Antiepileptic drug therapy in the elderly

Pharmacology and Therapeutics

Volumn 78, Issue 1, 1998, Pages 9-16

  Willmore, L James ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF HOUSTON   (United States)

Author keywords

Antiepileptic drugs; Epilepsy; Geriatric

Indexed keywords

ANTICONVULSIVE AGENT; BENZODIAZEPINE DERIVATIVE; CARBAMAZEPINE; DIAZEPAM; FELBAMATE; GABAPENTIN; LAMOTRIGINE; LORAZEPAM; PHENOBARBITAL; PHENYTOIN; TOPIRAMATE; VALPROIC ACID;

DRUG EFFICACY; DRUG INDICATION; EPILEPSY; HUMAN; INCIDENCE; PHARMACOKINETICS; PREVALENCE; PRIORITY JOURNAL; REVIEW; TREATMENT PLANNING;

AGED; ANTICONVULSANTS; BODY COMPOSITION; DIGESTIVE SYSTEM; DRUG MONITORING; HUMANS; KIDNEY; LIVER; MIDDLE AGED; PATIENT COMPLIANCE; POLYPHARMACY; SEIZURES;

EID: 0031968589     PISSN: 01637258     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1016/S0163-7258(97)00163-0     Document Type: Review

References (65)

1. Albright P. S., Bruni J. Effects of carbamazepine and its epoxide metabolites on amygdala-kindled seizures in rats. Neurology. 34:1984;1383-1386.
2. Bauer L. A. Interference of oral phenytoin absorption by continuous nasogastric feeding. Neurology. 32:1982;570-572.
3. Bauer L. A., Blouin R. A. Age and phenytoin kinetics in adult epileptics. Clin. Pharmacol. Ther. 31:1982;301-304.
4. Bauer L. A., Davis R., Wilensky A., Raisys V. A., Levy R. H. Valproic acid clearance. unbound fraction and diurnal variations in young and elderly adults Clin. Pharmacol. Ther. 37:1985;697-700.
5. Bender A. D., Post A., Meier J. P., Higson J. E., Reichard G. J. Plasma protein binding of drugs as a function of age in adult human subjects. J. Pharm. Sci. 64:1975;1711-1713.
6. Bourgeois B. F. D., Wad N. Individual and combined antiepileptic and neurotoxic activity of carbamazepine and carbamazepine-10,11-epoxide in mice. J. Pharmacol. Exp. Ther. 231:1984;411-415.
7. Brodie M. J., Richens A., UK Lamotrigine/Carbamazepine Monotherapy Trial Group Lamotrigine versus carbamazepine. a double-blind comparative study in newly diagnosed epilepsy Epilepsia. 35(Suppl. 8):1994;31.
8. Bryson S. M., Verma N., Scott P. J. W., Rubin P. C. Pharmacokinetics of valproic acid in young and elderly subjects. Br. J. Clin. Pharmacol. 16:1983;104-105.
9. Castelden C. M., George C. F., Marcer D., Rallett C. Increased sensitivity to nitrazepam in old age. Br. Med. J. 1:1977;10-12.
10. Cloyd J. C. Clinical pharmacology of antiepileptic drugs in the elderly. practical applications Consultant Phamacist. 10:1995;9-15.
11. Cloyd, J. (1997) Commonly used antiepileptic drugs: age-related pharmacokinetics. In: Seizures and Epilepsy in the Elderly, pp. 219-228, Rowan, A. J. and Ramsay, R. E. (eds.) Butterworth-Heinemann, Boston.
12. Cloyd J. C., Lackner T. E. Antiepileptic drugs in the elderly. pharmacoepidemiology and pharmacokinetics Arch. Fam. Med. 3:1994;589-598.
13. Crooks J., Stevenson I. H. Drug response in the elderly-sensitivity and pharmacokinetic considerations. Age Ageing. 10:1981;73-80.
14. Cusack B. J. Drug metabolism in the elderly. J. Clin. Pharmacol. 28:1988;571-576.
15. Dam A. M., Fuglsang-Frederiksen A., Svarre-Olsen U., Dam M. Late onset epilepsy. etiologies, types of seizures, and value of clinical investigation, EEG and computerized tomography scan Epilepsia. 26:1985;227-231.
16. Faught E., Peters D., Bartolucci A., Moore L., Miller P. C. Seizures after primary intracerebral hemorrhage. Neurology. 39:1989;1089-1093.
17. Greenblatt D. J., Allen M. D., Locniskar A., Harmatz J. S., Shader R. I. Lorazepam kinetics in the elderly. Clin. Pharmacol. Ther. 26:1979;103-113.
18. Greenblatt D. J., Allen M. D., Harmatz J. S., Shader R. I. Diazepam disposition determinants. Clin. Pharmacol. Ther. 27:1980;301-312.
19. Greenblatt D. J., Shader R. I., Harmatz J. S. Implications of altered drug disposition in the elderly. studies of benzodiazepines J. Clin. Pharmacol. 29:1989;866-872.
20. Hauser W. A. Seizure disorders. the changes with age Epilepsia. 33(Suppl. 4):1992;S6-S14.
21. Hauser W. A., Ng S. K., Brust J. C. Alcohol, seizures and epilepsy. Epilepsia. 29(Suppl. 2):1988;S66-S78.
22. Hockings N., Pall A., Moody A. P. J., Davidson A. V., Davidson D. L. The effects of age on carbamazepine pharmacokinetics and adverse effects. Br. J. Clin. Pharmacol. 22:1986;725-728.
23. Krumholz A., Stern B. J., Weiss H. D. Outcome from coma after cardiopulmonary resuscitation. relation to seizures and myoclonus Neurology. 38:1988;401-405.
24. Kutt H. Interactions between anticonvulsants and other commonly prescribed drugs. Epilepsia. 25(Suppl. 2):1984;S118-S131.
25. Ladefoged S. D., Mogelvang J. C. Total atrioventricular block with syncopes complicating carbamazepine therapy. Acta Med. Scand. 212:1982;185-186.
26. Lambie D. C., Caird F. I. Phenytoin dosage in the elderly. Age Ageing. 6:1977;133-137.
27. Leppik I. E. Metabolism of antiepileptic medication. newborn to elderly Epilepsia. 33(Suppl. 4):1992;S32-S40.
28. Lesser R. P., Luders D. H., Dinner D. S., Morris H. H. Epileptic seizures due to thrombotic and embolic cerebrovascular disease in older patients. Epilepsia. 26:1985;622-630.
29. Loiseau J., Loiseau P., Duche B., Guyot M., Dartigues J., Aublet B. A survey of epileptic disorders in southwest France. seizures in elderly patients Ann. Neurol. 27:1990;232-237.
30. Löscher W., Nau H. Pharmacological evaluation of various metabolites and analogues of valproic acid. anticonvulsant and toxic potencies in mice Neuropharmacology. 24:1985;427-435.
31. Löscher W., Nau H., Marescaux C., Vergnes M. Comparative evaluation of anticonvulsant and toxic potencies of valproic acid and 2-en-valproic acid in different animal models of epilepsy. Eur. J. Pharmacol. 99:1984;211-218.
32. Louis S., Kutt H., McDowell F. The cardiocirculatory changes caused by intravenous Dilantin and its solvents. Am. Heart J. 74:1967;523-529.
33. Luhdorf K., Jensen L. K., Pleser A. M. Etiology of seizures in the elderly. Epilepsia. 27:1986;458-463.
34. Malmrose L. C., Gray S. L., Pieper C. F., Blazer D. G., Rowe J. W., Seeman T. E., Albert M. S. Measured versus estimated creatinine clearance in a high-functioning elderly sample. MacArthur Foundation Study of Successful Aging J. Am. Geriatr. Soc. 41:1993;715-721.
35. McDowell, F. H. (1992) Antiepileptic drugs in the elderly. In: Medical Treatment of Epilepsy, pp. 65-71, Resor, S. R. and Kutt, H. (eds.) Marcel Dekker, New York.
36. McLean M. J. Gabapentin. Epilepsia. 36(Suppl. 2):1995;S73-S86.
37. Messenheimer J. A. Lamotrigine. Epilepsia. 36(Suppl. 2):1995;S87-S94.
38. Messenheimer J. A., Ramsay R. A., Willmore L. J., Leroz R. F., Zielinski J. J., Mattson R., Pellock J. M., Valakas A. M., Womble G., Risner M. Lamotrigine therapy for partial seizures. a multicenter placebo-controlled, double-blind, crossover trial Epilepsia. 35:1994;113-121.
39. Morselli, P. L. and Bossi, L. (1982) Carbamazepine absorption, distribution and excretion. In: Antiepileptic Drugs, pp. 465-482, Woodbury, D. M., Penry, J. K. and Pippenger, C. E. (eds.) Raven Press, New York.
40. Novak L. P. Aging, total body potassium, fat free mass and cell mass in males and females between the ages of 18 and 85 years. J. Gerentol. 27:1972;438-483.
41. Patsalos, P. N., Stephenson, T. J., Krishna, S., Elyas, A. A., Lascelles, P. T. and Wiles, C. M. (1985) Side-effects induced by carbamazepine-10,11-epoxide. Lancet ii: 496.
42. Pellock J. M. Carbamazepine side effects in children and adults. Epilepsia. 28:1987;S64-S70.
43. Pellock J. M., Willmore L. J. A rational guide to routine blood monitoring in patients receiving antiepileptic drugs. Neurology. 41:1991;961-964.
44. Perucca E., Grimaldi R., Gatti G., Pirracchio S., Crema F., Frigo G. M. Pharmacokinetics of valproic acid in the elderly. Br. J. Clin. Pharmacol. 17:1984;665-669.
45. Pitlick W. H. Antiepileptic Drug Interactions. 1989;Demos, New York.
46. Pitlick W. H., Levy R. H., Troupin A. S., Green J. R. Pharmacokinetic model to describe self-induced decreases in steady-state concentrations of carbamazepine. J. Pharm. Sci. 65:1976;462-463.
47. Richardson E. P., Dodge P. R. Epilepsy in cerebrovascular disease. Epilepsia. 3(Series 3):1954;49-74.
48. Richens, A. (1993) Clinical pharmacokinetics of gabapentin. In: New Trends in Epilepsy Management: The Role of Gabapentin, pp. 41-46, Chadwick, D. (ed.) Royal Society of Medicine Services, London.
49. Riedenberg M. M., Odar-Cederlof I., von Bahr C., Borga O., Sjoqvist F. Protein binding of diphenylhydantoin and desmethylimipramine in patients with poor renal function. N. Engl. J. Med. 285:1971;264-267.
50. Riley R. J., Kitteringham N. R., Park B. K. Structural requirements for bioactivation of anticonvulsants to cytotoxic metabolites in vitro. Br. J. Clin. Pharmacol. 28:1989;482-487.
51. Romanelli M. F., Morris J. C., Askin K., Coben L. A. Advanced Alzheimer's disease is a risk factor for late-onset seizures. Arch. Neurol. 47:1990;847-850.
52. Salzman C., Shader R. I., Greenblatt D. J., Harmatz J. S. Long v short half-life benzodiazepines in the elderly. Arch. Gen. Psychiatry. 40:1983;293-297.
53. Sherwin A. L., Loynd J. S., Bock G. W., Sokolwski C. D. Effects of age, sex, obesity and pregnancy on plasma diphenylhydantoin levels. Epilepsia. 15:1974;507-521.
54. Stables J. P., Bialer M., Johannessen S. I., Kupferberg H. J., Levy R. H., Loiseau P., Perucca E. Progress report on new antiepileptic drugs. a summary of the second Eilat conference Epilepsy Res. 22:1995;235-246.
55. Stephens W. P., Coe J. Y., Baylis P. H. Plasma arginine vasopressin concentrations and antidiuretic action of carbamazepine. Br. Med. J. 1:1978;1445-1447.
56. Stewart B. H., Kugler A. R., Thompson P. R., Bockbrader H. N. A saturable transport mechanism in the intestinal absorption of gabapentin is the underlying cause of the lack of proportionality between increasing dose and drug levels in plasma. Pharmacol. Res. 10:1993;276-281.
57. Sung C.-Y., Chu N.-S. Epileptic seizures in intracerebral hemorrhage. J. Neurol. Neurosurg. Psychiatry. 52:1989;1273-1276.
58. Tiula E., Neuvonen P. J. Antiepileptic drugs and alpha-1 acid glycoprotein. N. Engl. J. Med. 307:1982;1148.
59. Umstead G. S., Morales M., McKercher P. L. Comparison of total, free, and salivary phenytoin concentrations in geriatric patients. Clin. Pharmacol. 5:1986;59-62.
60. Verbeeck R. K., Cardinal J., Wallace S. M. Effect of age and sex on the plasma binding of acidic and basic drugs. Eur. J. Clin. Pharmacol. 27:1984;91-97.
61. Vestal, R. E. and Cusack, B. J. (1990) Pharmacology and aging. In: Handbook of the Biology of Aging, pp. 349-360, Schneider, J. W. and Rowe, J. W. (eds.) Academic Press, San Diego.
62. Wallace S. M., Verbeeck R. K. Plasma protein binding of drugs in the elderly. Clin. Pharmacokinet. 12:1987;41-72.
63. Woodhouse K. W., Wynne H. A. Age-related changes in liver size and hepatic blood flow. The influence on drug metabolism in the elderly. Clin. Pharmacokinet. 15:1988;287-294.
64. Wynne H. A., Cope L. H., Mutch E., Rawlins M. D., Woodhouse K. W., James O. F. The effect of age upon liver volume and apparent liver blood flow in healthy man. Hepatology. 9:1989;297-301.
65. Young G. B., Gilbert J. J., Zochodne D. W. The significance of myoclonic status epilepticus in postanoxic coma. Neurology. 40:1990;1843-1848.