Management of spasticity

Age and Ageing

Volumn 27, Issue 2, 1998, Pages 239-246

  Barnes, Michael P ^a  

^a NEWCASTLE UNIVERSITY   (United Kingdom)

Author keywords

Physiotherapy; Rehabilitation; Spasticity

Indexed keywords

BACLOFEN; BOTULINUM TOXIN; CLONIDINE; DANTROLENE; DIAZEPAM; GLYCINE; ORPHENADRINE; TETRAHYDROCANNABINOL; THREONINE; TIZANIDINE; VALPROATE SEMISODIUM;

AGED; DROWSINESS; FATIGUE; HUMAN; MUSCLE WEAKNESS; NERVE BLOCK; PATIENT POSITIONING; PHYSIOTHERAPY; PRIORITY JOURNAL; REVIEW; SEDATION; SITTING; SPASTICITY; XEROSTOMIA;

DISABILITY EVALUATION; HUMANS; MUSCLE SPASTICITY;

EID: 0031959323     PISSN: 00020729     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1093/ageing/27.2.239     Document Type: Review

References (71)

1. Lance JW, Feldman RG, Young RR, Koeller C. Spasticity: disordered motor control. Chicago, IL: Yearbook Medical, 1980; 485-94.
2. Young RR. Spasticity : a review. Neurol 1994; 44 (suppl. 9): 512-20.
3. Mahoney FI, Barthel DW. Function evaluation: the Barthel index. Md State Med J 1965; 14: 61-5.
4. Graham CV Hamilton BB. Guide for the use of the uniform data set for medical rehabilitation.
5. Wade DT. Measurement in neurological rehabilitation. Oxford: Oxford Medical Publications, 1992.
6. Bohannon RW, Smith MB. Interrater reliability of a modified Ashworth scale of muscle spasticity. Phys Ther 1987; 67: 206-7.
7. Sloan RL, Sinclair E, Thomson S, Taylor S, Pentland B. Interrater reliability of a modified Ashworth scale of spasticity in eight patients. Int J Rehab Res 1992; 15: 158-61.
8. Powers RU, Maider-Meyer J, Hart NJ, Roberts RC. Quantitative relationship between hypertonia and stretch reflex threshold in spastic hemiparesis. J Neurol 1988; 23: 115-24.
9. Lehmann JF, Price R, deLateur B et al. Spasticity: quantitative measurements of the basis for assessing effectiveness of therapeutic intervention. Arch Phys Med Rehabil 1989; 70: 6-15.
10. Firoozbakhsh KK, Kunkel CF, Ceminam E, Moneim MS. Isokinetic dynamometric techniques for spasticity assessment. Am J Phys Med Rehabil 1993; 72: 379-85.
11. Price R, Bjornson KF, Lehmann JF et al. Quantitative measurement of spasticity in children with cerebral palsy. Dev Med Child Neurol 1991; 33: 585-95.
12. Engsberg JR, Olree KS, Ross SA, Park TS. Quantitative clinical measure of spasticity in children with cerebral palsy. Arch Phys Med Rehabil 1996; 77: 594-9.
13. Lesley GC, Muir C, Hart NJ, Roberts RC. A comparison of the assessment of spasticity by the Wartenberg Pendulum test on the Ash worth-Creidling scale in patients with MS. Clin Rehab 1992; 6: 41-8.
14. Shahani BT, Cross D. Neurophysiological testing in spasticity. In: Glenn MB, White J eds. The Practical Management of Spasticity in Children and Adults. Philadelphia: Lea & Febiger, 1990; 34-43.
15. Hallenborg SC. Positioning: In: Glenn MB, Whyte J eds. The Practical Management of Spasticity in Children and Adults. Philadelphia: Lea & Febiger, 1990; 97-117.
16. Letts M, Shapiro L, Mulden K, Klasen O. The windblown hip syndrome in total body cerebral palsy. J Paediat 1984; 4: 55-62.
17. Carr EK, Kenney FD. Positioning of the stroke patient: a review of the literature. Int J Nurs Stud 1992; 29: 355-69.
18. Medical Disability Society. The Management of Traumatic Brain Injury. London: Development Trust for the Young Disabled, 1988.
19. McQuilton G, Johnson GR. Cost effective moulded seating for the handicapped child. Prosth Ortho Int 1981; 5: 37-41.
20. Feldman PA, Upper extremity casting and splinting. In: Glenn MB, Whyte J eds. The Practical Management of Spasticity in Children and Adults. Philadelphia: Lea & Febiger, 1990; 149-66.
21. Ricks NR, Eilert RE. The effects of inhibitory casts and orthoses on bony alignment of foot and ankle during weight bearing in children with spasticity. Dev Med Child Neurol 1993; 35: 11-6.
22. Wellen M, MacKay S. An evaluation of the soft splint in the acute management of elbow hypertonicity. Occ Ther J Res 1995; 15: 3-6.
23. Langlois S, MacKinnon JR, Pederson L. Hand splints and cerebral spasticity: a review of the literature. Can J Occ Ther 1989; 56: 113-9.
24. Langlois S, Pederson L, MacKinnon JR. The effects of splinting on the spastic hemiplegic hand: a report of a feasibility study. Can J Occ Ther 1991; 58: 17-25.
25. Price R, Lehmann JF, Boswell-Bessette S et al. Influence of cryotherapy on spasticity of the human ankle. Arch Phys Med Rehabil 1993; 74: 300-4.
26. Lehmann JF, deLateur BJ. Therapeutic heat. In: Lehman JF ed. Therapeutic Heat and Cold, 3rd edition. Baltimore: Williams & Wilkins, 1982.
27. Alfieri V. Electrical treatment of spasticity. Scan J Rehab Med 1982; 14: 177-82.
28. Seib TP, Price R, Reyes MR, Lehmann JF. The quantitative measurement of spasticity: the effect of cutaneous electrical stimulation. Arch Phys Med Rehabil 1994; 75: 746-50.
29. Potissk KP, Gregoric M, Vodovnik L. Effects of transcutaneous electrical nerve stimulation (TENS) on spasticity in patients with paraplegia. Scan J Rehab Med 1995; 27: 169-74.
30. Bobath B. Adult Hemiplegia: evaluation and treatment. London: Spottiswoode Ballantyne, 1978.
31. Knott M, Voss DE. Proprioceptive Neuromuscular Facilitation: patterns and techniques. New York: Harper & Row, 1968.
32. Brunnstrom S. Movement, Therapy and Hemiplegia: a neurophysiological approach. New York: Harper & Row, 1970.
33. Hastings-Smith R, Sharpe M. Brunnstrom therapy: is it still relevant to stroke rehabilitation. Physio Theory Pract 1994; 10: 87-94.
34. Carr JH, Shepherd RB, Ada L. Spasticity: research findings and implications for intervention. Physiotherapy 1995; 81: 421-9.
35. Sawa GM, Paty DW The use of baclofen in the treatment of spasticity in multiple sclerosis. Can J Neuro Sci 1979; 6: 351-4.
36. Young RR, Delwaide PJ. Spasticity N Eng J Med 1981; 304: 38-3, 96-9.
37. Kendall HP. The use of diazepam in hemiplegia. Ann Phys Med 1964; 7: 225-8.
38. Coward DM, Davies J, Herring P, Rudeberg C. Pharmacological properties of tizanidine (DS103-282). In: Conrad B, Benecke R, Bauer HJ eds. Die klinische Wertung der Spastizitat. Stuttgart: Schattauer Verlag, 1984.
39. Hoogstraten MC, Van der Ploeg RJO, Vreeling A et al. Tizanidine versus baclofen in the treatment of spasticity in multiple sclerosis patients. Acta Neuro Scand 1988; 77: 224-30.
40. United Kingdom Tizanidine Trial Group. A double-blind, placebo-controlled trial of Tizanidine in the treatment of spasticity caused by multiple sclerosis. Neurology 1994; 44 (suppl. 9): S70-8.
41. Dall JT, Harmon RL, Quinn CM. The use of clonidine for treatment of spasticity arising from various forms of brain injury: a case series. Br Inj 1996; 10: 453-8.
42. Simpson RK, Gondo M, Robertson CS, Goodman JC. The influence of glycine and related compounds on spinal cord injury induced spasticity. Neurochem Res 1995; 20: 1203-10.
43. Lee A, Patterson V. A double-blind study of L-threonine in patients with spinal spasticity. Acta Neurol Scand 1993, 88: 334-8.
44. Petro DJ, Ellenberger C. Treatment of human spasticity with delta-9-tetrahydrocannabinol. J Clin Pharmacol 1981; 21: 413-6.
45. Zachariah SB, Borges EF, Varghese R et al. Positive response to oral divalproexsodium (Depakote) in patients with spasticity and pain. Am J Med Sci 1994; 308: 38-40.
46. Casale R, Glynn CJ, Buonocore M. Reduction of spastic hypertonia in patients with spinal cord injury: a double-blind comparison of intravenous orphenadine citrate and placebo. Arch Phys Med Rehab 1995; 76: 660-5.
47. Khalili AA, Harmel MH, Forster S, Benton JG. Management of spasticity in selective peripheral nerve block with dilute phenol solutions in clinical rehabilitation. Arch Phys Med Rehab 1964; 45: 513-9.
48. Skeil DA, Barnes MP. The local treatment of spasticity. Clin Rehab 1994; 8: 240-6.
49. Barnes MP The local treatment of spasticity. Bailliere's Clin Neurol 1993; 2.
50. Hesse S, Luke D, Malezic M et al. Botulinum toxin treatment for lower limb extensor spasticity in chronic hemiparetic patients. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 1994; 57: 1321-4.
51. Dunne JW, Haye N, Dunne SL. Treatment of chronic limb spasticity with botulinum toxin A. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 1995; 58 232-5.
52. Grazko MA, Polo KB, Jabbari B. Botulinum A for spasticity, muscle spasms and rigidity. Neurology 1995; 45: 712-7.
53. Simpson DM, Alexander DN, O'Brien CF et al. Botulinum toxin type A in the treatment of upper extremity spasticity: a randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial. Neurology 1996; 46: 1306-10.
54. Cosgrove VAD, Corry YS, Graham HK. Botulinum toxin and management of lower limb in cerebral palsy. Dev Med Child Neurol 1994; 36: 386-96.
55. Penn RD, Kroin JS. Intrathecal baclofen alleviates spinal cord spasticity. Lancet 1984; i: 1078.
56. Teddy PJ. Implants for spasticity. Bailliere's Clin Neurol 1995; 4: 95-114.
57. Azouvi P, Mane M, Thiebaut JB et al. Intrathecal baclofen administration for control of severe spinal spasticity: functional improvement and long term follow-up. Arch Phys Med Rehabil 1996; 77: 35-9.
58. Ochs G, Strappler A, Meyerson BA et al. Intrathecal baclofen for long term treatment of spasticity: a multi-centre study. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 1989; 52: 933-9.
59. Kelly RE, Gautier-Smith PC. Intrathecal phenol in the treatment of reflex spasms and spasticity. Lancet 1959; ii: 1102-5.
60. Iwatsubo E, Okada E, Takehara T. Selective intrathecal phenol block to improve activities of daily living in patients with spastic quadriplegia. A preliminary report. Paraplegia 1994; 32: 489-92.
61. Hendricks-Ferguson VL, Ortman MR. Selective dorsal rhizotomy to decrease spasticity in cerebral palsy. AORN J 1995; 61: 514-8.
62. Peter JC, Arens LJ. Selective posterior lumbo-sacral rhizotomy in teenagers and young adults with spastic cerebral palsy. Br J Neurosurg 1994; 8: 135-9.
63. Sindou M, Jean Monod D. Microsurgical DREZ-otomy for the treatment of spasticity and pain in the lower limbs. Neurosurgery 1989; 24: 655-69.
64. Sindou M. Microsurgical DREZ-otomy (MDT) for pain, spasticity and hyperactive bladder: a 20 year experience. Acta Neurochirurgica 1995; 137: 1-5.
65. Kasdon DL. Lathi ES. A prospective study of radio-frequency rhizotomy in the treatment of post-traumatic spasticity. Neurosurgery 1984; 15: 526-9.
66. Barolat G, Singh-Sahni K, Staas WE et al. Epidural spinal cord stimulation in the management of spasms in spinal cord injury: a prospective study. Stererotact Funct Neurosurg 1995; 64: 153-64.
67. Dhawlikar SH, Root L, Mann RL. Distal lengthening of the hamstrings in patients who have cerebral palsy. A long term retrospective analysis. J Bone Joint Surg Series A 1992; 74: 1385-91.
68. Moreau M, Cook PC, Ashton B. Adductor and psoas release for subluxation of the hip in children with spastic cerebral palsy. J Pediat Orthop 1995; 15: 672-6.
69. Keenan MA, Ahearn R, Lazarus M, Perry J. Selective release of spastic elbow flexors in patients with brain injury. J Head Trauma Rehabil 1996; 11: 57-68.
70. Pinzur MS. Carpectomy and fusion in adult acquired hand spasticity. Orthopedics 1996; 19: 675-7.
71. Roth JH, O'Grady SE, Richards RS, Porte AM. Functional outcome of upper limb tendon transfers performed in children with spastic hemiplegia. J Hand Surg [Br] 1993; 18: 299-303.