Selected new developments in asbestos immunotoxicity

Environmental Health Perspectives

Volumn 106, Issue SUPPL. 1, 1998, Pages 159-169

  Rosenthal, Gary J ^a,d   Corsini, Emanuela ^b   Simeonova, Petia ^c  

^a Telos Biosystems Incorporated   (United States)

^b UNIVERSITY OF MILAN   (Italy)

^c NATIONAL INSTITUTE FOR OCCUPATIONAL SAFETY AND HEALTH   (United States)

^d RxKinetix Inc   (United States)

Author keywords

Asbestos; Asbestosis; Fibrosis; Immunotoxicology; Iron; Macrophages; Mesothelioma; Oxidative stress; Reactive oxygen

Indexed keywords

ASBESTOS;

ASBESTOSIS; HUMAN; IMMUNE SYSTEM; IMMUNITY; IMMUNOCOMPETENCE; IMMUNOTOXICITY; LUNG FUNCTION; MONOCYTE; PERIPHERAL LYMPHOCYTE; PRIORITY JOURNAL; REVIEW;

EID: 0031967536     PISSN: 00916765     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1289/ehp.98106s1159     Document Type: Review

References (139)

1. Rom WN, Travis WD, Brody AR. Cellular and molecular basis of asbestos- related diseases. Am Rev Respir Dis 143:408-422 (1991).
2. Crystal RG, Gadek JE, Ferrans VJ, Fulmer JD, Line BR, Hunninghake GW. Interstitial lung disease: current concepts of pathogenesis, staging, and therapy. Am J Med 70:542-559 (1981).
3. Advisory Committee Report on Asbestos Cancers to the Director of the International Agency for Research on Cancer. Biological effects of asbestos. Ann Occup Hyg 6:9 (1973).
4. Tsang PH, Chu FN, Fischbein A, Bekesi G. Impairments in functional subsets of T suppressor (CDS) lymphocytes, monocytes, and natural killer cells among asbestos exposed workers. Gin Immunol Immunopath 47:323-332 (1988).
5. Kubata M, Kagamimori S, Yokoyama K, Okada A. Reduced killer cell activity of lymphocytes from patients with asbestos. Br J Ind Med 42:276-280 (1985).
6. Doll NJ, Diem JE, Jones RN. Humoral immunologic abnormalities in workers exposed to asbestos cement dust. J Allergy Clin Immunol 72:509-519 (1983).
7. Kagan E, Solomon A, Cochrane JC, Kuba P, Rocks PH, Webster I. Immunological studies of patients with asbestosis. II: Studies of circulating lymphoid cell numbers and humoral immunity. Clin Exp Immunol 28:268-275 (1977).
8. Lange A, Smolik R, Zatonki W, Szymanska J. Autoantibody and serum immunoglobulins levels in asbestos workers. Int Arch Arbeitsmed 32:313-325 (1974).
9. Doll NJ, Diem JE, Jones RN, Rodriguez M, Bozelka BE, Stankus RP, Weill H, Salvaggio JE. Humoral immunological abnormalities in workers exposed to asbestos cement dust. J Allergy Clin Immunol 72:509-512 (1983).
10. Turner-Warwick M, Parkes WR. Circulating rheumatoid and antinuclear factors in asbestos workers. Br Med J 3:492-495 (1970).
11. Pernis B, Vigliani EC, Selikoff IJ. Rheumatoid factor in serum of individuals exposed to asbestos. Ann NY Acad Sci 132:112-117(1965).
12. Stanfield D, Edge JR, Circulating rheumatoid factor and antinuclear antibodies in shipyard asbestos workers with pleural plaques. Br J Dis Chest 68:166-170 (1974).
13. Warheit DB, Hill LH, George G, Brody AR. Time course of chemotactic factor generation and the corresponding macrophage response to asbestos inhalation. Am Rev Respir Dis 134:128 (1986).
14. Warheit DB, Overby LH, George G, Brody AR. Pulmonary macrophages are attracted to inhaled particles through complement activation. Exp Lung Res 14:51-66 (1988).
15. Warheit DB, Hesterberg TW. Asbestos and other fibers in the lung. In: Immunotoxicology and Immunopharmacology. 2nd ed. (Dean JH, Luster MI, Munson AE, Kimber I, eds). New York:Raven Press, 1994;363-376.
16. Lanier LL, Phillips JH, Hackett J, Tutt M, Kumar V. Natural killer cells: definition of a cell type rather than a cell function. J Immunol 137:2735-2739 (1986).
17. Santoli D, Koprowski H. Mechanisms of activation of human natural killer cells against tumor and virus infected cells. Immunol Rev 44:125-163 (1979).
18. Herberman RB. Natural killer cells and their possible roles in resistance against disease. Clin Immunol Rev 1:1-65 (1981).
19. Holt PG, Degebrodt A, Venaille T, O'Leary C, Krska K, Flexman J, Farrell H, Shellam G, Young P, Penhale J. Preparation of interstitial lung cells by enzymatic digestion of tissue slices: preliminary characterization by morphology and performance in functional assays. Immunology 54(1):139-147 (1985).
20. Manning LS, Bowman RV, Darby SB, Robinson BW. Lysis of human malignant mesothelioma cells by natural killer (NK) and lymphokine-activated killer (LAK) cells. Am Rev Respir Dis 139(6):1369-1374 (1989).
21. Rosenthal GJ, Corsini EC, Comment C, Luster MI. Pulmonary NK cell modulation in asbestos exposed mice. (In preparation).
22. Rom WN, Travis WD, Brody AR. Cellular and molecular basis of the asbestos-related diseases. Am Rev Respir Dis 143:408-422 (1991).
23. Lehnen B. Pulmonary and thoracic macrophage subpopuladons and clearance of particles from the lung. Environ Health Perspect 97:17-46 (1992).
24. Rom WN, Bitterman PB, Rennard SI, Cantin A, Crystal R. Characterization of the lower respiratory tract inflammation of nonsmoking individuals with interstitial lung disease associated with chronic inhalation of inorganic dusts. Am Rev Respir Dis 136:1429-1434 (1987).
25. Abe E, Ishimi H, Tanaka C, Miyaura H, Nagasawa T, Hayashi Y, Suda T. The relationship between fusion and proliferation in mouse alveolar macrophages. Endocrinology 121:271-277 (1987).
26. Spurzem J, Saltini C, Rom WN, Winchester R, and Crystal RG. Mechanisms of macrophage accumulation in the lungs of asbestos-exposed subjects. Am Rev Respir Dis 136:276-280 (1987).
27. Smith RE, Stricter RM, Phan SH, Kunkel SL. C-C chemokines: novel mediators of the profibrotic inflammatory response to bleomycin challenge. Am J Respir Cell Mol Biol 15:693-702 (1996).
28. Sorokin SP, McNelly NA, Hoyt R. Macrophage development. IV: Effects of blood factors on macrophages from prenatal rat lung cultures. Anat Rec 233:415-428 (1992).
29. Prieditis H, Adamson IY. Alveolar macrophage kinetics and multinucleated giant cell formation after lung injury. J Leukocyte Biol 59(4):534-538 (1996).
30. Lemaire I, Dionne PC, Nadeau D, Dunmgan J. Rat lung reactivity to natural and man-made fibrous silicates following short- term exposure. Environ Res 48:193-210 (1989).
31. Takemura T, Rom WN, Ferrans VJ, Crystal RG. Morphologic characterization of alveolar macrophages from subjects with occupational exposure to inorganic particles. Am Res Respir Dis 140:1674-1685 (1989).
32. Rom WN, Paakko P. Activated alveolar macrophages express the insulin-like growth factor-I receptor. Am J Respir Cell Mol Biol 4:432-439 (1991).
33. Rom WN, Basset P, Fells G, Nukiwa T, Trapnell BC, Crystal .. RG. Alveolar macrophages release insulin-like growth factor 1 type molecules. J Clin Invest 87:1685-1693 (1988).
34. Kamp DW, Dunn MM, Sbalchiero JS, Knap AM, Weitzman SA. Contrasting effects of alveolar macrophages and neutrophils on asbestos-induced pulmonary epithelial cell injury. Am J Physiol 266 (Lung Cell Mol Physiol 10):L84-L91 (1994).
35. Leslie CC, McCormick-Shannon K, Cook JL, Mason RJ. Macrophages stimulate DNA synthesis in rat alveolar type II cells. Am Rev Respir Dis 132:1246-1252 (1985).
36. Dubois CM, Bissonnette E, Rola-Pleszczynski M. Asbestos fibers and silica particles stimulate rat alveolar macrophages to release tumor necrosis factor. Am Rev Respir Dis 139:1257-1264 (1989).
37. Rola-Pleszczynski M. Immunoregulation by leukotrienes and other lipoxygenase metabolites. Immunol Today 6:302-307 (1985).
38. Perkins RC, Scheule RK, Hamilton R, Gomes G, Freidman G, Holian A. Human alveolar macrophage cytokine release in response to in vitro and in vivo asbestos exposure. Exp Lung Res 19:55-65 (1993).
39. Rosenthal GJ, Stranahan RP, Fort MM, Luster MI. The role of alveolar macrophage activation in the response to mineral fibers. In: Effects of Mineral Dusts on Cells (Mossman BT, Begin RO, eds). NATO ASI Series. Vol H30. BerlimSpringer- Verlag, 1989;329-335.
40. Driscoll KE, Higgins JM, Leytart MJ, Crosby LL. Differential effects of mineral dusts on the in vitro activation of alveolar macrophage eicosanoid and cytokine release. Toxicol In Vitro 4:284-288 (1990).
41. Zhang Y, Lee TC, Guillemin B, Yu MC, Rom WN. Enhanced IL-1β and TNF-α release and messenger RNA expression in macrophages from idiopathic pulmonary flbrosis or after asbestos exposure. J Immunol 150:4188-4196 (1993).
42. Quellet S, Yang H, Aubin RA, Hawley RG, Wenkebach GFC, Lemaire I. Bidirectional modulation of TNF-α production by alveolar macrophages in asbestos-induced pulmonary fibrosis. J Leukocyte Biol 53:279-286 (1993).
43. Lemaire I, Quellet S. Distinctive profile of alveolar macrophage-derived cytokine release induced by fibrogenic and nonfibrogenic mineral dusts. J Toxicol Environ Health 47:465-478 (1996).
44. Davis JMG, Bolton RE, Donaldson K, Jones AD, Smith T. The pathogenicity of long versus short Fibers of amosite asbestos administered to rats by inhalation and intraperitoncal injection. Br J Exp Pathol 67:415-430 (1986).
45. Donaldson K, Miller BG, Sara E, Slight J, Brown RC. Asbestos fibre length-dependent detachment injury to alveolar epithelial cells in vitro: role of a fibronectin-binding receptor. Int J Path 74:243-250 (1993).
46. Piguet PF, Grau GE, Vassalli P. Subcutaneous perfusion of tumor necrosis factor induces local proliferation of fibroblasts, capillaries, and epidermal cells, or massive tissue necrosis. Am J Pathol 136:103 (1990).
47. Palombella VJ, Mendelsohn J, Vilcek J. Mitogenic action of tumor necrosis factor in human fibroblasts: interaction with epidermal growth factor and platelet-derived growth factor. J Cell Physiol 135:23 (1988).
48. Vanhee D, Molet S, Gosset P, Tillie-Leblond I, Boitelle A, Wallaert B, Tonnel AB. Expression of leuckocyte-endothelial adhesion molecules is limited to intercellular adhesion molecule (ICAM-1) in the lung of pneumoconiotis patients: role of tumour necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-alpha), Clin Exp Immunol 106:541-548 (1996).
49. Piguet PF, Collarr MA, Grau G, Sappino AP, Vassalli P. Requirement of rumor necrosis factor for development of silicainduced pulmonary fibrosis. Nature 344:245-247 (1990).
50. Hayes AA, Venaille TJ, Rose AH, Musk AW, Robinson WS. Asbestos release of a human alveolar macrophage-derived neutrophil chemotactic factor. Exp Lung Res 16:121-130 (1990).
51. Robinson BWS, Rose AH, James A, Whitaker D, Musk AW. Alveolitis of pulmonary asbestosis: bronchoalveolar lavage of crocidolite and chrysotile exposed individuals. Chest 90:396-340 (1986).
52. Rebuck AS, Braude AC. Bronchoalveolar lavage in asbestosis. Arch Intern Med 143(5):950-952 (1983).
53. Kunkel SL, Standiford T, Kasahara K, Stricter R. Interleukin-8: the major neutrophil chemotactic factor in the lung. Exp Lung Res 17:17-23 (1991).
54. Driscoll KE, Hassenbein DG, Carter J, Poynter J, Asquth TN, Grant RA, Whitten J, Purdon MP, Takigiku R. Macrophage inflammatory proteins 1 and 2: expression by rat alveolar macrophages, fibroblasts, and epithelial cells in rat lung after mineral dust exposure. Am J Respir Cell Moi Biol 8:311-318 (1993).
55. Rosenrhal GJ, Germolec DR, Blazka ME, Corsini E, Simeonova P, Pollock P, Kong LY, Kwon J, Luster ML Asbestos stimulated IL-8 production from human lung epithelial cells. J Immunol 153:3237-3244 (1994).
56. Broser M, Zhang Y, Aston C, Harkin T, Rom WN. Elevated interleukin-8 in the alveolitis of individuals with asbestos exposure. Int Arch Occup Environ Health 68:109-114 (1996).
57. Gaus-Muller, V, Kleinman HK, Martin GR, Schiffman E. Role of attachment factors and attractants in fibroblast chemoraxis. J Lab Clin Med 96:1071-1080 (1980).
58. Brody AR. Control of lune fibroblast proliferation by macrophage-derived platelet-derived growth factor. Ann NY Acad Sci 725:193-199 (1994).
59. Ross R, Raines EW, Bowen-Pope DF. The biology of platelet- derived growth factor. Cell 46:155-166 (1986).
60. Morris GF, Liu JY, Lei WH, Brody AR. Expression of genes coding for growth factors in experimental pneumoconiosis. Chest 109(3):45S-49S (1996).
61. Bonner JC, Goodell A, Coin PG, Brody AR. Chrysotile asbestos upregulates gene expression and production of alpha- receprors for platelet-derived growth factor (PDGF-AA) on rat lung fibroblasts. J Clin Invest 92:425-430 (1993).
62. Adamson IY, Letourneau HL, Bowden DH. Comparison of alveolar and interstitial macrophages in fibroblast stimulation after silica and long or short asbestos. Lab Invest 64(3):339-344 (1991).
63. Liu JY, Morris GF, Lei WH, Corci M, Brody AR. Up-regulated expression of transforming growth factor-α in the bronchiolar-alveolar duct regions of asbestos-exposed rars. Am J Pathol 149:205-215 (1996).
64. Korfhagen TR, Swantz RJ, Wert SE, McCarty JM, Kerlakian CB, Classer SW, Whitsett JA. Respiratory epithelial cell expression of human transforming growth factor-alpha induces lung fibrosis in transgenic mice. J Clin Invest 93(4):1691-1699 (1994).
65. Kheradmand F, Folkesson HG, Shum L, Derynk R, Pytela R, Mathhay MA. Transforming growth factor-α enhances alveolar epithelial cell repair in a new in vitro model. Am J Physiol 267 (Lung Cell Mol Physiol 11):L728-L738 (1994).
66. Standiford TJ, Rolfe MW, Kunkel SL, Lynch JP, Burdick MD, Gilbert AR, Orringer MB, Whyte RI, Streiter RM. Macrophage inflammatory protein-lot expression in interstitial lung disease. J Immunol 151:2852-2863 (1993).
67. Rolfe MW, Kunkel SL, Standiford TJ, Chensue SW, Allen RM, Evanoff HL, Phan SH, Stricter RM. Pulmonary fibroblast expression of IL8: a model for alveolar macrophage derived cytokine networking. Am J Respir Cell Mol Biol 5:493-501 (1991)
68. Standiford TJ, Kunkel SL, Phan SH, Rollins BJ, Stricter RM. Alveolar macrophage derived cytokines induced monocyte chemoattractant protein 1 expression from human pulmonary type II like epithelial cells. J Biol Chem 266:9912-9920 (1991).
69. Crapo JD, Barry BE, Gehr P, Bachofen M, Weibel ER. Cell number and cell characteristics of the normal human lung. Am Rev Respir Dis 140:332-339 (1990).
70. Mossman BT, Marsh JP, Sesko A, Hill S, Shatos MA, Doherty J, Petruska J, Adler KB, Hemenway D, Mickey R et al. Inhibition of lung injury, inflammation, and interstitial fibrosis by polyethylene glycol-conjugated catalase in a rapid inhalation model of asbestosis. Am Rev Respir Dis 141:1266-1271 (1990).
71. Petruska J, Marsh J, Bergeron M, Mossman BT. Brief inhalation of asbestos compromises Superoxide production in cells from bronchoalveolar lavage. Am J Resp Cell Mol Biol 2:129-140 (1990).
72. Jolicoeur C, Poisson D, Surface physico-chemical studies of chrysotile asbestos and related minerals. In: Asbestos Toxicity (Fisher GL, Gallo MA, eds). New York:Marcel Dekker, 1988;12.
73. Wessell NK, Spooner BS, Ash AF. Microfilaments in cellular and developmental processes. Science 171:135-139 (1971).
74. Doll NJ, Diem JE, Jones RN, Rodriguez M, Bozelka BE, Stankus RP, Weill H, Salvaggio JE. Humoral immunological abnormalities in workers exposed to asbestos cement dust. J Allergy Clin Immunol 72:509-512 (1983).
75. Ueki A, Oka T, Mochizuki Y. Proliferation stimulating effects of chrysotile and crocidolite asbestos fibers on B lymphocyte cell lines. Clin Exp Immunol 56:425-430 (1984).
76. Miller K, Weintraub Z, Kagan E. Manifestation of cellular immunity in the rat after prolonged asbestos inhalation. I: Physical interactions between alveolar macrophages and splenic lymphocytes. J Immunol 123:1029-1039 (1979).
77. Hartmann DP, Georgian MM, Kagan E. Enhanced alveolar macrophage 1a antigen expression after asbestos inhalation. J Immunol 132(6):2693-2695 (1984).
78. Haslam PL, Lukoszek A, Merchant JA, Turner-Warwick M. Lymphocyte responses to phytohaemagglutinin in patients with asbestosis and pleural mesothelioma. Clin Exp Immunol 31:178-188 (1978).
79. Kang KY, Sera Y, Okochi T, Yamamura Y. T-lymphocytes in asbestosis. N Engl J Med 291:735-736 (1974).
80. Begin R, Drapeau G, Boileau R, Vezina Y, Cantin A, Martel M. Enzyme activities in lung lavages in asbestosis. Clin Biochem 19:240-243 (1986).
81. al Jarad N, Gellert AR, Rudd RM. Bronchoalveolar lavage and 99mTc-DTPA clearance as prognostic factors in asbestos workers with and without asbestosis. Respir Med 87:365-374 (1993).
82. Gellert AR, Langford JA, Winter RJD, Uthayakumar S, Sinns G, Rudd M. Asbestosis: assessment by bronchoalveolar lavage and measurement of pulmonary epithelial permeability. Thorax 40:508-514 (1985).
83. Foshbein A, Suzuki Y, Selikoff IJ, Bekesi JG. Unexpected longevity of a patient with malignant pleural mesothelioma: report of a case. Cancer 42:1999-2004 (1978).
84. Lange A, Smolik R, Chmielarczyk W, Garncarek D, Gielgier Z. Cellular immunity in asbestosis. Arch Immunol Ther Exp 26:899-903 (1978).
85. Lange A, Skibinski G, Garncarek D. The follow-up study of skin reactivity to recall antigens and E- and EAC-RFC profiles in Wood in asbestos workers. Immunobiology 157:1-11 (1980).
86. Gaumer HR, Doll NJ, Kaimal J, Schyler M, Salvaggio JE. Diminished suppressor cell function in patients with asbestosis. Clin Exp Immunol 44:108-116 (1981).
87. deShazo RD, Nordberg J, Baser Y, Bolzelka B, Weill H, Salvaggio J. Analysis of depressed cell-mediated immunity in asbestos J Allergy Clin Immunol 71:418-424 (1983).
88. Barbers RG, Shin WW, Saxon A. In vitro depression of human lymphocyte mitogen response (phytohaemagglutmin) by asbestos fibers. Clin Exp Immunol 48:602-610 (1982).
89. Wallace JM, Oishi JS, Barbers RG, Batra P, Aberle DR. Bronchoalveolar lavage cell and lymphocyte phenotype profiles in healthy asbestos-exposed shipyard workers. Am Rev Resp Dis 139:33-38 (1989).
90. Delclos GL, Flitcraft DG, Brousseau KP, Windsor NT, Nelson DL, Lawrence EC. Bronchoalveolar lavage analysis, gallium-67 lung scanning and soluble interleukin-2 receptor levels in asbestos exposure. Environ Res 48:164-178 (1989).
91. Sprince NL, Oliver LC, McLoud TC, Eisen EA, Christiani DC, Ginns LC. Asbestos exposure and asbestos-related pleural and parenchymal disease. Association with immune imbalance. Am Rev Resp Dis 143:822-828 (1991).
92. Tsang PH, Chu FN, Fischbein A, Bekesi JG. Impairments in functional subsets of T-suppressor (CDS) lymphocytes, monocytes, and natural killer cells among asbestos-exposed workers. Clin Immunol Immunopathol 47:323-332 (1988).
93. Rom WN, Travis WD, Lymphocyte-macrophage alveolitis in nonsmoking individuals occupationally exposed to asbestos. Chest 101:779-786 (1992).
94. Lemaire I, Dubois C. In vitro suppression of fibroblast growth inhibitory lymphokine production by asbestos. Clin Exp Immunol 53:239-248 (1983).
95. Munan L, Thouez JP, Kelly A, Gagne M, Labonet D. Relative leucopenia in the peripheral blood of asbestos miners: an epidemiologic analysis. J Toxicol Environ Health 7:733-744 (1981).
96. El-Sewefy A, Shaheen H, Sham El-Deen A. Bone marrow changes in asbestos. Med Lav 65:168-173 (1974).
97. Corsini E, Luster MI, Mahler J, Craig WA, Blazka ME, Rosenthal GJ. A protective role of T lymphocytes in asbestos- induced pulmonary inflammation and collagen deposition. Am J Respir Cell Mol Biol 11:531-539 (1994).
98. Kamp DW, Graceffa P, Pryor WA, Weitzman SA. The role of free radicals in asbestos-induced diseases. Free Radic Biol Med 12:293-315 (1992).
99. Lazlo P. Chemical reactions of clays. Science 235:1473-1477 (1987).
100. Ghio AJ, Kennedy TP, Whorton AR, Crumbliss AL, Hatch G, Hoidal JR. Role of surface complexed iron in oxidant generation and lung inflammation induced by silicates. Am J Physiol 263:511-518 (1992).
101. Harrington JS. Chemical studies of asbestos. Ann NY Acad Sci 132:31-47 (1965).
102. 4. J Inorg Nucl Chem 35:1977-1985 (1973).
103. Fenton HJH. Oxidation of tartaric acid in the presence of iron. J Chem Soc 106:899-910 (1984).
104. Haber F, Wiess J. The catalytic decomposition of hydrogen peroxide by iron salts. Proc R Soc Lond (A)247:332-335 (1934).
105. Kennedy TP, Dodson R, Rao N, Ky H, Hopkins C, Baser M, Tolley E, Hoidal JR. Dusts causing pneumoconiosis generate OH and produce hemolysis by acting as Fenton catalysts. Arch Biochem Biophys 269:359-364 (1989).
106. 1, Arch Biochem Biophys 298:646-650 (1992).
107. Schapira RM, Ghio AJ, Effros RM, Morrisey J, Dawson CA, Hacker AD. Hydroxyl radicals are formed in the rat lung following asbestos instillation in vivo. Am J Resp Cell Mol Biol 10:573-579 (1994).
108. Hardy JA, Aust AE. The effect of iron binding on the ability of crocidolite asbestos to catalyze DNA single-strand breaks. Carcinogenesis 16:319-325 (1995).
109. 3+]. Arch Biochem Biophys 311:13-18 (1994).
110. Lund LG, Williams M, Dodson RF, Aust AE. Iron associated with asbestos bodies is responsible for the formation of single- strand breaks in ΦX174 RFI DNA. Occup Environ Med 51:200-204(1994).
111. Babior BM, Kipnes RS, Curnutte JT. Biological defense mechanisms. The production by leukocytes of Superoxide, a potential bactericidal agent. J Clin Invest 52:741-744 (1973).
112. Archer VE. Carcinogenicity of fibers and films: a theory. Med Hypotheses 5:1257-1260 (1979).
113. Roney PL, Holian A. Possible mechanism of chrysotile asbestos- stimulated Superoxide anion production in guinea pig alveolar macrophages. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol 100:132-144 (1989).
114. Palier MS, Neumann TV. Reactive oxygen species and rat renal epithelial cells during hypoxia and reoxygenation. Kidney Int 40(6):1041-1049 (1991).
115. Keeling B, Li KY, Chung A. Iron enhances uptake of mineral particles and increases lipid peroxidation in tracheal epithelial cells. Am J Respir Cell Mol Biol 10:683-688 (1994).
116. Lund LG, Aust AE. Iron-catalyzed reactions may be responsible for the biochemical and biological effects of asbestos. Biofacrors 3:83-89 (1991).
117. Kamp DW, Israbian VA, Preusen SE, Zhang CX, Weitzman SA. Asbestos causes DNA strand breaks in cultured pulmonary epithelial cells: role of iron-catalyzed free radicals. Am J Physiol 268 (Lung Cell Mol Physiol 12):L471-L480 (1995).
118. Larsson R, Cerurti P. Oxidams induce phosphorylarion of ribosomal protein S6. J Biol Chem 263:17452-17458 (1988).
119. Meyer M, Pahl HL, Baeuerle PA. Regulation of the transcription factors NF-κB and AP-1 by redox changes. Chem Biol Interact 91:91-100(1994).
120. Simeonova PP, Luster MI. Iron and reactive oxygen species in the asbestos-induced tumor necrosis factor-α response from alveolar macrophages. Am J Resp Cell Mol Biol 12:676-683 (1995).
121. Goodglick LA, Kane AB. Role of reactive oxygen metabolites in crocidolite asbestos toxicity to mouse macrophages. Cancer Res 46:5558-5566 (1986).
122. Aust SD, Morehouse LA, Thomas CE. Role of metals in oxygen radical reactions [Review]. J Free Radic Biol Med 1:3-25 (1988).
123. Goodglick LA, Pietras LA, Kane A. Evaluation of the causal relationship between crocidolite asbestos-induced lipid peroxidation and toxicity to macrophages. Am Rev Respir Dis 139:1265-1273 (1989).
124. Aust AE, Lund LG. The role of iron in asbestos-catalyzed damage to lipids in DNA. In: Biological Oxidation Systems (Reddy CC, Hamilton GA, Madyastha KM, eds). Vol II. San Diego:Academic Press, 1990;597-605.
125. Simeonova PP, Luster MI. Asbestos induction of nuclear transcription factors and interleukin 8 gene regulation. Am J Respir Cell Mol Biol 15:787-795 (1996).
126. Simeonova PP, Toriumi W, Kommineni C, Erkan M, Munson AE, Rom WN, Luster MI. Molecular regulation of IL-6 activation by asbestos in lung epithelial cells: role of reactive oxygen species. J Immunol 159:3921-3928 (1997).
127. Collart MA, Baeuerle P, Vassalli P, Regulation of tumor necrosis factor alpha transcription in macrophages: involvement of four KB-like motifs and of constitutive and indudble forms of NF-KB. Mol Cell Biol 10:1498-1506 (1990).
128. Mukaida NS, Okamoto, Ishikawa Y, Matsushima K. Molecular mechanism of interleukin-8 gene expression. J Leukocyte Biol 56:554-558(1994).
129. Kopp EB, Ghosh S. NF-KB and Rel proteins in innate immunity. Adv Immunol 58:1-27 (1995).
130. Schreck R, Rieber P, Baeuerle PA. Reactive oxygen intermedi- ates as apparently widely used messengers in the activation of the NF-KB transcription factor and HIV-1. EMBO J 10:2247-2258 (1991).
131. Pahl HL, Baeuerle P. Oxygen and the control of gene expression. Bioessays 16(7):497-502 (1994).
132. Schreck R, Albermann K, Baeuerle PA. Nuclear factor κB: an oxidative stress-responsive transcription factor of eukaryotic cells (a review). Free Radic Res Comm 12:221-237 (1992).
133. Janssen YMW, Barchowsky A, Treadwell M, Driscoll KE, viossman BT. Asbestos induces nuclear factor κB (NF-κB) DNA-binding activity and NF-κB-dependent gene expression in tracheal epithelial cells. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 92:8458-8462 (1995).
134. Mukaida N, Mahe Y, Matsushima K. Cooperative interaction of nuclear factor-κB and cis-regulatory enhancer binding protein- like factor binding elements in activating the interleukin-8 gene by pro-inflammatory cytokines. J Biol Chem 265:21128-21133 (1990).
135. Stein B, Baldwin AS Jr. Distinct mechanisms for regulation of the interleukin-8 gene involve synergism and cooperativity between C/EBP and NF-κB. Mol Cell Biol 13(11):7191-7198 (1993).
136. Matsusaka T, Fujikawa K, Nishio Y, Mukaida N, Matsushima K, Kishimoto T, Akira S. Transcription factors NF-IL-6 and NF-κB synergistically activate transcription of the inflammatory cytokines, interleukin 6 and interleukin 8. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 90:10193-10197 (1993).
137. Hartman DP, Georgian MM, Oghiso Y, Kagan I. Enhanced interleukin activity following asbestos inhalation. Clin Exp Immunol 55:643-650 (1984).
138. Lemaire I, Beaudoin H, Masse S, Grondin C. Alveolar macrophage stimulation of lung fibroblast growth in asbestos- induced pulmonary fibrosis. Am J Path 122:205-211 (1986).
139. Lemaire I, Yane H. Colony stimulating factors induce alveolar macrophage differentiation and giant cell formation. Ann NY Acad Sci 796:173-181 (1996).