Gastric and duodenal ulcers during pregnancy

Gastroenterology Clinics of North America

Volumn 27, Issue 1, 1998, Pages 169-195

  Cappell, M S ^a   Garcia, A ^a  

^a MAIMONIDES MEDICAL CENTER   (United States)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

ANTACID AGENT; CIMETIDINE; FAMOTIDINE; GAVISCON; HISTAMINE H2 RECEPTOR ANTAGONIST; LANSOPRAZOLE; MISOPROSTOL; NIZATIDINE; NONSTEROID ANTIINFLAMMATORY AGENT; OMEPRAZOLE; PROTON PUMP INHIBITOR; RANITIDINE; SIMETHICONE; SUCRALFATE;

CLINICAL FEATURE; DIET; DIFFERENTIAL DIAGNOSIS; DRUG SAFETY; DUODENUM ULCER; DYSPEPSIA; ENDOSCOPIC SURGERY; FEMALE; GASTROINTESTINAL ENDOSCOPY; HEARTBURN; HEMATEMESIS; HUMAN; IMMUNE DEFICIENCY; INTESTINE OBSTRUCTION; INTESTINE PERFORATION; LABORATORY TEST; LIFESTYLE; NONHUMAN; PATHOPHYSIOLOGY; PEPTIC ULCER; PREGNANCY; REVIEW; STOMACH CANCER; STOMACH ULCER; STRESS ULCER; ZOLLINGER ELLISON SYNDROME;

EID: 0031960034     PISSN: 08898553     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1016/S0889-8553(05)70352-6     Document Type: Article

References (170)

1. Anonymous Fed Reg 44 1980 37434 37467
2. Anonymous Misoprostol Med Lett Drugs Ther 31 1989 21 22
3. A. Babaknia H. Parsa J.D. Woodruff Appendicitis during pregnancy Obstet Gynecol 50 1977 40 44
4. R.M. Baird Peptic ulceration in pregnancy: Report of a case with perforation Can Med Assoc J 94 1996 861 862
5. P.N. Baker J.G. Williamson K.A. Louden Possible low-dose-aspirin-induced gastropathy [letter] Lancet 339 1992 550
6. S. Banerjee E. el-Omar A. Mowat Sucralfate suppresses Helicobacter pylori infection and reduces gastric acid secretion by 50% in patients with duodenal ulcer Gastroenterology 110 1996 717 724
7. L.W. Barnes Serum histaminase during pregnancy Obstet Gynecol 9 1957 730 732
8. H. Becker-Andersen V. Husfeldt Peptic ulcer in pregnancy: Report of two cases of surgically treated bleeding duodenal ulcer Acta Obstet Gynecol Scand 50 1971 391 395
9. P. Belfrage L.O. Boreus P. Hartvig Neonatal depression after obstetrical analgesia with pethidine: The role of injection-delivery time interval and the plasma concentrations of pethidine and norpethidine Acta Obstet Gynecol Scand 60 1981 43 48
10. D.J. Bjorkman R.W. Burt K.G. Tolman Primary care of women with gastrointestinal disorders Clin Obstet Gynecol 31 1988 974 988
11. U. Blecker S. Lanciers B. Hauser The prevalence of Helicobacter pylori positivity in a symptom-free population, aged 1 to 40 years J Clin Epidemiol 47 1994 1095 1098
12. R.L. Brent Radiation teratogenesis Teratology 21 1980 281 298
13. R.L. Brent The effect of embryonic and fetal exposure to x-ray, microwaves, and ultrasound: Counseling the pregnant and nonpregnant patient about these risks Semin Oncol 16 1989 347 368
14. R.L. Brent The effects of embryonic and fetal exposure to x-rays, microwaves and ultrasound Clin Perinatol 13 1986 615 648
15. G.G. Briggs R.K. Freeman S.J. Yaffe Drugs in Pregnancy and Lactation: A Reference Guide to Fetal and Neonatal Risk ed 4 1994 Williams & Wilkins Baltimore
16. 2 receptor antagonist Gastroenterology 74 1978 339 347
17. J.D. Burek J.A. Majka D.L. Bokelman Famotidine: Summary of preclinical safety assessment Digestion 32 suppl 1 1985 7 14
18. T.E. Bynum Hepatic and gastrointestinal disorders in pregnancy Med Clin North Am 61 1977 129 138
19. M.S. Cappell The safety of gastrointestinal endoscopy in high risk patients Dig Dis 14 1996 228 244
20. M.S. Cappell V. Colon O.A. Sidhom A study of eight medical centers of the safety and clinical efficacy of esophagogastroduodenoscopy in 83 pregnant females with follow-up of fetal outcome and with comparison to control groups Am J Gastroenterol 91 1996 348 354
21. M.S. Cappell O. Sidhom A multicenter, multiyear study of the safety and clinical utility of esophagogastroduodenoscopy in 20 consecutive pregnant females with follow-up of fetal outcome Am J Gastroenterol 88 1993 1900 1905
22. L.P. Castro Reflux esophagitis as the cause of heartburn in pregnancy Am J Obstet Gynecol 98 1967 1 10
23. C. Ching S. Lam Antacids: Indications and limitations Drugs 47 1994 305 317
24. M.S. Ching D.J. Morgan G.W. Mihaly Placental transfer of omeprazole in maternal and fetal sheep Dev Pharmacol Therap 9 1986 323 331
25. D.H. Clark Peptic ulcer in women BMJ 1 1953 1254 1257
26. D.H. Clark H.I. Tankel Gastric acid and plasma-histaminase during pregnancy Lancet 2 1954 886 887
27. J. Connon Gastrointestinal complications G.N. Burrow T.F. Ferris Medical Complications During Pregnancy ed 4 1995 WB Saunders Philadelphia 285 306
28. R.C. Corlett D.R. Mishell Pancreatitis in pregnancy Am J Obstet Gynecol 113 1972 281 290
29. F.G. Cunningham P.C. MacDonald K.J. Leveno Analgesia and sedation William's Obstetrics ed 19 1993 Appleton & Lange Norwalk, CT 426 427
30. F.G. Cunningham P.C. MacDonald K.J. Leveno Gastrointestinal disorders William's Obstetrics ed 19 1993 Appleton & Lange Norwalk, CT 1145 1170
31. J.T. Cunningham Upper gastrointestinal tract diseases N. Gleicher U. Elkayam R.M. Galbraith Principles and Practice of Medical Therapy in Pregnancy ed 2 1992 Appleton & Lange Norwalk, CT 941 947
32. D.S. Dark D.R. Campbell L.J. Wesselius Arterial oxygen desaturation during gastrointestinal endoscopy Am J Gastroenterol 85 1990 1317 1321
33. G.R. DeVore Acute abdominal pain in the pregnant patient due to pancreatitis, acute appendicitis, cholecystitis, or peptic ulcer disease Clin Perinatol 7 1980 349 369
34. 2-receptor antagonist by the human and baboon placenta Am J Med Sci 295 1988 198 206
35. J.A. DiSario J.P. Waring G. Talbert Monitoring of blood pressure and heart rate during routine endoscopy: A prospective, randomized, controlled study Am J Gastroenterol 86 1991 956 960
36. W.J. Dodds J. Dent W.J. Hogan Pregnancy and the lower esophageal sphincter Gastroenterology 74 1978 1334 1336
37. N. Eckert Stress ulcer as cause of acute gastrointestinal hemorrhage at the end of pregnancy with eclampsia Zentralb Gynakol 91 1969 1478 1483
38. H.A. Edmondson Pathology of alcoholism Am Soc Clin Pathol 74 1980 725 742
39. R.S.B. Ehsanullah M.C. Page G. Tildesley Prevention of gastroduodenal damage induced by non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs: Controlled trial of ranitidine BMJ 297 1988 1017 1021
40. T.J. Esposito Trauma during pregnancy Emerg Med Clin North Am 12 1994 167 199
41. T.J. Esposito D.R. Gens L.G. Smith Trauma during pregnancy: A review of 79 cases Arch Surg 126 1991 1073 1078
42. U.O. Ezeh H. Narayan Pregnancy does not offer protection against Zollinger-Ellison syndrome Acta Obstet Gynecol Scand 75 1996 302 304
43. B.B. Feinberg B. Gonik General precepts of the immunology of pregnancy Clin Obstet Gynecol 34 1991 3 16
44. J.E. Fielding Smoking: Health effects and control N Engl J Med 313 1985 491 498
45. T.C. Fiest A. Foong S. Chokhavatia Successful balloon dilation of achalasia during pregnancy Gatrointest Endosc 39 1993 810 812
46. R.S. Fisher Sucralfate: A review of drug tolerance and safety J Clin Gastroenterol 3 suppl 2 1981 181 184
47. W. Fonseca A.J.C. Alencar F.S.B. Mota Misoprostol and congenital malformations Lancet 338 1991 56
48. B. Frank Endoscopy in pregnancy R.G. Karlstadt C.M. Surawicz R. Croitoru Gastrointestinal Disorders During Pregnancy 1994 American College of Gastroenterology Arlington 24 29
49. G. Frick K. Bremme C. Sjogren Plasma levels of cholecystokinin and gastrin during the menstrual cycle and pregnancy Acta Obstet Gynecol Scand 69 1990 317 320
50. J.F. Fries S.R. Miller P.W. Spitz Toward an epidemiology of gastropathy associated with nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug use Gastroenterology 96 1989 647 655
51. M.L. Gimovsky M. Montoro Systemic lupus erythematosus and other connective tissue diseases in pregnancy Clin Obstet Gynecol 34 1991 35 50
52. G. Glade C.L. Saccar G.R. Pereira Cimetidine in pregnancy: Apparent transient liver impairment in the newborn Am J Dis Child 134 1980 87 88
53. B. Glasbrenner W. Swobodnik P. Malfertheiner Severe hyperemesis gravidarum: Pathophysiologic observations and new therapeutic approach Z Gastroenterol 29 1991 163 166
54. D.Y. Graham R.H. White L.W. Moreland Duodenal and gastric ulcer prevention with misoprostol in arthritis patients taking NSAIDs Ann Intern Med 119 1993 257 262
55. M. Gwinn M. Pappaioanou J.R. George Prevalence of HIV infection in childbearing women in the United States: Surveillance using newborn blood samples JAMA 265 1991 1704 1708
56. J.S. Hanson R.W. McCallum The diagnosis and management of nausea and vomiting: A review Am J Gastroenterol 80 1985 210 218
57. M.A. Harper J.E. McVeigh W. Thompson Successful pregnancy in association with Zollinger-Ellison syndrome Am J Obstet Gynecol 173 1995 863 864
58. L.W. Hess J.C. Morrison D.B. Hess General medical disorders during pregnancy DeCherney A.H. Pernoll M.L. Current Obstetric and Gynecologic Diagnosis and Treatment ed 8 1994 Appleton & Lange Norwalk, CT
59. R. Hodgkinson R. Glassenberg T.H. Joyce III Comparison of cimetidine (Tagamet) with antacid for safety and effectiveness in reducing gastric acidity before elective cesarean section Anesthesiology 59 1983 86 90
60. G. Honiotes P.J. Clark D. Cavanagh Gastric ulcer perforation during pregnancy Am J Obstet Gynecol 106 1970 619 621
61. J.N. Hunt F.A. Murray Gastric function in pregnancy J Obstet Gynaecol Br Emp 65 1958 78 83
62. S.H. Hussaini S.J. Skidmore P. Richardson Severe hepatitis E infection during pregnancy J Viral Hepat 4 1997 51 54
63. T. Ikenoue J. Iito Y. Matsuda Effects of ranitidine on maternal gastric juice and neonates when administered prior to caesarean section Aliment Pharmacol Therap 5 1991 315 318
64. 2 analogue enprostil in first trimester Acta Obstet Gynecol Scand 69 1990 135 138
65. M.L. Janower O.W. Linton Radiation Risk: A Primer 1996 American College of Radiology, Commission on Physics and Radiation Safety, Committee on Radiology Units, Standards and Protection Reston, Virginia
66. R. Johnsen B. Straume O.H. Forde Peptic ulcer and non-ulcer dyspepsia: A disease and a disorder Scand J Prim Health Care 6 1988 239 243
67. D.B. Jones C.W. Howden D.W. Burget Acid suppression in duodenal ulcer: A meta-analysis to define optimal dosing with antisecretory drugs Gut 28 1987 1120 1127
68. P.F. Jones A.B. McEwan R.M. Bernard Hemorrhage and perforation complicating peptic ulcer in pregnancy Lancet 2 1969 350 351
69. R. Jorde L. Bostad P.G. Burhol Asymptomatic gastric ulcer: A follow-up study in patients with previous gastric ulcer disease Lancet 1 1986 119 120
70. W.S. Kammerer Nonobstetric surgery during pregnancy Med Clin North Am 63 1979 1157 1164
71. Y. Kinoshita S. Ishido K. Nishiyama Arterial oxygen saturation, blood pressure, and pulse rate during upper gastrointestinal endoscopy: Influence of sedation and age J Clin Gastroenterol 13 1991 656 660
72. M.A. Klebanoff P.A. Koslowe R. Kaslow Epidemiology of vomiting in early pregnancy Obstet Gynecol 66 1985 612 616
73. G.L. Klipple F.A. Cecere Rheumatoid arthritis and pregnancy Rheum Clin North Am 15 1989 213 240
74. K.J. Krueger B.J. Hoffman Radiation exposure during gastroenterological fluoroscopy: Risk assessment for pregnant workers Am J Gastroenterol 87 1992 429 431
75. J.H. Kurata Epidemiology of peptic ulcer disease E.A. Swabb S. Szabo Ulcer Disease: Investigation and Basis for Therapy 1991 Marcel Dekker New York 31
76. J.H. Kurata Epidemiology: Peptic ulcer risk factors Semin Gastrointest Dis 4 1993 2 12
77. L. Laegreid R. Olegard J. Walstrom Teratogenic effects of benzodiazepine use during pregnancy J Pediatr 114 1989 126 131
78. S.K. Lam W.M. Hui C.K. Ching Peptic ulcer disease: Epidemiology, pathogenesis, and etiology W.S. Haubrich F. Schaffner J.E. Berk Bockus Gastroenterology ed 5 1995 WB Saunders Philadelphia 700 748
79. 2-receptor antagonist N Engl J Med 310 1984 758 761
80. G.D. Land A. Dougall Comparative study of Algicon suspension and magnesium trisilicate mixture in the treatment of reflux dyspepsia of pregnancy Br J Clin Pract 66 suppl 1989 48 51
81. M.B. Landon Gastrointestinal disease S.G. Gabbe J.R. Niebyl J.L. Simpson Obstetrics: Normal and Problem Pregnancies ed 3 1996 Churchill Livingstone New York 1126 1133
82. M. Lee M. Feldman Nausea and vomiting Feldman M. Sleisenger M.H. Scharschmidt B.F. Sleisenger and Fordtran's Gastrointestinal and Liver Disease: Pathophysiology, Diagnosis, and Management ed 6 1998 WB Saunders Philadelphia 117 127
83. J.H. Lewis A.B. Weingold the Committee on FDA-Related Matters, American College of Gastroenterology The use of gastrointestinal drugs during pregnancy and lactation Am J Gastroenterol 80 1985 912 923
84. D.A. Lieberman C.K. Wuerker R.M. Katon Cardiopulmonary risk of esophagogastroduodenoscopy Gastroenterology 88 1985 468 472
85. C.J. Lin C.L. Huang H.W. Hsu Prophylaxis against acid aspiration in regional anesthesia for elective cesarean section: A comparison between oral single-dose ranitidine, famotidine and omeprazole assessed with fiberoptic gastric aspiration Acta Anaesthesiol Sin 34 1996 179 184
86. A. Lione Aluminum toxicology and the aluminum-containing medications Pharmacol Ther 29 1985 255 285
87. S.S.T. Lo S.A. Ferguson C.P. Lee Carcinoma of stomach complicating pregnancy J Clin Gastroenterol 23 1996 299 304
88. G. Macedo L. Carvalho T. Ribeiro Endoscopic sclerotherapy for upper gastrointestinal bleeding due to Mallory-Weiss syndrome [letter] Am J Gastroenterol 90 1995 1364 1365
89. M. Maeta H. Yamashiro A. Oka Gastric cancer in the young, with special reference to 14 pregnancy-associated cases: Analysis based on 2,325 consecutive cases of gastric cancer J Surg Oncol 58 1995 191 195
90. J.M. Marrero P.M. Goggin J.S. de Caestecker Determinants of pregnancy heartburn Br J Obstet Gynaecol 99 1992 731 734
91. C. Martin M.W. Varner Physiologic changes in pregnancy: Surgical implications Clin Obstet Gynecol 37 1994 241 255
92. K.E. McArthur M.J. Collen P.N. Maton Omeprazole: Effective convenient therapy for Zollinger-Ellison syndrome Gastroenterology 88 1985 939 944
93. D.M. McAuley H.L. Halliday J.R. Johnston Cimetidine in labour: Absence of adverse effect on the high-risk fetus Br J Obstet Gynaecol 92 1985 350 355
94. D.M. McAuley J. Moore J.W. Dundee Preliminary report on the use of ranitidine as an antacid in obstetrics Ir J Med Sci 151 1982 91 92
95. M.L. McCall R.L. Wechsler J.T. Anzalone Endoscopic studies of esophagus and stomach during pregnancy Am J Obstet Gynecol 82 1961 1125 1133
96. D.M. McCarthy Drug therapy: Sucralfate N Engl J Med 325 1991 1017 1025
97. J.D. McCarthy S.O. Evans L.R. Dragstedt Gastric secretions in dogs during pregnancy and lactation Gastroenterology 27 1954 275 280
98. K.M. McCormack L.D. Ottosen V.L. Sanger Effect of parenteral administration of aluminum and parathyroid hormone on fetal development in the rat Proc Soc Exp Biol Med 161 1979 74 77
99. J.E. McGuigan Zollinger-Ellison syndrome and other hypersecretory states M. Feldman M.H. Sleisenger B.F. Scharschmidt Sleisenger and Fordtran's Gastrointestinal Disease: Pathophysiology, Diagnosis and Management ed 6 1998 WB Saunders Philadelphia 679 695
100. F. Megraud M.P. Brassens-Rabbe F. Denis Seroepidemiology of Campylobacter pylori infection in various populations J Clin Microbiol 27 1989 1870 1873
101. A.P. Melmed Anesthesia principles and techniques during pregnancy S.H. Cherry I.R. Merkatz Complications of Pregnancy: Medical, Surgical, Gynecologic, Psychosocial, and Perinatal ed 4 1991 Williams & Wilkins Baltimore 732 764
102. P.A. Michaletz-Onody Peptic ulcer disease in pregnancy Gastroenterol Clin North Am 21 1992 817 826
103. J.P. Miller Diseases of the liver and alimentary tract Clin Obstet Gynaecol 4 1977 297 317
104. R. Modigliani P. Bernades Gastrointestinal and pancreatic diseases W.M. Barron M.D. Lindheimer J.M. Davison Medical Disorders During Pregnancy 1995 Mosby St Louis 271 283
105. J. Moore R.J. Flynn M. Sampaio Effect of single-dose omeprazole on intragastric acidity and volume during obstetric anaesthesia Anaesthesia 44 1989 559 562
106. J.C. Morrison W.L. Wiser S.I. Rosser Metabolites of meperidine related to fetal depression Am J Obstet Gynecol 115 1973 1132 1137
107. A.W. Murray C.G. Morran G.N.C. Kenny Examination of cardiorespiratory changes during upper gastrointestinal endoscopy Anesthesia 46 1991 181 184
108. J.E. Norman K.J. Thong D.T. Baird Uterine contractility and induction of abortion in early pregnancy by misoprostol and mifepristone Lancet 338 1991 1233 1236
109. C. Opitz The acute perforation of stress ulcer in puerperium following eclampsia: Case report Zentral Gynakol 93 1971 388 390
110. S.A. Ordorica F.J. Frieden F. Marks Pancreatic enzyme activity in pregnancy J Reprod Med 36 1991 359 362
111. D.A. Orr K.M. Bill K.R. Gillon Effects of omeprazole, with and without metoclopramide, in elective obstetric anaesthesia Anaesthesia 48 1993 114 119
112. M. Ostensen Optimization of antirheumatic drug treatment in pregnancy Clin Pharmacokinet 27 1994 486 503
113. M. Ostensen G. Husby Ankylosing spondylitis and pregnancy Rheum Dis Clin North Am 15 1989 241 254
114. M. Ostensen H. Ostensen Safety of nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs in pregnant patients with rheumatic disease J Rheumatol 23 1996 1045 1049
115. G.M. O'Sullivan R.E. Bullingham The assessment of gastric acidity and antacid effect in pregnant women by a non-invasive radiotelemetry technique Br J Obstet Gynaecol 91 1984 973 978
116. E.D. Palmer Upper gastrointestinal hemorrhage during pregnancy Am J Med Sci 242 1961 223 227
117. E.C. Paraskevaides M.C. Wilson Near-fatal peptic ulceration and non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs): Two case reports Br J Clin Pract 44 1990 421 422
118. S. Parker R.R. Scade C.R. Pohl Prenatal and neonatal exposure of male rat pups to cimetidine but not ranitidine adversely affects subsequent adult sexual functioning Gastroenterology 86 1984 675 680
119. H.P. Parkman T.H. Baron J.E. Richter Gastrointestinal motility disorders in pregnancy R.G. Karlstadt C.M. Surawicz R. Croitoru Gastrointestinal Disorders During Pregnancy 1994 American College of Gastroenterology Arlington 4 14
120. W.L. Peterson R.A. Sturdevant H.D. Frankl Healing of duodenal ulcer with an antacid regimen N Engl J Med 297 1977 341 345
121. R. Peyron E. Aubeny V. Targosz Early termination of pregnancy with mifepristone (RU 486) and the orally active prostaglandin misoprostol N Engl J Med 328 1993 1509 1513
122. F. Pinelli S. Trivulzio R. Colombo Antiprostatic effect of cimetidine in rats Agents Actions 22 1987 197 201
123. R. Potzi P. Ferenci A. Gangl Endoscopic sclerotherapy of esophageal varices during pregnancy: Case report Z Gastroenterol 29 1991 246 247
124. R. Pounder Silent peptic ulceration: Deadly silence or golden silence? Gastroenterology 96 1989 626 631
125. H. Pristautz H. Biffl W. Leitner Influence of an antiarrhythmic premedication and the development of premature ventricular contractions during fiberoptic gastroduodenoscopy Endoscopy 13 1981 57 59
126. G. Ranchet O. Gangemi M. Petrone Sucralfate in the treatment of gravidic pyrosis G Ital Ostet Ginecol 12 1990 1 6
127. C. Richards S. Daya Diagnosis of acute appendicitis in pregnancy Can J Surg 32 1989 358 360
128. C.A. Riley M.C. Portis Pregnancy-related hepatic and gastrointestinal disorders M. Feldman M.H. Sleisenger B.F. Scharschmidt Sleisenger and Fordtran's Gastrointestinal and Liver Disease: Pathophysiology, Diagnosis and Management ed 6 1998 WB Saunders Philadelphia 1253 1264
129. D.A. Rocke C.C. Rout E. Gouws Intravenous administration of the proton pump inhibitor omeprazole reduces the risk of acid aspiration at emergency cesarean section Anesth Analg 78 1994 1093 1098
130. P.J. Rooney T.G.B. Dow P.M. Brooks Immunoreactive gastrin and gestation Am J Obstet Gynecol 122 1975 834 836
131. L. Rosenberg A.A. Mitchell J.L. Parsells Lack of relation of oral clefts to diazepam use during pregnancy N Engl J Med 309 1983 1282 1285
132. P. Rozen Z. Fireman T. Gilat The causes of hypoxemia in elderly patients during endoscopy Gastrointest Endosc 28 1982 243 246
133. M. Rubenstein M. Taylor The acute abdomen in pregnancy M.B. Taylor J.B. Gollan M.L. Steer Gastrointestinal Emergencies ed 2 1997 Williams & Wilkins Baltimore 755 763
134. P.H. Rubin H.D. Janowitz The digestive tract and pregnancy S.H. Cherry R.L. Berkowitz N.G. Kase Rovinsky and Guttmacher's Medical, Surgical, and Gynecologic Complications of Pregnancy ed 3 1985 Williams & Wilkins Baltimore 196 206
135. V.K. Rustgi J.N. Cooper H. Colcher Endoscopy in the pregnant patient V.K. Rustgi J.N. Cooper Gastrointestinal and Hepatic Complications of Pregnancy 1986 Churchill Livingstone New York 104 123
136. M.J. Safra G.P. Oakley Jr Association between cleft lip with or without cleft palate and prenatal exposure to diazepam Lancet 2 1975 478 480
137. D.J. Sandweiss H.M. Podolsky H.C. Saltzstein Deaths from perforation and hemorrhage of gastroduodenal ulcer during pregnancy and puerperium: Review of the literature and a report of one case Am J Obstet Gynecol 45 1943 131 136
138. D.J. Sandweiss H.C. Saltzstein A.A. Farbman The relation of sex hormones to peptic ulcer Am J Dig Dis 6 1939 6 12
139. S. Schenker J. Dicke R.F. Johnson Human placental transport of cimetidine J Clin Invest 80 1987 1428 1434
140. P.S. Schonhofer Brazil: Misuse of misoprostol as an abortifacient may induce malformations Lancet 337 1991 1534 1535
141. L. Schuler P.W. Ashton M.T. Sanseverino Teratogenicity of misoprostol Lancet 339 1992 437
142. A.B. Sedman G.L. Klein R.J. Merritt Evidence of aluminum loading in infants receiving intravenous therapy N Engl J Med 312 1985 1337 1343
143. B.H. Shapiro S.A. Hirst G.O. Babalola Prospective study on the sexual development of male and female rats perinatally exposed to maternally administered cimetidine Toxicol Lett 44 1988 315 329
144. H.T. Sharp Gastrointestinal surgical conditions during pregnancy Clin Obstet Gynecol 37 1994 306 315
145. T.H. Shepard Catalogue of Teratogenic Agents ed 6 1989 Johns Hopkins University Press Baltimore 273
146. D.W. Sifton G.J. Westlet B. Pfohl Physician's Desk Reference ed 51 1997 Medical Economics Montvale, NJ
147. I.B. Simon R.J. Lewis R.M. Satava A safe method for sedating and monitoring patients for upper and lower endoscopy Am Surg 57 1991 219 221
148. A.J. Singer L.J. Brandt Pathophysiology of the gastrointestinal tract during pregnancy Am J Gastroenterol 86 1991 1695 1711
149. G. Slater A.H. Aufses Surgical aspects of pregnancy S.H. Cherry R.L. Berkowitz N.G. Kase Rovinsky and Guttmacher's Medical, Surgical, and Gynecologic Complications of Pregnancy ed 3 1985 Williams & Wilkins Baltimore 656 663
150. R.A. Smallwood R.G. Berlin N. Castagnolli Safety of acid-suppressing drugs Dig Dis Sci 40 suppl 1995 63s 80s
151. A.H. Soll Peptic ulcer and its complications M. Feldman M.H. Sleisenger B.F. Scharschmidt Sleisenger and Fordtran's Gastrointestinal and Liver Disease: Pathophysiology, Diagnosis, and Management ed 6 1998 WB Saunders Philadelphia 620 678
152. S.J. Sontag The medical management of reflux esophagitis Gastroenterol Clin North Am 19 1990 683 712
153. D.M. Strickland J.C. Hauth J. Widish Amylase and isoamylase activities in serum of pregnant women Obstet Gynecol 63 1984 389 391
154. J.C. Stuart A.F. Kan S.J. Rowbottom Acid aspiration prophylaxis for emergency Caesarean section Anaesthesia 51 1996 415 421
155. C. Sugawa A.L. Joseph Endoscopic interventional management of bleeding duodenal and gastric ulcers Surg Clin North Am 72 1992 317 334
156. R. Thieme W. Theisinger Stress ulcer in the puerperium Zentralb Gynakol 93 1971 894 897
157. F.D. Tierson C.L. Olsen E.B. Hook Nausea and vomiting of pregnancy and association with pregnancy outcome Am J Obstet Gynecol 155 1986 1017 1022
158. C.A. Tietz W.N. Spellacy Gastric ulcer associated with pregnancy: A case report and review of peptic ulcers and pregnancy Lancet 86 1966 487 489
159. A. Tripathi M. Somwanshi B. Singh A comparison of intravenous ranitidine and omeprazole on gastric volume and pH in women undergoing emergency caesarean section Can J Anaesth 42 1995 797 800
160. S.C. Truelove Stilboestrol, phenobarbitone and diet in chronic duodenal ulcer BMJ 2 1960 559 566
161. H. Ueo H. Matsuoka S. Tamura Prognosis in gastric cancer associated with pregnancy World J Surg 15 1991 293 297
162. 2 antagonist therapy Scand J Gastroenterol 22 suppl 136 1987 24 28
163. D.H. van Thiel J.S. Gavaler S.N. Joshi Heartburn of pregnancy Gastroenterology 72 1977 666 668
164. M.W. Varner General medical and surgical diseases in pregnancy J.R. Scott P.J. Disaia C.B. Hammond Danforth's Obstetrics and Gynecology ed 7 1994 JB Lippincott Philadelphia 427 463
165. M.P. Vessey L. Villard-Mackintosh R. Painter Oral contraceptives and pregnancy in relation to peptic ulcer Contraception 46 1992 349 357
166. H.L. Waldum B.K. Straume R. Lundgren Serum group I pepsinogens during pregnancy Scand J Gastroenterol 15 1980 61 63
167. R.A. Yokel Toxicity of gestational aluminum exposure to the maternal rabbit and offspring Toxicol Appl Pharmacol 79 1985 121 133
168. A.M. Zfass L. McHenry A.J. Sanyal Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug-induced gastroduodenal lesions: Prophylaxis and treatment Gastroenterologist 1 1993 165 169
169. E.M. Zimmermann G.M. Christman Approach to the female patient with gastrointestinal disease T. Yamada D.H. Alpers D.W. Powell Textbook of Gastroenterology 1995 JB Lippincott Philadelphia 1023 1043
170. P. Zulli Q. Di Niso Cimetidine treatment during pregnancy [letter] Lancet 2 1978 945 946