Thyroid hormone receptor gene knockouts

Trends in Endocrinology and Metabolism

Volumn 9, Issue 3, 1998, Pages 103-112

  Hsu, Jung Hsin ^a   Brent, Gregory A ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA   (United States)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

THYROID HORMONE;

BRADYCARDIA; GENE ACTIVATION; GENE EXPRESSION; GENE STRUCTURE; GOITER; GROWTH DISORDER; HUMAN; HYPERTHYROIDISM; HYPOACUSIS; HYPOTHYROIDISM; NONHUMAN; PHENOTYPE; PRIORITY JOURNAL; REVIEW; TISSUE DISTRIBUTION;

EID: 0031958293     PISSN: 10432760     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1016/S1043-2760(98)00026-5     Document Type: Article

References (98)

1. Abi EO, Bord S, Horner A, Chatterjee VKK, Compston JE The expression of thyroid hormone receptors in human bone. Bone. 21:1997;137-142.
2. Allain TJ, Yen PM, Flanagan AM, McGregor AM The isoform-specific expression of the tri-iodothyronine receptor in osteoblasts and osteoclasts. Eur J Clin Invest. 26:1996;18-25.
3. Baker RK, Lyons GE Embryonic stem cells and in vitro muscle development. Curr Top Dev Biol. 33:1996;263-278.
4. Banker DE, Bigler J, Eisenman RN The thyroid hormone receptor gene (c-erbAa) is expressed in advance of thyroid gland maturation during the early embryonic development of Xenopus laevis. Mol Cell Biol. 11:1991;5079-5089.
5. Barlow C, Meister B, Lardelli M, Lendahl U, Vennström B Thyroid abnormalities and hepatocellular carcinoma in mice transgenic for v-erbA. EMBO. J 13:1994;4241-4250.
6. Beck-Peccoz P, Chatterjee VKK The variable clinical phenotype in thyroid hormone resistance syndrome. Thyroid. 4:1994;225-231.
7. Beck-Peccoz P, Chatterjee VKK, Chin WWet al. Nomenclature of thyroid hormone receptor β gene mutations in resistance to thyroid hormone. Thyroid. 4:1994;135-137.
8. Berry MJ, Larsen PR The role of selenium in thyroid hormone action. Endocr Rev. 13:1992;207-219.
9. Bigler J, Eisenman RN c-erbA encodes multiple proteins in chicken erythroid cells. Mol Cell Biol. 8:1988;4155-4161.
10. Bodenner DL, Mroczynski MA, Weintraub BD, Radovick S, Wondisford FE A detailed functional and structural analysis of a major thyroid hormone inhibitory element in the human thyrotropin β-subunit gene. J Biol Chem. 266:1991;21666-21673.
11. Bradley DJ, Towle HC, Young III WS Spatial and temporal expression of α- and β-thyroid hormone receptors mRNAs, including the β2-subtype, in the developing mammalian central nervous system. J Neurosci. 12:1992;2288-2302.
12. Bradley DJ, Towle HC, Young III WS α and β thyroid hormone receptor (TR) gene expression during auditory neurogenesis: evidence for TR isoform-specific transcriptional regulation in vivo. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA. 91:1994;439-443.
13. Breen JJ, Matsuura T, Ross AC, Gurr JA Regulation of thyroid-stimulating hormone β-subunit and growth hormone messenger ribonucleic acid levels in the rat: effect of vitamin A status. Endocrinology. 136:1995;543-549.
14. Brent GA The molecular basis of thyroid hormone action. New Engl J Med. 331:1994;847-853.
15. 3). In Conn PM, Melmed S, eds. Endocrinology: Basic and Clinical Principles. Totowa, N. J., Humana Press, pp 291-306.
16. Brent GA, Harney JW, Moore DD, Larsen PR Multihormonal regulation of the human, rat, and bovine growth hormone promoters: differential effects of 3′,5′-cyclic adenosine monophosphate, thyroid hormone, and glucocorticoids. Mol Endocrinol. 2:1988;792-798.
17. 3-inducible promoters and blocks activity of the retinoic acid receptor. New Biol. 1:1989;329-336.
18. Brent GA, Moore DD, Larsen PR Thyroid hormone regulation of gene expression. Annu Rev Physiol. 53:1991;17-35.
19. Bruckner-Davis F, Skarulis MC, Grace MBet al. Genetic and clinical feature of 42 kindreds with resistance to thyroid hormone. Ann Intern Med. 123:1995;572-583.
20. Carr FE, Wong NCW Characteristics of a negative thyroid hormone response element. J Biol Chem. 269:1994;4175-4179.
21. Cattini PA, Anderson TR, Baxter JD, Mellon P, Eberhardt NL The human growth hormone gene is negatively regulated by triiodothyronine when transfected into rat pituitary tumor cells. J Biol Chem. 261:1986;13367-13372.
22. Chassande O, Fraichard A, Gauthier Ket al. Identification of transcripts initiated from an internal promoter in the c-erbAa locus that encode inhibitors of retinoic acid receptor-α and triiodothyronine receptor activities. Mol Endocrinol. 11:1997;1278-1290.
23. Chatterjee VKK, Tata JR Thyroid hormone receptors and their role in development. Cancer Surv. 14:1992;147-167.
24. Chin WW, Carr FE, Burnside J, Darling DS Thyroid hormone regulation of thyrotropin gene expression. Rec Prog Horm Res. 48:1993;393-414.
25. Damm K, Thompson CC, Evans RM Protein encoded by v-erbA functions as a thyroid-hormone receptor antagonist. Nature. 339:1989;593-597.
26. Davis PJ, Davis FB Nongenomic actions of thyroid hormone. Thyroid. 6:1996;497-504.
27. Disela C, Glineur C, Bugge Tet al. v-erbA overexpression is required to extinguish c-erbA function in erythroid cell differentiation and regulation of the erbA target gene CAII. Genes Dev. 5:1991;2033-2047.
28. Forrest D, Hallbook F, Persson H, Vennström B Distinct functions for thyroid hormone receptors α and β in brain development indicated by differential expression of receptor genes. EMBO. J 10:1991;269-275.
29. Forrest D, Erway LC, Ng L, Altschuler R, Curran T Thyroid hormone receptor beta is essential for development of auditory function. Nat Genet. 13:1996;354-357.
30. Forrest D, Hanebuth E, Smeyne RJet al. Recessive resistance to thyroid hormone in mice lacking thyroid hormone receptor beta: evidence for tissue-specific modulation of receptor function. EMBO. J 15:1996;3006-3015.
31. Fraichard A, Chassande O, Plateroti Met al. The T3Rα gene encoding a thyroid hormone receptor is essential for post-natal development and thyroid hormone production. EMBO. J 16:1997;4412-4420.
32. Glass CK Differential recognition of target genes by nuclear receptor monomers, dimers, and heterodimers. Endocr Rev. 15:1994;391-407.
33. Glass CK Some new twists in the regulation of gene expression by thyroid hormone and retinoic acid receptors. J Endocrinol. 150:1996;349-357.
34. Graf T, Beug H Role of the v-erbA and v-erbB oncogenes of avian erythroblastosis virus in erythroid cell transformation. Cell. 34:1983;7-9.
35. Hasty P, Ramirez-Solis R, Krumlauf R, Bradley A Introduction of a subtle mutation into the Hox-2.6 locus in embryonic stem cells. Nature. 350:1991;243-246.
36. Hauser PH, Zametkin AJ, Martinez Pet al. Attention deficit-hyperactivity disorder in people with generalized resistance to thyroid hormone. New Engl J Med. 328:1993;997-1001.
37. Hayashi Y, Janssen OE, Weiss RE, Murata Y, Seo H, Refetoff S The relative expression of mutant and normal thyroid hormone receptor genes in patients with generalized resistance to thyroid hormone determined by estimation of their specific messenger ribonucleic acid products. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 76:1993;64-69.
38. Hayashi Y, Weiss RE, Sarne DHet al. Do clinical manifestations of resistance to thyroid hormone correlate with the functional alteration of the corresponding mutant thyroid hormone-beta receptors? J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 80:1995;3246-3256.
39. Hayashi Y, Mangoura D, Refetoff A A mouse model of resistance to thyroid hormone produced by somatic gene transfer of a mutant thyroid hormone receptor. Mol Endocrinol. 10:1996;100-106.
40. Hodin RA, Lazar MA, Wintman BIet al. Identification of a thyroid hormone receptor that is pituitary-specific. Science. 244:1989;76-79.
41. Hodin RA, Meng S, Chamberlain SM Thyroid hormone reponsiveness is developmentally regulated in the rat small intestine: a possible role for the alpha-2 receptor variant. Endocrinology. 135:1994;564-568.
42. Hollenberg AN, Monden T, Flynn TR, Boers M-E, Cohen O, Wondisford FE The human thyrotropin-releasing hormone gene is regulated by thyroid hormone through two distinct classes of negative thyroid response elements. Mol Endocrinol. 9:1995;540-550.
43. Jameson JL Editorial: thyroid hormone resistance: pathophysiology at the molecular level. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 74:1992;708-711.
44. Jannini EA, Mitsuhashi T, Nikodem VM Developmental expression of mRNAs from a rat c-erbA genomic locus. Biochem Biophys Res Commun. 184:1992;739-745.
45. Keller GM In vitro differentiation of embryonic stem cells. Curr Opin Cell Biol. 7:1995;862-869.
46. Kimura S, Hara Y, Pineau Tet al. The T/ebp null mouse: thyroid-specific enhancer-binding protein is essential for the organogenesis of the thyroid, lung, ventral forebrain, and pituitary. Genes Dev. 10:1996;60-69.
47. Kuhn R, Schwenk F, Aguet M, Rajewsky K Inducible gene targeting in mice. Science. 269:1995;1427-1429.
48. Larsen PR Maternal thyroxine and congenital hypothyroidism. New Engl J Med. 321:1989;44-46.
49. Lazar MA Thyroid hormone receptors: multiple forms, multiple possibilities. Endocr Rev. 14:1993;270-279.
50. Lazar MA, Hodin RA, Darling DS, Chin WW A novel member of the thyroid/steroid hormone receptor family is encoded by the opposite strand of the rat c-erbAalpha transcriptional unit. Mol Cell Biol. 9:1989;1128-1136.
51. Lazar MA, Hodin RA, Cardona GR, Chin WW Gene expression from the c-erbAα/ Rev-ErbAa genomic locus: potential regulation of alternative splicing by complementary transcripts from opposite DNA strands. J Biol Chem. 265:1990;12859-12863.
52. Lee L-R, Mortensen RM, Larson CA, Brent GA Thyroid hormone receptor-α inhibits retinoic acid-responsive gene expression and modulates retinoic acid-stimulated neural differentiation in mouse embryonic stem cells. Mol Endocrinol. 8:1994;746-756.
53. Leonard JL, Farwell AP Thyroid-hormone-regulated actin polymerization in the brain. Thyroid. 7:1997;147-151.
54. Lezoualc'h F, Hassan AHS, Giraud P, Loeffler J-P, Lee SL, Demeneix BA Assignment of the β-thyroid hormone receptor to 3,5,3′-triiodothyronine-dependent inhibition of transcription from the thyrotropin-releasing hormone promoter in chick hypothalamus neurons. Mol Endocrinol. 6:1992;1797-1804.
55. Machuca I, Esslemont G, Fairclough L, Tata JR Analysis of structure and expression of the Xenopus thyroid hormone receptor-beta gene to explain its autoinduction. Mol Endocrinol. 9:1995;96-107.
56. Majzoub JA, Muglia LJ Molecular medicine: knockout mice. New Engl J Med. 334:1996;904-907.
57. Mandel SJ, Brent GA, Larsen PR Levothyroxine therapy in patients with thyroid disease. Ann Intern Med. 119:1993;492-502.
58. 3 response element-dependent dominant negative potency. J Clin Invest. 92:1993;1986-1993.
59. Mellstrom B, Naranjo JR, Santos A, Gonzalez AM, Bernal J Independent expression of the alpha and beta c-erbA genes in developing rat brain. Mol Endocrinol. 5:1991;1339-1350.
60. Mitsuhashi T, Nikodem VM Regulation of expression of the alternative mRNAs of the rat α-thyroid hormone receptor gene. J Biol Chem. 264:1989;8900-8904.
61. 3 receptor alleles in kindreds with generalized resistance to thyroid hormone. J Clin Invest. 91:1993;2296-2300.
62. Olson EN, Arnold HH, Rigby PWJ, Wold BJ Know your neighbors: three phenotypes in null mutants of the myogenic bHLH gene MRF4. Cell. 85:1996;1-4.
63. Oppenheimer JH, Schwartz HL Molecular basis of thyroid hormone-dependent brain development. Endocr Rev. 18:1997;462-475.
64. Palacios R, Golunski E, Samaridis J In vitro generation of hematopoietic stem cells from an embryonic stem cell line. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA. 92:1995;7530-7534.
65. Porterfield SP, Hendrich CE The role of thyroid hormones in prenatal and neonatal neurological development: current perspectives. Endocr Rev. 14:1993;94-106.
66. Refetoff S, DeWind LT, DeGroot LJ Familial syndrome combining deaf-mutism, stippled epiphyses, goiter, and abnormally high PBI: possible target organ refractoriness to thyroid hormone. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 27:1967;279-294.
67. Refetoff S, Weiss RE, Usala SJ The syndromes of resistance to thyroid hormone. Endocr Rev. 14:1993;348-399.
68. Rivkees SA, Bode HH, Crawford JD Long-term growth in juvenile acquired hypothyroidism. New Engl J Med. 318:1988;599-602.
69. Safer JD, Langlois MF, Cohen Ret al. Isoform variable action among thyroid hormone receptor mutants provides insight into pituitary resistance to thyroid hormone. Mol Endocrinol. 11:1997;16-26.
70. Sakurai A, Nakai A, DeGroot LJ Structural analysis of human thyroid hormone receptor β gene. Mol Cell Endocrinol. 71:1990;83-91.
71. Samarut J Control of the differentiation commitment by nuclear hormone receptors in chicken erythrocytic progenitor cells. Curr Top Microbiol Immunol. 212:1996;163-173.
72. Samuels HH, Forman BM, Horowitz ZD, Ye Z-S Regulation of gene expression by thyroid hormone. J Clin Invest. 81:1988;957-967.
73. Sandhofer CR, Forrest D, Schwartz HL, Oppenheimer JH Apparent lack of effect of thyroid hormone receptor β (TRβ) knockout on Purkinje cell-specific protein (PCP2) and myelin basic protein (MBP) [abst]. Thyroid. 6(suppl 1):1996;S32.
74. 3. Mol Endocrinol. 4:1990;227-234.
75. Schwartz HL, Strait KA, Ling NC, Oppenheimer JH Quantitation of rat tissue thyroid hormone binding receptor isoforms by immunoprecipitation of nuclear triiodothyronine binding capacity. J Biol Chem. 267:1992;11794-11799.
76. Schwartz HL, Lazar MA, Oppenheimer JH Widespread distribution of immunoreactive thyroid hormone beta 2 receptor (TRbeta 2) in the nuclei of extrapituitary rat tissues. J Biol Chem. 269:1994;24777-24782.
77. Sjoberg M, Vennström B, Forrest D Thyroid hormone receptors in chick retinal development: differential expression of mRNAs for α and N-terminal variant β receptors. Development. 114:1992;39-47.
78. Solomon BL, Wartofsky L, Burman KD Prevalence of fractures in postmenopausal women with thyroid disease. Thyroid. 3:1993;17-23.
79. St Germain DL, Galton VA The de-iodinase family of selenoproteins. Thyroid. 7:1997;655-668.
80. Strait KA, Zou L, Oppenheimer JH β1 isoform-specific regulation of a triiodothyronine-induced gene during cerebellar development. Mol Endocrinol. 6:1992;1874-1880.
81. Suzuki S, Miyamoto T, Opsahl A, Sakurai A, DeGroot LJ Two thyroid hormone response elements are present in the promoter of human thyroid hormone receptor β1. Mol Endocrinol. 8:1994;305-314.
82. Tata JR, Baker BS, Machuca I, Rabelo EML, Yamauchi K Autoinduction of nuclear receptor genes and its significance. J Steroid Biochem Mol Biol. 46:1993;105-119.
83. Wagner RL, Apriletti JW, McGrath ME, West BL, Baxter JD, Fletterick RJ A structural role for hormone in the thyroid hormone receptor. Nature. 378:1995;690-697.
84. Weiss MJ, Orkin SH In vitro differentiation of murine embryonic stem cells: new approaches to old problems. J Clin Invest. 97:1996;591-595.
85. Weiss RE, Refetoff S Effect of thyroid hormone on growth: lessons from the syndrome of resistance to thyroid hormone. Endocrinol Metab Clin North Am. 25:1996;719-730.
86. Weiss RE, Forrest D, Pohlenz J, Cua K, Curran T, Refetoff S Thyrotropin regulation by thyroid hormone in thyroid hormone receptor β-deficient mice. Endocrinology. 138:1997;3624-3629.
87. Wilkstrom, L, Johansson, C, Salto' C, et al. 1998. Abnormal heart rate and body temperature in mice lacking thyroid hormone receptor α1. EMBO J 17:455-461.
88. Williams GR, Brent GA: 1995. Thyroid hormone response elements. In Weintraub B., ed. Molecular Endocrinology: Basic Concepts and Clinical Correlations. New York, Raven Press, pp 217-239.
89. 3, and retinoid signaling. Endocrinology. 135:1994;2375-2385.
90. 3 and thyroid hormone in three osteosarcoma cell lines. Endocrinology. 136:1995;4304-4314.
91. Wong R, Vasilyev VV, Ting Y-Tet al. Transgenic mice bearing a human mutant thyroid hormone β1 receptor manifest thyroid function anomalies, weight reduction and hyperactivity. Mol Med. 3:1997;303-314.
92. Wood WM, Dowding JM, Haugen BR, Bright TM, Gordon DF, Ridgway EC Structural and functional characterization of the genomic locus encoding the murine beta2 thyroid hormone receptor. Mol Endocrinol. 8:1994;1605-1617.
93. Xue-Yi C, Xin-Min J, Zhi-Hong Det al. Timing of vulnerability of the brain to iodine deficiency in endemic cretinism. New Engl J Med. 331:1994;1739-1744.
94. Yaoita Y, Brown DD Correlation of thyroid hormone receptor gene expression with amphibian metamorphosis. Genes Dev. 4:1990;1917-1924.
95. Yaoita Y, Shi YB, Brown DD Xenopus laevis α and β thyroid hormone receptors. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA. 87:1990;7090-7094.
96. Yen PM, Chin WW New advances in understanding the molecular mechanisms of thyroid hormone action. Trends Endocrinol Metab. 5:1994;65-72.
97. Zavacki AM, Harney JW, Brent GA, Larsen PR Dominant negative inhibition by mutant thyroid hormone receptors is thyroid hormone response element and receptor isoform specific. Mol Endocrinol. 7:1993;1319-1330.
98. Zenke M, Munoz A, Sap J, Vennström Beug B v-erbA oncogene activation entails the loss of hormone-dependent regulator activity of c-erbA. Cell. 61:1990;1035-1049.