메뉴 건너뛰기




Volumn 274, Issue 3 43-3, 1998, Pages

Osmotic regulation of intestinal epithelial Na+-K+-Cl- cotransport: Role of Cl- and F-actin

Author keywords

BSC2; Bumetanide; Cytoskeleton; Microfilament; NKCC1

Indexed keywords

ADENOSINE TRIPHOSPHATASE (POTASSIUM); BUMETANIDE; F ACTIN;

EID: 0031970228     PISSN: 03636143     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1152/ajpcell.1998.274.3.c697     Document Type: Article
Times cited : (58)

References (53)
  • 1
    • 0021365942 scopus 로고
    • Effect of volume changes in ouabain-insensitive net outward cation movement in human red cells
    • Adragna, N., and D. Tosteson. Effect of volume changes in ouabain-insensitive net outward cation movement in human red cells. J. Membr. Biol. 78: 43-52, 1984.
    • (1984) J. Membr. Biol. , vol.78 , pp. 43-52
    • Adragna, N.1    Tosteson, D.2
  • 4
    • 0027462156 scopus 로고
    • Actin-binding protein contributes to cell volume regulatory ion channel activation in melanoma cells
    • Cantiello, H. F., A. G. Prat, J. Bonventre, C. Cunningham, J. Hartwig, and D. Ausiello. Actin-binding protein contributes to cell volume regulatory ion channel activation in melanoma cells. J. Biol. Chem. 268: 4596-4599, 1993.
    • (1993) J. Biol. Chem. , vol.268 , pp. 4596-4599
    • Cantiello, H.F.1    Prat, A.G.2    Bonventre, J.3    Cunningham, C.4    Hartwig, J.5    Ausiello, D.6
  • 6
    • 0029826534 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Na/K/2Cl cotransporter protein of intestinal epithelial cells: Surface distribution, immunoprecipitation as a protein complex and surface expression in response to cAMP
    • D'Andrea, L., C. Lytle, J. Matthews, P. Hofman, I. B Forbush, and J. Madara. Na/K/2Cl cotransporter protein of intestinal epithelial cells: surface distribution, immunoprecipitation as a protein complex and surface expression in response to cAMP. J. Biol. Chem. 271: 28969-28976, 1996.
    • (1996) J. Biol. Chem. , vol.271 , pp. 28969-28976
    • D'Andrea, L.1    Lytle, C.2    Matthews, J.3    Hofman, P.4    Forbush, I.B.5    Madara, J.6
  • 7
    • 0025616203 scopus 로고
    • Established cell lines as model systems for electrolyte transport studies
    • Dharmsathaphorn, K., and J. L. Madara. Established cell lines as model systems for electrolyte transport studies. Methods Enzymol. 192: 354-389, 1990.
    • (1990) Methods Enzymol. , vol.192 , pp. 354-389
    • Dharmsathaphorn, K.1    Madara, J.L.2
  • 8
    • 0028201013 scopus 로고
    • Molecular cloning, primary structure, and characterization of two members of the mammalian electroneutral sodium-(potassium)-chloride cotransporter family expressed in kidney
    • Gamba, G., A. Miyanoshita, M. Lombardi, J. Lytton, W.-S. Lee, M. Hediger, and S. Hebert. Molecular cloning, primary structure, and characterization of two members of the mammalian electroneutral sodium-(potassium)-chloride cotransporter family expressed in kidney. J. Biol. Chem. 269: 17713-17722, 1994.
    • (1994) J. Biol. Chem. , vol.269 , pp. 17713-17722
    • Gamba, G.1    Miyanoshita, A.2    Lombardi, M.3    Lytton, J.4    Lee, W.-S.5    Hediger, M.6    Hebert, S.7
  • 9
    • 0026704623 scopus 로고
    • Activation of permeabilized neutrophils: Role of anions
    • Cell Physiol. 32
    • Grinstein, S., W. Furuya, and G. P. Downey. Activation of permeabilized neutrophils: role of anions. Am. J. Physiol. 263 (Cell Physiol. 32): C78-C85, 1992.
    • (1992) Am. J. Physiol. , vol.263
    • Grinstein, S.1    Furuya, W.2    Downey, G.P.3
  • 10
    • 0028156602 scopus 로고
    • The Na-K-Cl cotransporters
    • Cell Physiol. 36
    • Haas, M. The Na-K-Cl cotransporters. Am. J. Physiol. 267 (Cell Physiol. 36): C869-C885, 1994.
    • (1994) Am. J. Physiol. , vol.267
    • Haas, M.1
  • 12
    • 0028973097 scopus 로고
    • i-dependent phosphorylation of the Na-K-Cl cotransport protein of dog tracheal epithelial cells
    • i-dependent phosphorylation of the Na-K-Cl cotransport protein of dog tracheal epithelial cells. J. Biol. Chem. 270: 28955-28961, 1995.
    • (1995) J. Biol. Chem. , vol.270 , pp. 28955-28961
    • Haas, M.1    McBrayer, D.2    Lytle, C.3
  • 13
    • 0027511361 scopus 로고
    • Dual mechanisms for Na-K-Cl cotransport regulation in airway epithelial cells
    • Cell Physiol. 33
    • Haas, M., D. G. McBrayer, and J. R. Yankaskas. Dual mechanisms for Na-K-Cl cotransport regulation in airway epithelial cells. Am. J. Physiol. 264 (Cell Physiol. 33): C189-C200, 1993.
    • (1993) Am. J. Physiol. , vol.264
    • Haas, M.1    McBrayer, D.G.2    Yankaskas, J.R.3
  • 15
    • 0024204607 scopus 로고
    • Clostridium difficile toxin A perturbs cytoskeletal structure and tight junction permeability of cultured human intestinal epithelial monolayers
    • Hecht, G., C. Pothoulakis, J. T. LaMont, and J. L. Madara. Clostridium difficile toxin A perturbs cytoskeletal structure and tight junction permeability of cultured human intestinal epithelial monolayers. J. Clin. Invest. 82: 1516-1524, 1988.
    • (1988) J. Clin. Invest. , vol.82 , pp. 1516-1524
    • Hecht, G.1    Pothoulakis, C.2    Lamont, J.T.3    Madara, J.L.4
  • 16
    • 0026602409 scopus 로고
    • Ionic effects on bumetanide binding to the activated Na/K/2Cl cotransporter: Selectivity and kinetic properties of ion binding sites
    • Hegde, R., and H. Palfrey. Ionic effects on bumetanide binding to the activated Na/K/2Cl cotransporter: selectivity and kinetic properties of ion binding sites. J. Membr. Biol. 126: 12627-12637, 1992.
    • (1992) J. Membr. Biol. , vol.126 , pp. 12627-12637
    • Hegde, R.1    Palfrey, H.2
  • 17
    • 0023654308 scopus 로고
    • Regulation of hormone-sensitive GTP-dependent regulatory proteins by chloride
    • Higashijima, T. K., M. Ferguson, and P. Sternweis. Regulation of hormone-sensitive GTP-dependent regulatory proteins by chloride. J. Biol. Chem. 262: 3597-3602, 1987.
    • (1987) J. Biol. Chem. , vol.262 , pp. 3597-3602
    • Higashijima, T.K.1    Ferguson, M.2    Sternweis, P.3
  • 18
    • 0024594966 scopus 로고
    • Membrane mechanisms in volume and pH regulation in vertebrate cells
    • Hoffman, E. K., and L. O. Simonsen. Membrane mechanisms in volume and pH regulation in vertebrate cells. Physiol. Rev. 69: 315-382, 1989.
    • (1989) Physiol. Rev. , vol.69 , pp. 315-382
    • Hoffman, E.K.1    Simonsen, L.O.2
  • 20
    • 0026709525 scopus 로고
    • +/Cl-cotransport system by reorganization of the actin filaments in Ehrlich ascites tumor cells
    • +/Cl-cotransport system by reorganization of the actin filaments in Ehrlich ascites tumor cells. Biochim. Biophys. Acta 1110: 199-201, 1992.
    • (1992) Biochim. Biophys. Acta , vol.1110 , pp. 199-201
    • Jessen, F.1    Hoffmann, E.K.2
  • 21
    • 0029200068 scopus 로고
    • Volume-sensitive myosin phosphorylation in vascular endothelial cells: Correlation with Na-K-2Cl cotransport
    • Cell Physiol. 38
    • Klein, J., and W. O'Neill. Volume-sensitive myosin phosphorylation in vascular endothelial cells: correlation with Na-K-2Cl cotransport. Am. J. Physiol. 269 (Cell Physiol. 38): C1524-C1531, 1995.
    • (1995) Am. J. Physiol. , vol.269
    • Klein, J.1    O'Neill, W.2
  • 22
    • 0026735215 scopus 로고
    • Bumetanide-sensitive NaCl uptake in rabbit tracheal epithelial cells is stimulated by neurohormones and hypertonicity
    • Lung Cell. Mol. Physiol. 6
    • Liedtke, C. Bumetanide-sensitive NaCl uptake in rabbit tracheal epithelial cells is stimulated by neurohormones and hypertonicity. Am. J. Physiol. 262 (Lung Cell. Mol. Physiol. 6): L621-L627, 1992.
    • (1992) Am. J. Physiol. , vol.262
    • Liedtke, C.1
  • 23
    • 0031006262 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Activation of the avian erythrocyte Na-K-Cl cotransport protein by cell shrinkage, cAMP, fluoride, and calyculin-A involves phosphorylation at common sites
    • Lytle, C. Activation of the avian erythrocyte Na-K-Cl cotransport protein by cell shrinkage, cAMP, fluoride, and calyculin-A involves phosphorylation at common sites. J. Biol. Chem. 272: 15069-15077, 1997.
    • (1997) J. Biol. Chem. , vol.272 , pp. 15069-15077
    • Lytle, C.1
  • 24
    • 0026574548 scopus 로고
    • Na-K-Cl cotransport in the shark rectal gland. II. Regulation in isolated tubules
    • Cell Physiol. 31
    • Lytle, C., and B. Forbush III. Na-K-Cl cotransport in the shark rectal gland. II. Regulation in isolated tubules. Am. J. Physiol. 262 (Cell Physiol. 31): C1009-C1017, 1992.
    • (1992) Am. J. Physiol. , vol.262
    • Lytle, C.1    Forbush III, B.2
  • 25
    • 0026465685 scopus 로고
    • The Na-K-Cl cotransport protein of shark rectal gland. II. Regulation by direct phosphorylation
    • Lytle, C., and B. Forbush III. The Na-K-Cl cotransport protein of shark rectal gland. II. Regulation by direct phosphorylation. J. Biol. Chem. 267: 25438-25443, 1992.
    • (1992) J. Biol. Chem. , vol.267 , pp. 25438-25443
    • Lytle, C.1    Forbush III, B.2
  • 26
    • 0029881331 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Regulatory phosphorylation of the secretory Na-K-Cl cotransporter: Modulation by cytoplasmic Cl
    • Cell Physiol. 39
    • Lytle, C., and B. Forbush III. Regulatory phosphorylation of the secretory Na-K-Cl cotransporter: modulation by cytoplasmic Cl. Am. J. Physiol. 270 (Cell Physiol. 39): C437-C448, 1996.
    • (1996) Am. J. Physiol. , vol.270
    • Lytle, C.1    Forbush III, B.2
  • 27
    • 0026483946 scopus 로고
    • The Na-K-Cl cotransport protein of shark rectal gland. I. Development of monoclonal antibodies, immunoaffinity purification, and partial biochemical characterization
    • Lytle, C., J. C. Xu, D. Biemesderfer, M. Haas, and B. Forbush III. The Na-K-Cl cotransport protein of shark rectal gland. I. Development of monoclonal antibodies, immunoaffinity purification, and partial biochemical characterization. J. Biol. Chem. 267: 25428-25437, 1992.
    • (1992) J. Biol. Chem. , vol.267 , pp. 25428-25437
    • Lytle, C.1    Xu, J.C.2    Biemesderfer, D.3    Haas, M.4    Forbush III, B.5
  • 28
    • 0022374604 scopus 로고
    • The role of anions in cellular volume regulation
    • Macknight, A. The role of anions in cellular volume regulation. Pflügers Arch. 405: S12-S16, 1985.
    • (1985) Pflügers Arch. , vol.405
    • Macknight, A.1
  • 29
    • 0031037623 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Effects of F-actin stabilization or disassembly on epithelial Cl secretion and Na-K-2Cl cotransport
    • Cell Physiol. 41
    • Matthews, J., J. Smith, and B. Hrnjez. Effects of F-actin stabilization or disassembly on epithelial Cl secretion and Na-K-2Cl cotransport. Am. J. Physiol. 272 (Cell Physiol. 41): C254-C262, 1997.
    • (1997) Am. J. Physiol. , vol.272
    • Matthews, J.1    Smith, J.2    Hrnjez, B.3
  • 30
    • 0029117976 scopus 로고
    • Modulation of intestinal chloride secretion at basolateral transport sites: Opposing effects of cAMP and phorbol ester
    • Matthews, J., J. Smith, and H. Nguyen. Modulation of intestinal chloride secretion at basolateral transport sites: opposing effects of cAMP and phorbol ester. Surgery 118: 147-153, 1995.
    • (1995) Surgery , vol.118 , pp. 147-153
    • Matthews, J.1    Smith, J.2    Nguyen, H.3
  • 32
    • 0027163274 scopus 로고
    • Na/K/2Cl cotransport and Cl secretion evoked by heat-stable enterotoxin is microfilament-dependent in T84 cells
    • Gastrointest. Liver Physiol. 28
    • Matthews, J. B., C. S. Awtrey, R. Thompson, T. Hung, K. J. Tally, and J. L. Madara. Na/K/2Cl cotransport and Cl secretion evoked by heat-stable enterotoxin is microfilament-dependent in T84 cells. Am. J. Physiol. 265 (Gastrointest. Liver Physiol. 28): G370-G378, 1993.
    • (1993) Am. J. Physiol. , vol.265
    • Matthews, J.B.1    Awtrey, C.S.2    Thompson, R.3    Hung, T.4    Tally, K.J.5    Madara, J.L.6
  • 33
    • 0028335398 scopus 로고
    • Na-K-2Cl cotransport in intestinal epithelial cells: Influence of Cl efflux and F-actin on regulation of cotransporter activity and bumetanide binding
    • Matthews, J. B., J. Smith, K. Tally, C. Awtrey, H. Nguyen, J. Rich, and J. Madara. Na-K-2Cl cotransport in intestinal epithelial cells: influence of Cl efflux and F-actin on regulation of cotransporter activity and bumetanide binding. J. Biol. Chem. 269: 15703-15709, 1994.
    • (1994) J. Biol. Chem. , vol.269 , pp. 15703-15709
    • Matthews, J.B.1    Smith, J.2    Tally, K.3    Awtrey, C.4    Nguyen, H.5    Rich, J.6    Madara, J.7
  • 34
    • 0028873336 scopus 로고
    • Activation of intestinal Na-K-2Cl cotransport by 5′-AMP requires F-actin remodeling
    • Matthews, J. B., K. Tally, and J. Smith. Activation of intestinal Na-K-2Cl cotransport by 5′-AMP requires F-actin remodeling. Am. J. Surg. 169: 50-56, 1995.
    • (1995) Am. J. Surg. , vol.169 , pp. 50-56
    • Matthews, J.B.1    Tally, K.2    Smith, J.3
  • 35
    • 0027238937 scopus 로고
    • Characterisation of volume-activated ion transport across epithelial monolayers of human intestinal T84 cells
    • McEwan, G. T., C. D. Brown, B. H. Hirst, and N. L. Simmons. Characterisation of volume-activated ion transport across epithelial monolayers of human intestinal T84 cells. Pflügers Arch. 423: 213-220, 1993.
    • (1993) Pflügers Arch. , vol.423 , pp. 213-220
    • McEwan, G.T.1    Brown, C.D.2    Hirst, B.H.3    Simmons, N.L.4
  • 36
    • 0028788307 scopus 로고
    • Regulation of cell volume in health and disease
    • McManus, M., K. Churchill, and K. Strange. Regulation of cell volume in health and disease. N. Engl. J. Med. 33: 1260-1265, 1995.
    • (1995) N. Engl. J. Med. , vol.33 , pp. 1260-1265
    • McManus, M.1    Churchill, K.2    Strange, K.3
  • 37
    • 0029868734 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Chloride ion efflux regulates adherence, spreading, and respiratory burst of neutrophils stimulated by tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF) on biologic surfaces
    • Menegazzi, R., S. Busetto, P. Dri, R. Cramer, and P. Patricia. Chloride ion efflux regulates adherence, spreading, and respiratory burst of neutrophils stimulated by tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF) on biologic surfaces. J. Cell Biol. 135: 511-522, 1996.
    • (1996) J. Cell Biol. , vol.135 , pp. 511-522
    • Menegazzi, R.1    Busetto, S.2    Dri, P.3    Cramer, R.4    Patricia, P.5
  • 38
    • 0021268721 scopus 로고
    • Phosphorylation of mammalian myosin light chain kinases by the catalytic subunit of cyclic AMP-dependent protein kinase and by cGMP-dependent protein kinase
    • Nishikawa, M., P. deLanerolle, T. Lincoln, and R. Adelstein. Phosphorylation of mammalian myosin light chain kinases by the catalytic subunit of cyclic AMP-dependent protein kinase and by cGMP-dependent protein kinase. J. Biol. Chem. 259: 8429-8436, 1984.
    • (1984) J. Biol. Chem. , vol.259 , pp. 8429-8436
    • Nishikawa, M.1    Delanerolle, P.2    Lincoln, T.3    Adelstein, R.4
  • 39
    • 0027212739 scopus 로고
    • Role of Na-K-Cl cotransport in vascular endothelial cell volume regulation
    • Cell Physiol. 33
    • O'Donnell, M. Role of Na-K-Cl cotransport in vascular endothelial cell volume regulation. Am. J. Physiol. 264 (Cell Physiol. 33): C1316-C1326, 1993.
    • (1993) Am. J. Physiol. , vol.264
    • O'Donnell, M.1
  • 40
    • 0023242296 scopus 로고
    • Characteristics and function of Na-K-Cl cotransport in epithelial tissues
    • Cell Physiol. 22
    • O'Grady, S. M., H. C. Palfrey, and M. Field. Characteristics and function of Na-K-Cl cotransport in epithelial tissues. Am. J. Physiol. 253 (Cell Physiol. 22): C177-C192, 1987.
    • (1987) Am. J. Physiol. , vol.253
    • O'Grady, S.M.1    Palfrey, H.C.2    Field, M.3
  • 41
    • 0029151610 scopus 로고
    • Molecular characterization of the epithelial Na-K-Cl cotransporter isoforms
    • Payne, J., and B. Forbush III. Molecular characterization of the epithelial Na-K-Cl cotransporter isoforms. Curr. Opin. Cell Biol. 7: 493-503, 1995.
    • (1995) Curr. Opin. Cell Biol. , vol.7 , pp. 493-503
    • Payne, J.1    Forbush III, B.2
  • 42
    • 0029074919 scopus 로고
    • Primary structure, functional expression, and chromosomal localization of the bumetanide-sensitive Na-K-Cl cotransporter in human colon
    • Payne, J., J.-C. Xu, M. Haas, C. Lytle, D. Ward, and B. Forbush III. Primary structure, functional expression, and chromosomal localization of the bumetanide-sensitive Na-K-Cl cotransporter in human colon. J. Biol. Chem. 270: 17977-17985, 1995.
    • (1995) J. Biol. Chem. , vol.270 , pp. 17977-17985
    • Payne, J.1    Xu, J.-C.2    Haas, M.3    Lytle, C.4    Ward, D.5    Forbush III, B.6
  • 43
    • 0028801698 scopus 로고
    • cAMP-independent regulation of CFTR by the actin cytoskeleton
    • Cell Physiol. 37
    • Prat, A. G., Y. Xiao, D. Ausiello, and H. Cantiello. cAMP-independent regulation of CFTR by the actin cytoskeleton. Am. J. Physiol. 268 (Cell Physiol. 37): C1552-C1561, 1995.
    • (1995) Am. J. Physiol. , vol.268
    • Prat, A.G.1    Xiao, Y.2    Ausiello, D.3    Cantiello, H.4
  • 44
    • 0029074401 scopus 로고
    • Chloride-dependent Na-H exchange
    • Rajendran, V., J. Geibel, and H. Binder. Chloride-dependent Na-H exchange. J. Biol. Chem. 270: 11051-11054, 1995.
    • (1995) J. Biol. Chem. , vol.270 , pp. 11051-11054
    • Rajendran, V.1    Geibel, J.2    Binder, H.3
  • 47
    • 84920303826 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Regulation of intestinal Na-K-2Cl cotransport by cell volume, chloride, and F-actin
    • Smith, J., and J. Matthews. Regulation of intestinal Na-K-2Cl cotransport by cell volume, chloride, and F-actin (Abstract). Gastroenterology 110: A362, 1996.
    • (1996) Gastroenterology , vol.110
    • Smith, J.1    Matthews, J.2
  • 48
    • 84920292818 scopus 로고
    • Molecular characterization of the Na-K-2Cl cotransporter in an absorptive intestinal epithelium
    • Suvitayavat, W., M. Haas, P. Dunham, and M. C. Rao. Molecular characterization of the Na-K-2Cl cotransporter in an absorptive intestinal epithelium (Abstract). Gastroenterology 104: A1064, 1993.
    • (1993) Gastroenterology , vol.104
    • Suvitayavat, W.1    Haas, M.2    Dunham, P.3    Rao, M.C.4
  • 49
    • 0028050673 scopus 로고
    • A novel chloride-dependent GTP utilizing protein kinase in plasma membranes from human respiratory epithelium
    • Lung Cell. Mol. Physiol. 11
    • Treharne, K., L. Marshall, and A. Mehta. A novel chloride-dependent GTP utilizing protein kinase in plasma membranes from human respiratory epithelium. Am. J. Physiol. 267 (Lung Cell. Mol. Physiol. 11): L592-L601, 1994.
    • (1994) Am. J. Physiol. , vol.267
    • Treharne, K.1    Marshall, L.2    Mehta, A.3
  • 50
    • 0025110836 scopus 로고
    • A simple assay for agonist-regulated Cl and K conductances in salt-secreting epithelial cells
    • Cell Physiol. 28
    • Venglarik, C. J., R. J. Bridges, and R. A. Frizzell. A simple assay for agonist-regulated Cl and K conductances in salt-secreting epithelial cells. Am. J. Physiol. 259 (Cell Physiol. 28): C358-C364, 1990.
    • (1990) Am. J. Physiol. , vol.259
    • Venglarik, C.J.1    Bridges, R.J.2    Frizzell, R.A.3
  • 51
    • 0027172719 scopus 로고
    • Regulatory interaction of ATP, Na, and Cl in the turnover cycle of the NaK2Cl cotransporter
    • Whisenant, N., M. Khademazad, and S. Muallem. Regulatory interaction of ATP, Na, and Cl in the turnover cycle of the NaK2Cl cotransporter. J. Gen. Physiol. 101: 889-908, 1993.
    • (1993) J. Gen. Physiol. , vol.101 , pp. 889-908
    • Whisenant, N.1    Khademazad, M.2    Muallem, S.3
  • 52
    • 0028343934 scopus 로고
    • Molecular cloning and functional expression of the bumetanide sensitive Na-K-Cl cotransporter
    • Xu, J.-C., C. Lytle, T. Zhu, J. Payne, E. Benz, and I. B Forbush. Molecular cloning and functional expression of the bumetanide sensitive Na-K-Cl cotransporter. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 91: 2201-2205, 1994.
    • (1994) Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA , vol.91 , pp. 2201-2205
    • Xu, J.-C.1    Lytle, C.2    Zhu, T.3    Payne, J.4    Benz, E.5    Forbush, I.B.6
  • 53
    • 0026578868 scopus 로고
    • Hypotonicity and cell volume regulation in shark rectal gland: Role of organic osmolytes and F-actin
    • Renal Fluid Electrolyte Physiol. 31
    • Ziyadeh, F. N., J. W. Mills, and A. Kleinzeller. Hypotonicity and cell volume regulation in shark rectal gland: role of organic osmolytes and F-actin. Am. J. Physiol. 262 (Renal Fluid Electrolyte Physiol. 31): F468-F479, 1992.
    • (1992) Am. J. Physiol. , vol.262
    • Ziyadeh, F.N.1    Mills, J.W.2    Kleinzeller, A.3


* 이 정보는 Elsevier사의 SCOPUS DB에서 KISTI가 분석하여 추출한 것입니다.