat pattern and the structure of forest bird communities. American Naturalist 133:811-829.
    • (1989) American Naturalist , vol.133 , pp. 811-829
    • Urban, D.L.1    Smith, T.M.2
  • 86
    • 0001361301 scopus 로고
    • Ecological consequences of prairie dog disturbances
    • Whicker, A. D., and J. K. Detling. 1988. Ecological consequences of prairie dog disturbances. BioScience 38:778-785.
    • (1988) BioScience , vol.38 , pp. 778-785
    • Whicker, A.D.1    Detling, J.K.2
  • 88
    • 0024876398 scopus 로고
    • Scaling of "landscapes" in landscape ecology, or, landscape ecology from a beetle's perspective
    • Wiens, J. A., and B. T. Milne. 1989. Scaling of "landscapes" in landscape ecology, or, landscape ecology from a beetle's perspective. Landscape Ecology 3:87-96.
    • (1989) Landscape Ecology , vol.3 , pp. 87-96
    • Wiens, J.A.1    Milne, B.T.2


* 이 정보는 Elsevier사의 SCOPUS DB에서 KISTI가 분석하여 추출한 것입니다.