Manipulation of gene expression in the mammalian nervous system: Application in the study of neurite outgrowth and neuroregeneration-related proteins

Brain Research Reviews

Volumn 26, Issue 1, 1998, Pages 43-71

  Holtmaat, Anthony J G D ^a   Oestreicher, A Beate ^b   Gispen, Willem Hendrik ^b   Verhaagen, Joost ^a  

^a Amsterdam University Medical Center   (Netherlands)

^b UNIVERSITY MEDICAL CENTER UTRECHT   (Netherlands)

Author keywords

Axon guidance; Knockout mouse; Neurite outgrowth; Neuronal regeneration; Transgenic mouse; Viral vector

Indexed keywords

CYTOSKELETON PROTEIN; NEUROTROPHIN;

CELL SURVIVAL; GENE EXPRESSION; GENE TECHNOLOGY; HUMAN; KNOCKOUT MOUSE; MAMMAL; NERVE FIBER GROWTH; NERVE REGENERATION; NEUROBIOLOGY; NONHUMAN; PRIORITY JOURNAL; PROTEIN EXPRESSION; REVIEW; TRANSGENIC MOUSE;

ANIMALS; GENE EXPRESSION; HUMANS; NERVE REGENERATION; NERVE TISSUE PROTEINS; NERVOUS SYSTEM; NERVOUS SYSTEM PHYSIOLOGY; NEURITES;

EID: 0031958012     PISSN: 01650173     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1016/S0165-0173(97)00044-1     Document Type: Review

References (333)

1. Aigner L., Caroni P. Depletion of 43-kD growth-associated protein in primary sensory neurons leads to diminished formation and spreading growth cones. J. Cell Biol. 123:1993;417-429.
2. Aigner L., Caroni P. Absence of persistent spreading, branching, and adhesion in GAP-43-depleted growth cones. J. Cell Biol. 128:1995;647-660.
3. Aigner L., Arber S., Kapfhammer J.P., Laux T., Schneider C., Botteri F., Brenner H.-R., Caroni P. Overexpression of the neural growth associated protein GAP-43 induces nerve sprouting in the adult nervous system of transgenic mice. Cell. 83:1995;269-278.
4. Airaksinen M.S., Kolzenburg M., Lewin G.R., Masu Y., Helbig C., Wolf E., Brem G., Toyka K.V., Thoenen H., Meyer M. Specific subtypes of cutaneous mechanoreceptors require neurotrophin-3 following peripheral target innervation. Neuron. 16:1996;287-295.
5. Akers R.F., Routtenberg A. Protein kinase C phosphorylates a 47 Mr protein (F1) directly related to synaptic plasticity. Brain Res. 334:1985;147-151.
6. Akli S., Caillaud C., Vigne E., Stratford-Pericaudet L.D., Poenaru L., Perricaudet M., Kahn A., Peschanski M.R. Transfer of a foreign gene into the brain using adenovirus vectors. Nature Genet. 3:1993;224-228.
7. Albers K.M., Wright D.E., Davis B.M. Overexpression of nerve growth factor in epidermis of transgenic mice causes hypertrophy of the peripheral nervous system. J. Neurosci. 14:1994;1422-1432.
8. Albers K.M., Perrone T.N., Goodness T.P., Jones M.E., Green M.A., Davis B.M. Cutaneous overexpression of NT-3 increases sensory and sympathetic neuron number and enhances touch dome and hair follicle innervation. J. Cell Biol. 134:1996;487-497.
9. Allen N.D., Cran D.G., Barton S.C., Hettle S., Reik W., Surani M.A.H. Transgenes as probes for active chromosomal domains in the mouse development. Nature. 333:1988;852-855.
10. Aloyo V.J., Zwiers H., Gispen W.H. Phosphorylation of B-50 protein by calcium-activated, phospholipid-dependent protein kinase and B-50 protein kinase. J. Neurochem. 41:1983;649-653.
11. Andersen J., Garber D., Meaney C., Breakefield X. Gene transfer into mammalian central nervous system using herpes virus vectors: extended expression of bacterial lacz in neurons using the neuron-specific enolase promoter. Hum. Gene Ther. 3:1992;487-499.
12. Andreasen T.J., Luetje C.W., Heideman W., Storm D.R. Purification of a novel calmodulin binding protein from bovine cerebral cortex. Biochemistry. 22:1983;4615-4618.
13. Ang H.L., Carter D.A., Murphy D. Neuron-specific expression and physiological regulation of bovine vasopressin transgenes in mice. EMBO J. 12:1993;2397-2409.
14. Antonicek H., Persohn E., Schachner M. Biochemical and functional characterisation of a novel neuron-glia adhesion molecule that is involved in neuronal migration. J. Cell Biol. 104:1987;1587-1595.
15. Arenas E., Persson H. Neurotrophin-3 prevents the death of adult central noradrenergic neurons in vivo. Nature. 367:1994;368-375.
16. Baetge E.E., Hammang J.P. Neurite outgrowth in PC12 cells deficient in GAP-43. Neuron. 6:1991;21-30.
17. Bajocchi G., Feldman S.H., Crystal R.G., Mastrangeli A. Direct in vivo gene transfer to ependymal cells in the central nervous system using recombinant adenovirus vectors. Nature Genet. 3:1993;229-234.
18. Baker R.E., Habets A.M.M.C., Brenner E., Corner M.A. Influence of growth medium, age in vitro and spontaneous bioelectric activity on the distribution of sensory ganglion-evoked activity in spinal cord explants. Dev. Brain Res. 5:1982;329-341.
19. Baker H., Grillo M., Margolis F.L. Biochemical and immunocytochemical characterization of olfactory marker protein in the rodent central nervous system. J. Comp. Neurol. 185:1989;246-261.
20. Banerjee S.A., Hoppe P., Brilliant M., Chikaraishi D.M. 5′ Flanking sequences of the rat tyrosine hydroxylase gene target accurate tissue-specific developmental, and transsynaptic expression in transgenic mice. J. Neurosci. 12:1992;4460-4467.
21. Baudier J., Deloulme J.C., Van Dorsselaer A., Black D., Matthes H.W. Purification and characterization of a brain-specific protein kinase C substrate, neurogranin (p17). Identification of a consensus amino acid sequence between neurogranin and neuromodulin (GAP43) that corresponds to the protein kinase C phosphorylation site and the calmodulin-binding domain. J. Biol. Chem. 266:1991;229-237.
22. Beaudet L., Charron G., Houle D., Tretjakoff I., Peterson A., Julien J.P. Intragenic regulatory elements contribute to transcriptional control of the neurofilament light gene. Gene. 116:1992;205-214.
23. Behar O., Golden J.A., Mashimo H., Schoen F.J., Fishman M.C. Semaphorin III is needed for normal patterning and growth of nerves, bones and heart. Nature. 383:1996;525-528.
24. Behringer R.R., Hammer R.E., Brinster R.L., Palmiter R.D., Townes T.M. Two 3′ sequences direct adult erythroid-specific expression of human β-globin genes in transgenic mice. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA. 84:1987;7056-7060.
25. Bendotti C., Vezzani A., Tarizzo G., Samanin R. Increased expression of GAP-43, somatostatin and neuropeptide Y mRNA in the hippocampus during development of hippocampal kindling in rats. Eur. J. Neurosci. 5:1993;1312-1320.
26. Bennet J., Tanabe T., Sun D., Zeng Y., Kjeldbye H., Gouras P., Maguire A.M. Photoreceptor cell rescue in retinal degeneration (rd) mice by in vivo gene therapy. Nature Med. 2:1996;649-654.
27. Benowitz L.I., Shashoua V.E., Yoon M.G. Specific changes in rapidly transported proteins during regeneration of thegoldfish optic nerve. J. Neurosci. 1:1981;300-307.
28. Benowitz L.I., Apostolides P.J., Perrone-Bizzozero N., Finkelstein S.P., Zwiers H. Anatomical distributions of the growth-associated protein GAP43/B50 in the adult rat brain. J. Neurosci. 8:1988;339-352.
29. Biffo S., Verhaagen J., Schrama L.H., Schotman P., Danho W., Margolis F.L. B-50/GAP-43 expression correlates with process outgrowth in the embryonic mouse nervous system. Eur. J. Neurosci. 2:1990;487-499.
30. Bothwell M. Functional interactions of neurotrophins and neurotrophin receptors. Annu. Rev. Neurosci. 18:1995;223-253.
31. Brenner M., Kisseberth W.C., Su Y., Bernard F., Messing A. GFAP promoter directs astrocyte-specific expression in transgenic mice. J. Neurosci. 14:1994;1030-1037.
32. Brinster R.L., Chen H.Y., Trumbauer M.E., Senear A.W., Warren R., Palmiter R.D. Somatic expression of herpes thymidine kinase in mice following injection of a fusion gene into eggs. Cell. 27:1981;223-231.
33. Brinster R.L., Chen H.Y., Trumbauer M.E., Yagle M.K., Palmiter R.D. Factors affecting the efficiency of introducing foreign DNA into mice by microinjecting eggs. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA. 82:1985;4438-4442.
34. Brinster R.L., Allen J.M., Behringer R.R., Gelinas R.E., Palmiter R.D. Introns increase transcriptional efficiency in transgenic mice. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA. 85:1988;836-840.
35. Brugg B., Reddy D., Matus A. Attenuation of microtubule-associated protein 1B expression by antisense oligodeoxynucleotides inhibits initiation of neurite outgrowth. Neuroscience. 52:1993;489-496.
36. Byrnes A.P., Rusby J.E., Wood M.J.A., Charlton H.M. Adenovirus gene transfer causes inflammation in the brain. Neuroscience. 66:1995;1015-1024.
37. Byrnes A.P., MacLaren R.E., Charlton H.M. Immunological instability of persistent adenovirus vectors in the brain: peripheral exposure to vector leads to renewed inflammation, reduced gene expression, and demyelination. J. Neurosci. 16:1996;3045-3055.
38. Caceres A., Kosik K.S. Inhibition of neurite polarity by tau antisense oligonucleotides in primary cerebellar neurons. Nature. 343:1990;461-463.
39. Caceres A., Mautino J., Kosik K.S. Suppression of MAP2 in cultured cerebellar macroneurons inhibits minor neurite formation. Neuron. 9:1992;607-618.
40. Capecchi M.R. Altering the genome by homologous recombination. Science. 244:1989;1288-1292.
41. Caroni P. Overexpression of growth-associated proteins in the neurons of adult transgenic mice. J. Neurosci. Methods. 71:1997;3-10.
42. Caroni P., Schwab M.E. Two membrane protein fractions from rat central myelin with inhibitory properties for neurite growth and fibroblast spreading. J. Cell Biol. 106:1988;1281-1288.
43. Carpenter E.M., Goddard J.M., Chisaka O., Manley N., Capecchi M.R. Loss of Hox-A1 (Hox-1.6) function results in the reorganization of the murine hindbrain. Development. 118:1993;1063-1077.
44. Caroll S.L., Schweitzer J.B., Holtzman D.M., Miller M.L., Sclar G.M., Milbrandt J. Elements in the 5′ flanking sequences of the mouse low affinity NGF receptor gene direct appropriate CNS, but not PNS, expression in transgenic mice. J. Neurosci. 15:1995;3342-3356.
45. Castel-Barthe M.N., Poindessous F.J., Barneoud P., Vigne E., Revah F., Mallet J., Lamour Y. Direct intracerebral nerve growth factor gene transfer using a recombinant adenovirus: effect on basal forebrain cholinergic neurons during aging. Neurobiol. Dis. 3:1996;76-86.
46. Chada K., Magram J., Raphael K., Radice G., Lacy E., Costantini F. Specific expression of a foreign beta-globin gene in erythroid cells of transgenic mice. Nature. 314:1985;377-380.
47. Chao M.V., Hempstead B.L. p75 and Trk: a two-receptor system. Trends Neurosci. 18:1995;321-326.
48. Charron G., Julien J.P., Bibor-Hardy V. Neuron specificity of the neurofilament light promoter in transgenic mice requires the presence of DNA unwinding elements. J. Biol. Chem. 270:1995;25739-25745.
49. Cheng H.-J., Nakamoto M., Bergemann A.D., Flanagan J.G. Complementary gradients in expression and binding of ELF-1 and Mek4 in development of the topographic retinotectal projection map. Cell. 82:1995;371-381.
50. Chiocca A.E., Choi B.B., Cai W., DeLuca N.A., Schaffer P.A., DeFiglia M., Breakefield X.O., Martuzza R.L. Transfer and expression of the lacZ gene in rat brain neurons by herpes simplex virus mutants. New Biol. 2:1990;739-746.
51. Choi T., Huang M., Gorman C., Jaenisch R. A generic intron increases gene expression in transgenic mice. Mol. Cell. Biol. 11:1991;3070-3074.
52. Choi-Lundberg D.L., Lin Q., Chang Y.-N., Chiang Y.L., Hay C.M., Mohajeri H., Davidson B.L., Bohn M.C. Dopaminergic neurons protected from degeneration by GDNF gene therapy. Science. 275:1997;838-841.
53. Cimler B.M., Andreasen T.J., Andreasen K.I., Storm D.R. P-57 is a neural specific calmodulin-binding protein. J. Biol. Chem. 260:1985;10784-10788.
54. Cleveland D.W. Neuronal growth and death: order and disorder in the axoplasm. Cell. 84:1996;663-666.
55. Colamarino S.A., Tessier-Lavigne M. The axonal chemoattractant netrin-1 is also a chemorepellent for trochlear motor axons. Cell. 81:1995;621-629.
56. Cole J.S., Messing A., Trojanowski J.Q., Lee V.M.-Y. Modulation of axon diameter and neurofilaments by hypomyelinating Schwann cells in transgenic mice. J. Neurosci. 14:1994;6956-6966.
57. Collard J.F., Côté F., Julien J.P. Defective axonal transport in a transgenic mouse model of amyotrophic lateral sclerosis. Nature. 375:1995;61-64.
58. Colucci-D'Amato G.L., Santelli G., D'Alessio A., Chiappetta G., Mineo A., Manzo G., Vecchio G., De Franciscis V. Dbl expression driven by the neuron specific enolase promoter induces tumor formation in transgenic mice with a p53(±) genetic background. Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun. 216:1995;762-770.
59. Corbin J.G., Kelly D., Rath E.M., Baerwald K.D., Suzuki K., Popko B. Targeted CNS expression of interferon-γ in transgenic mice leads to hypomyelination, reactive gliosis, and abnormal cerebellar development. Mol. Cell. Neurosci. 7:1996;354-370.
60. Costantini F., Lacy E. Introduction of a rabbit beta-globin gene into the mouse germ line. Nature. 294:1981;92-94.
61. Côté F., Collard J.F., Julien J.P. Progressive neuronopathy in transgenic mice expressing the human neurofilament heavy gene: a mouse model of amyotrophic lateral sclerosis. Cell. 73:1993;35-46.
62. Cremer H., Lange R., Christoph A., Plomann M., Vopper G., Roes J., Brown R., Baldwin S., Kreamer P., Scheff S.et al. Inactivation of the N-CAM gene in mice results in size reduction of the olfactory bulb and deficits in spacial learning. Nature. 367:1994;455-459.
63. Crossin K.L., Hoffman S., Grumet M., Thiery J.-P., Edelman G.M. Site-restricted expression of cytotactin during development of the chicken embryo. J. Cell Biol. 102:1986;1917-1930.
64. Crowley C., Spencer S.D., Nishimura M.C., Chen K.S., Pitts-Meek S., Armanini M.P., Ling L.H., McMahon S.B., Shelton D.L., Levinson A.D., Phillips H.S. Mice lacking nerve growth factor display perinatal loss of sensory and sympathetic neurons yet develop basal forebrain cholinergic neurons. Cell. 76:1994;1001-1011.
65. Danciger D., Mettling C., Vidal M., Morris R., Margolis F. Olfactory marker protein gene: its structure and olfactory neuron-specific expression in transgenic mice. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA. 86:1989;8565-8569.
66. Dani J.W., Armstrong D.M., Benowitz L.I. Mapping the development of the rat brain by GAP-43 immunocytochemistry. Neuroscience. 40:1991;277-287.
67. Daubas P., Salmon A.M., Zoli M., Geoffroy B., Devillers-Thiery A., Bessis A., Medevielle F., Changeux J.P. Chicken neuronal acetylcholine receptor alpha 2-subunit gene exhibits neuron-specific expression in the brain and spinal cord of transgenic mice. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA. 90:1993;2237-2241.
68. David S., Aguayo A.J. Axonal elongation into peripheral nervous system 'bridges' after central nervous system injury in adult rats. Science. 214:1981;931-933.
69. Davidson B.L., Allen E.D., Kozarsky K.F., Wilson J.M., Roessler B.J. A model system for in vivo gene transfer into the CNS using an adenoviral vector. Nature Genet. 3:1993;219-223.
70. De Camilli P. Exocytosis goes with a SNAP. Nature. 364:1993;387-388.
71. De Graan P.N.E., Van Hooff C.O.M., Tilly B.C., Oestreicher A.B., Schotman P., Gispen W.H. Phophoprotein B-50 in neuronal growth cones from fetal rat brain. Neurosci. Lett. 61:1985;235-241.
72. Dekker L.V., De Graan P.N.E., Oestreicher A.B., Versteeg D.H.G., Gispen W.H. Inhibition of noradrenalin release by antibodies to B-50 (GAP43). Nature. 342:1989;74-76.
73. Dijkhuizen P.A., Hermens W.T.J.M.C., Teunis M.A.T., Verhaagen J. Adenoviral vector-directed expression of neurotrophin-3 in rat dorsal root ganglion explants results in a robust neurite outgrowth response. J. Neurobiol. 33:1997;172-184.
74. Doherty P., Walsh F.S. Signal transduction events underlying neurite outgrowth stimulated by cell adhesion molecules. Curr. Opin. Neurobiol. 4:1994;49-55.
75. Dolle P., Lufkin T., Krumlauf R., Mark M., Duboule D., Chambon P. Local alterations of Krox-20 and Hox gene expression in the hindbrain suggest loss of rhombomeres 4 and 5 in homozygote null Hoxa-1 (Hox-1.6) mutant embryos. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA. 90:1993;7666-7670.
76. Donovan D.M., Takemura M., O'Hara B.F., Brannock M.T., Uhl G.R. Preproenkephalin promoter 'cassette' confers brain expression and synaptic regulation in transgenic mice. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA. 89:1992;2345-2349.
77. Douhet P., Destrade C., Bucchini D., Calas A. Expression of a human insulin transgene in cholinergic neurons of the mouse medial habenula. Biol. Cell. 85:1995;137-146.
78. Drescher U., Kremoser C., Handwerker C., Löschinger J., Noda M., Bonhoeffer F. In vitro guidance of retinal ganglion cell axons by RAGS, a 25 kDa tectal protein related to ligands for Eph receptor tyrosine kinases. Cell. 82:1995;359-370.
79. During M.J., Naegele J.R., O'Malley K.L., Geller A.I. Long-term behavioral recovery in Parkinsonian rats by an HSV vector expressing tyrosine hydroxylase. Science. 266:1994;1399-1403.
80. Edelman G.M. Surface modulation in cell recognition and cell growth. Science. 192:1976;218-226.
81. Edelman G.M. Cell adhesion molecules in neural histogenesis. Annu. Rev. Physiol. 48:1986;417-430.
82. Edwards R.H., Rutter W.J., Hanahan D. Directed expression of NGF to pancreatic β cells in transgenic mice leads to selective hyperinnervation of the islets. Cell. 58:1989;161-170.
83. Ehlers M.D., Kaplan D.R., Price D.L., Koliatsos V.E. NGF-stimulated retrograde transport of trkA in the mammalian nervous system. J. Cell Biol. 130:1995;149-156.
84. Elder G.A., Liang Z., Lee N., Friedrich V.L. Jr., Lazzarini R.A. Novel DNA binding proteins participate in the regulation of human neurofilament H gene expression. Mol. Brain Res. 15:1992;85-98.
85. Ernfors P., Lee K.-F., Jeanisch R. Mice lacking brain-derived neurotrophic factor develop with sensory deficits. Nature. 386:1994;147-150.
86. Ernfors P., Lee K.-F., Kucera J., Jeanisch R. Lack of neurotrophin-3 leads to deficiencies in the peripheral nervous system and loss of limb proprioceptive afferents. Cell. 77:1994;503-512.
87. Eyer J., Peterson A. Neurofilament-deficient axons and perikaryal aggregates in viable transgenic mice expressing a neurofilament-β-galactosidase fusion protein. Neuron. 12:1994;389-405.
88. Faissner A., Kruse J. J1/tenascin is a repulsive substrate for central nervous system neurons. Neuron. 5:1990;627-637.
89. Fariñas I., Jones K.R., Backus C., Wang X.Y., Reichardt L.F. Severe sensory and sympathetic deficits in mice lacking neurotrophin-3. Nature. 369:1994;658-661.
90. Farlie P.G., Dringen R., Rees S.M., Kannourakis G., Bernard O. bcl-2 transgene expression can protect neurons against developmental and induced cell death. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA. 92:1995;4397-4401.
91. Feddersen R.M., Ehlenfeldt R., Yunis W.S., Clark H.B., Orr H.T. Disrupted cerebellar cortical development and progressive degeneration of Purkinje cells in SV40 T antigen transgenic mice. Neuron. 9:1992;955-966.
92. Federoff H.J., Geschwind M.G., Geller A.I., Kessler J.A. Expression of nerve growth factor in vivo from a defective herpes simplex virus prevents effects of axotomy on sympathetic ganglia. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA. 89:1992;1636-1640.
93. Ferreira A., Niclas J., Vale R.D., Banker G., Kosik K.S. Suppression of kinesin expression in cultured hippocampal neurons using antisense oligonucleotides. J. Cell Biol. 117:1992;595-606.
94. Ferreira A., Kosik K.S., Greengard P., Han H.Q. Abberant neurites and synaptic vesicle protein deficiency in synapsin II-depleted neurons. Science. 264:1994;977-979.
95. Fink D., Sternberg L., Weber P., Mata M., Goins W., Glorioso J. In vivo expression of beta-galactosidase in hippocampal neurons by HSV-1 mediated transfer. Hum. Gene Ther. 3:1992;11-19.
96. Fitzgerald M., Kwiat G.C., Middleton J., Pini A. Ventral spinal cord inhibition of neurite outgrowth from embryonic rat dorsal root ganglia. Development. 117:1993;1377-1384.
97. Forss-Petter S., Danielson P.E., Catsicas S., Battenberg E., Price J., Nerenberg M., Sutcliffe J.G. Transgenic mice expressing β-galactosidase in mature neurons under neuron-specific enolase promoter control. Neuron. 5:1990;187-197.
98. Friedrich V.L. Jr., Centor D., Chambers J., Arnheiter H., Lazzarini R.A. Expression of exogenous glycoprotein genes in oligodendrocytes of transgenic mice. Ann. New York Acad. Sci. 605:1990;262-269.
99. Friend W.C., Clapoff S., Landry C., Becker L.E., O'Hanlon D., Allore R.J., Brown I.R., Marks A., Roder J., Dunn R.J. Cell-specific expression of high levels of human S100β in transgenic mouse brain is dependent on gene dosage. J. Neurosci. 12:1992;4337-4346.
100. Games D., Adams D., Alessandri R., Barbour R., Berthelette P., Blackwell C., Carr T., Clemens J.et al. Alzheimer-type neuropathology in transgenic mmice overexpressing V717F β-amyloid precursor protein. Nature. 373:1995;523-527.
101. Gatherer D. Gene knockouts and murine development. Dev. Growth Differ. 35:1993;365-370.
102. Geller A.I., Breakefield X.O. A defective HSV-1 vector expresses Escherichia coli β-galactosidase in cultured peripheral neurons. Science. 241:1988;1667-1669.
103. M.D. Geschwind, B. Lu, H.J. Federoff, Viral transfection of intrinsic cells within the brain. Expression of neurotrophic genes from HSV-1 vectors: modifying neuronal phenotype, in: P. Conn (Ed.), Providing Pharmacological Access to the Brain, Methods Neurosci. 21 (1994) 462-482.
104. Geschwind M.D., Hartnick C.J., Liu W., Amat J., Van de Water T.R., Federoff H.J. Defective HSV-1 vector expressing BDNF in auditory ganglia elicits neurite outgrowth: model for treatment of neuron loss following cochlear degeneration. Hum. Gene Ther. 7:1996;173-182.
105. Giese K.P., Martini R., Lemke G., Soriano P., Schachner M. Mouse Po gene disruption leads to hypomyelination, abnormal expression of recognition molecules, and degeneration of myelin and axons. Cell. 71:1992;565-576.
106. Giger R.J., Pasterkamp R.J., Verhaagen J. Ectopic adenoviral vector directed expression of semaphorin(D)III/collapsin-1 in spinal cord explants repels growing axons of primary sensory neurons. Soc. Neurosci. Abstr. 22:1996;736.
107. Giger R.J., Ziegler U., Hermens W.T.J.M.C., Sonderegger P. Adenovirus-mediated gene transfer in neurons: construction and characterization of a vector for heterologous expression of the axonal cell adhesion molecule axonin-1. J. Neurosci. Methods. 71:1997;99-112.
108. Glorioso J.C., Goins W.F., Fink D.J. Herpes simplex virus-based vectors. Semin. Virol. 3:1992;265-276.
109. Gloster A., Speelman W., Wu A., Weiss S., Causing C., Pozniak C., Reynolds B., Chang E., Toma J.G., Miller F.D. The Tα1 α-tubulin promoter specifies gene expression as a function of neuronal growth and regeneration in transgenic mice. J. Neurosci. 14:1994;7319-7330.
110. Goodman C.S. Mechanisms and molecules that control growth cone guidance. Annu. Rev. Neurosci. 19:1996;341-377.
111. Gordon J.W., Ruddle F.H. Gene transfer into mouse embryos: production of transgenic mice by pronuclear injection. Methods Enzymol. 101:1983;411-433.
112. Gordon J.W., Scangos G.A., Plotkin D.J., Barbosa J.A., Ruddle F.H. Genetic transformation of mouse embryos by microinjection of purified DNA. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA. 77:1980;7380-7384.
113. Gordon J.W., Chesa P.G., Nishimura H., Rettig W.J., Maccari J.E., Endo T., Seravalli E., Seki T., Silver J. Regulation of Thy-1 gene expression in transgenic mice. Cell. 50:1987;445-452.
114. Goring D.R., Rossant J., Clapoff S., Breitman M.L., Tsui L.-C. In situ detection of b-galactosidase in lenses of transgenic mice with g-christallin/LacZ gene. Science. 235:1987;456-458.
115. Gossler A., Rossant J., Joyner A.L., Skarnes W. Mouse embryonic stem cells and reporter constructs to detect developmentally regulated genes. Science. 244:1989;463-465.
116. Goujet-Zalc C., Babinet C., Monge M., Timsit S., Cabon F., Gansmuller A., Miura M., Sanchez M., Pournin S., Mikoshiba K. The proximal region of the MBP gene promoter is sufficient to induce oligodendroglial-specific expression in transgenic mice. Eur. J. Neurosci. 5:1993;624-632.
117. Graff J.M., Young T.N., Johnson J.D., Blackshear P.J. Phosphorylation-regulated calmodulin binding to a prominent cellular substrate for protein kinase C. J. Biol. Chem. 264:1989;21818-21823.
118. Greene L.A., Kaplan D.R. Early events in neurotrophin signalling via Trk and p75 receptors. Curr. Opin. Neurobiol. 5:1995;579-587.
119. Grosveld F., van Assendelft G.B., Greaves D.R., Kollias G. Position-independent, high level expression of the human β-globin gene in transgenic mice. Cell. 51:1987;975-985.
120. Gu H., Zou Y.R., Rajewsky K. Independent control of immunoglobulin switch recombination at individual switch regions evidenced through Cre-loxP mediated gene targeting. Cell. 73:1993;1155-1164.
121. Haase G., Kennel P., Pettmann B., Vigne E., Akli S., Revah F., Schmalbruch H., Kahn A. Gene therapy of murine motor neuron disease using adenoviral vectors for neurotrophic factors. Nature Med. 3:1997;429-436.
122. Hanahan D. Heritable formation of pancreatic β-cell tumors in transgenic mice expressing recombinant insulin-simian virus 40 oncogenes. Nature. 315:1985;115-122.
123. Hashimoto M., Aruga J., Hosoya Y., Kanegae Y., Saito I., Mikoshiba K. A neural cell-type specific expression system using recombinant adenovirus vectors. Hum. Gene Ther. 7:1996;149-158.
124. Hassankhani A., Steinhelper M.E., Soonpaa M.H., Katz E.B., Taylor D.A., Andrade-Rozental A., Factor S.M., Steinberg J.J., Field L.J., Federoff H.J. Overexpression of NGF within the heart of transgenic mice causes hyperinervation, cardiac enlargement, and hyperplasia of ectopic cells. Dev. Biol. 169:1995;309-321.
125. Hayward M.D., Bocchiaro C., Morgan J.T. Consequences of Bcl-2 overexpression in olfactory receptor neurons in transgenic mice. Soc. Neurosci. Abstr. 20:1994;685.
126. Hedgecock E.M., Culotti J.G., Hall D.H. The unc-5, unc-6, and unc-40 genes guide circumferential migrations of pioneer axons and mesodermal cells in the epidermis in C. elegans. Neuron. 2:1990;61-85.
127. Hermens W.T.J.M.C., Verhaagen J. Adenoviral vector-mediated gene expression in the nervous system of immunocompetent Wistar and T cell-deficient nude rats: preferential survival of transduced astroglial cells in nude rats. Hum. Gene Ther. 8:1997;1049-1064.
128. Hermens W.T.J.M.C., Giger R.J., Holtmaat A.J.G.D., Dijkhuizen P.A., Houweling D., Verhaagen J. Transient gene transfer to neurons and glia: analysis of adenoviral vector performance in the CNS and PNS. J. Neurosci. Methods. 71:1997;85-98.
129. Hochgeschwender U., Brennan M.B. Mouse knockouts rule OK. Nature. 375:1995;543.
130. Hoesche C., Sauerwald A., Veh R.W., Krippl B., Kilimann M.W. The 5′-flanking region of the rat synapsin I gene directs neuron-specific and developmentally regulated reporter gene expression in transgenic mice. J. Biol. Chem. 268:1993;26494-26502.
131. Hoffman P.N., Griffin J., Gold B., Price D.L. Slowing of neurofilament transport and the radial growth of developing nerve fibers. J. Neurosci. 5:1985;2920-2929.
132. B.L.M. Hogan, F. Constantini, E. Lacy, Manipulation of the Mouse Embryo: A Laboratory Manual, Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory, Cold Spring Harbor, NY, 1986.
133. Holtmaat A.J.G.D., Dijkhuizen P.A., van der Lugt N.M.T., Berns A., Verbeek J.S., Margolis F.L., Oberdick J., Oestreicher A.B., Gispen W.H., Verhaagen J. Directed expression of B-50 (GAP-43) to cerebellar Purkinje cells and mature olfactory neurons in transgenic mice. Soc. Neurosci. Abstr. 20:1994;661.
134. Holtmaat A.J.G.D., Dijkhuizen P.A., Oestreicher A.B., Romijn H.J., Van der Lugt N.M.T., Berns A., Margolis F.L., Gispen W.H., Verhaagen J. Directed expression of the growth-associated protein B-50/GAP-43 to olfactory neurons in transgenic mice results in changes in axon morphology and extraglomerular growth. J. Neurosci. 15:1995;7953-7965.
135. Holtmaat A.J.G.D., Hermens W.T.J.M.C., Oestreicher A.B., Gispen W.H., Kaplitt M.G., Verhaagen J. Efficient adenoviral vector directed expression of a foreign gene to neurons and sustentacular cells in the mouse olfactory neuroepithelium. Mol. Brain Res. 41:1996;148-156.
136. Holtmaat A.J.G.D., Hermens W.T.J.M.C., Sonnemans M.A.F., Giger R.J., Van Leeuwen F.W., Kaplitt M.G., Oestreicher A.B., Gispen W.H., Verhaagen J. Adenoviral vector-mediated expression of B-50/GAP-43 induces alterations in the membrane organization of olfactory axon terminals in vivo. J. Neurosci. 17:1997;6575-6586.
137. Horrelou P., Vigne E., Castel M.N., Barneoud P., Colin P., Perricaudet M., Delaere P., Mallet J. Direct intracerebral gene transfer of an adenoviral vector expressing tyrosine hydroxylase in a rat model of Parkinson's disease. Neuroreport. 6:1994;49-53.
138. Hoyle G.W., Mercer E.H., Palmitter R.D., Brinster R.L. Expression of NGF in sympathetic neurons leads to excessive axon outgrowth from ganglia but decreased terminal innervation within tissues. Neuron. 10:1993;1019-1034.
139. Hu H., Tomasiewicz H., Magnuson T., Rutishauser U. The role of polysialic acid in migration of olfactory bulb interneuron precursors in the subventricular zone. Neuron. 16:1996;735-743.
140. Huber L.J., Chao M.V. Mesenchymal and neuronal cell expression of the p75 neurotrophin receptor gene occur by different mechanisms. Dev. Biol. 167:1995;227-238.
141. Jaenisch R. Germ line integration and Mendelian transmission of the exogenous Moloney leukemia virus. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA. 73:1976;1260-1264.
142. Jaenisch R. Germ line integration of Moloney leukemia virus: effect of homozygosity at the M-MulV locus. Cell. 12:1977;691-696.
143. Jaenisch R. Transgenic Animals. Science. 240:1988;1468-1474.
144. Jaenisch R., Mintz B. Simian virus 40 DNA sequences in DNA of healthy adult mice derived from preimplantation blastocysts injected with viral DNA. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA. 71:1974;1250-1254.
145. Jap Tjoen San E.R.A., Schmidt-Michels M.H., Oestreicher A.B., Gispen W.H., Schotman P. Inhibition of nerve growth factor induced B-50/GAP-43 expression by antisense oligomers interferes with neurite outgrowth of PC12 cells. Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun. 187:1992;839-846.
146. Johnson P.W., Abramow-Newerly W., Seilheimer B., Sadoul R., Tropak M.B., Arquint M., Dunn R.J., Schachner M., Roder J.C. Recombinant myelin associated glycoprotein confers neural adhesion and neurite outgrowth function. Neuron. 3:1989;377-385.
147. Jones K.R., Fariñas I., Backus C., Reichardt L.F. Targeted disruption of the BDNF gene perturbs brain and sensory neuron development but not motor neuron development. Cell. 76:1994;989-999.
148. Joyner A.L., Guillemont F. Gene targeting and development of the nervous system. Curr. Opin. Neurobiol. 4:1994;37-42.
149. Joyner A.L., Skarnes W.C., Rossant J. Production of a mutation in mouse En-2 gene by homologous recombination in embryonic stem cells. Nature. 338:1989;153-156.
150. Joyner A.L., Herrup K., Auerbach B.A., Davis C.A., Rossant J. Subtle cerebellar phenotype in mice homozygous for a targeted deletion of the En-2 homeobox. Science. 251:1991;1239-1242.
151. Julien J.P., Tretjakoff I., Beaudet L., Peterson A. Expression and assembly of a human neurofilament protein in transgenic mice provide a novel neuronal marking system. Genes Dev. 1:1987;1085-1095.
152. Kaneda N., Sasaoka T., Kobayashi K., Kiuchi K., Nagatsu I., Kurosawa Y., Fujita K., Yokoyama M., Nomura T., Katsuki M., Nagatsu T. Tissue-specific and high-level expression of the human tyrosine hydroxylase gene in transgenic mice. Neuron. 6:1991;583-594.
153. Kapfhammer J.P., Raper J.A. Collapse of growth cone structure on contact with specific neurites in culture. J. Neurosci. 7:1987;201-212.
154. Kapfhammer J.P., Raper J.A. Interactions between growth cones and neurites growing from different neural tissues in culture. J. Neurosci. 7:1987;1595-1600.
155. M.G. Kaplitt, A.D. Loewy (Eds.), Viral Vectors. Gene Therapy and Neuroscience Applications, Academic Press, San Diego, 1995.
156. Kaplitt M.G., Pfaus J.G., Kleopoulos S.P., Hanlon B.A., Rabkin S.D., Pfaff D.W. Expression of a functional foreign gene in adult mammalian brain following in vivo transfer via a herpes virus type 1 defective viral vector. Mol. Cell. Neurosci. 2:1991;320-330.
157. Kaplitt M.G., Kwong A.D., Kleopoulos S.P., Mobbs C.V., Rabkin S.D., Pfaff D.W. Preproenkephalin promoter yields region-specific and long-term expression in adult brain after direct in vivo gene transfer via a defective herpes simplex viral vector. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA. 91:1994;8979-8983.
158. Kaplitt M.G., Leone P., Samulski R.J., Xiao X., Pfaff D.W., O'Malley K.L., During M.J. Long-term gene expression and phenotypic correction using adeno-associated virus vectors in the mammalian brain. Nature Genet. 8:1994;148-154.
159. Kapur R.P., Hoyle G.W., Mercer E.H., Brinster R.L., Palmiter R.D. Some neuronal cell populations express human dopamine β-hydroxylase-lacZ transgenes transiently during embryonic development. Neuron. 7:1991;717-727.
160. Karpati G., Lochmüller H., Nalbantoglu J., Durham H. The principles for gene therapy for the nervous system. Trends Neurosci. 19:1996;49-54.
161. Katsuki M., Sato M., Kimura M., Yokoyama M., Kobayashi K., Nomura T. Conversion of normal behavior to shiverer by myelin basic protein antisense cDNA in transgenic mice. Science. 241:1988;593-595.
162. Katz F., Ellis L., Pfenninger K.H. Nerve growth cones isolated from fetal rat brain III: Calcium-dependent protein phosphorylation. J. Neurosci. 5:1985;1402-1411.
163. Kawaja M.D., Rosenberg M.B., Yoshida K., Gage F.H. Somatic gene transfer of nerve growth factor promotes the survival of axotomized septal neurons and the regeneration of their axons in adult rats. J. Neurosci. 12:1992;2849-2864.
164. Kennedy T.E., Serafini T., De la Torre J.R., Tessier-Lavigne M. Netrins are diffusible chemotropic factors for commissural axons in the embryonic spinal cord. Cell. 78:1994;425-435.
165. Klein R., Smeyne R.J., Wurst W., Long L.K., Auerbach B.A., Joyner A.L., Barbacid M. Targeted disruption of the trkB neurotrophin receptor gene results in nervous system lesions and neonatal death. Cell. 75:1993;113-122.
166. Klein R., Silos-Santiago I., Smeyne R.J., Lira S.A., Brambilla R., Bryant S., Zhang L., Snider W.D., Barbacid M. Disruption of the neurotrophin-3 receptor gene trkC eliminates 1a muscle afferents and results in abnormal movements. Nature. 368:1994;249-251.
167. Knyihár E., Csillik B. Effect of peripheral axotomy on the fine structure and histochemistry of the Rolando substance: degenerative atrophy of central processes of pseudounipolar cells. Exp. Brain Res. 26:1976;73-87.
168. Kobayashi K., Sasaoka T., Morita S., Nagatsu I., Iguchi A., Kurosawa Y.,
169. Koller B.H. Altering genes in animals by gene targeting. Annu. Rev. Immunol. 10:1992;705-730.
170. Kolodkin A.L., Matthes D.J., O'Conner T.P., Patel N.H., Admon A., Bentley D., Goodman C.S. Fasciclin IV: sequence, expression, and function during growth cone guidance in the grasshopper embryo. Neuron. 9:1992;831-845.
171. Kolodkin A.L., Matthes D.J., Goodman C.S. The semaphorin genes encode a family of transmembrane and secreted growth cone guidance molecules. Cell. 75:1993;1389-1399.
172. Kordower J.H., Winn S.R., Liu Y.T., Mufson E.J., Sladek J.R., Hammang J.P., Baetge E., Emerich D.F. The aged monkey basal forebrain: rescue and sprouting of axotomized basal forebrain neurons after grafts of encapsulated cells secreting human nerve growth factor. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA. 91:1994;10898-10902.
173. Korsching S. The neurotrophic factor concept: a reexamination. J. Neurosci. 13:1993;2739-2748.
174. Lacy E., Roberts S., Evans E.P., Burtenshaw M.D., Costantini F. A foreign beta-globin gene in transgenic mice: integration at abnormal chromosomal positions and expression in inappropriate tissues. Cell. 34:1983;343-358.
175. Largent B.L., Sosnowski R.G., Reed R.R. Directed expression of an oncogene to the olfactory neuronal lineage in transgenic mice. J. Neurosci. 13:1993;300-312.
176. Lathe R., Morris R.G. Analysing brain function and dysfunction in transgenic animals. Neuropath. Appl. Neurobiol. 20:1994;350-358.
177. Lawrence M.S., Ho D.Y., Dash R., Sapolsky R.M. Herpes simplex virus vectors overexpressing the glucose transporter gene protect against seizure-induced neuron loss. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA. 92:1995;7247-7251.
178. Leconte L., Semonin O., Zvara A., Boisseau S., Poujeo C., Julien J.P., Simonneau M. Both upstream and intagenic sequences of the human neurofilament light gene direct expression of lacZ in neurons of transgenic mouse embryos. J. Mol. Neurosci. 5:1995;273-295.
179. Lee V.M.Y., Elder G.A., Chen L.C., Liang Z., Snyder S.E., Friedrich V.L., Lazzarini R.A. Expression of human mid-sized neurofilament subunit in transgenic mice. Mol. Brain Res. 15:1992;76-84.
180. Lee M.K., Marszalek J.R., Cleveland D.W. A mutant neurofilament subunit causes massive, selective motor neuron death: implications for the pathogenesis of human motor neuron disease. Neuron. 13:1994;975-988.
181. Le Gal La Salle G., Robert J.J., Berrard S., Ridoux V., Stratford-Perricaudet L.D., Perricaudet M., Mallet J. An adenovirus vector for gene transfer into neurons and glia in the brain. Science. 259:1993;988-990.
182. Lem J., Applebury M.L., Falk J.D., Flannery J.G., Simon M.I. Tissue-specific and developmental regulation of rod opsin chimeric genes in transgenic mice. Neuron. 6:1991;201-210.
183. LeMaster A.M., Davis B.M., Albers K.M. Overexpression of BDNF in epidermis of transgenic mice causes changes in Trk receptor expression in sensory ganglia and alterations in skin innervation. Soc. Neurosci. Abstr. 21:1995;1054.
184. Levi-Montalcini R. Developmental neurobiology and the natural history of nerve growth factor. Annu. Rev. Neurosci. 5:1982;341-362.
185. Lewin G.R., Barde Y.A. Physiology of the neurotrophins. Annu. Rev. Neurosci. 19:1996;289-317.
186. Li C., Tropak M.B., Gerlai R., Clapoff S., Abramow-Newerly W., Trapp B., Peterson A., Roder J. Myelination in the absence of myelin-associated glycoprotein. Nature. 369:1994;747-750.
187. Li T., Davidson B.L. Phenotype correction in retinal pigment epithelium in murine mucopolysaccharidosis VII by adenovirus-mediated gene transfer. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA. 92:1995;7700-7704.
188. Lochter A., Vaughan L., Kaplony A., Prochiantz A., Schachner M., Faissner A. J1/tenascin in substrate-bound and soluble form displays contrary effects on neurite outgrowth. J. Cell Biol. 113:1991;1159-1171.
189. Lönnerberg P., Lendahl U., Funakoshi H., Ahrlund-Richter L., Persson H., Ibanez C.F. Regulatory region in choline acetyltransferase gene directs developmental and tissue-specific expression in transgenic mice. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA. 92:1995;4046-4050.
190. Luo Y., Raible D., Raper J.A. Collapsin: a protein in brain that induces the collapse and paralysis of neuronal growth cones. Cell. 75:1993;217-227.
191. Luo Y., Shepherd I., Li J., Renzi M.J., Chang S., Raper J.A. A family of molecules related to collapsin in the embryonic chick nervous system. Neuron. 14:1995;1131-1140.
192. Luo L., Hensch T.K., Ackerman L., Barbel S., Jan L.Y.J.N. Differential effects of Rac GTPase on Purkinje cell axons and dendritic trunks and spines. Nature. 379:1996;837-840.
193. Magyar J.P., Bartsch U., Wang Z.Q., Howells N., Aguzzi A., Wagner E., Schachner M. Degeneration of neural cells in the central nervous system of mice deficient in the gene for adhesion molecule on glia (AMOG), the β2 subunit of murine Na,K-ATPase. J. Cell Biol. 127:1994;835-845.
194. Mahon K.A., Chepelinsky A.B., Khillan J.S., Overbeek P.A., Piatigorsky J.et al. Oncogenesis of the lens in transgenic mice. Science. 235:1987;1622-1628.
195. Mansour-Robaey S., Clarke D.B., Wang Y.C., Bray G.M., Aguayo A.J. Effects of ocular injury and administration of brain-derived neurotrophic factor on survival and regrowth of axotomized retinal ganglion cells. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA. 91:1994;1632-1636.
196. Mark W.H., Signorelli K., Lacy E. An insertional mutation in a transgenic line results in developmental arrest at day 5 of gestation. Cold Spring Harbor Symp. Quant. Biol. 50:1985;453-463.
197. Mark M., Lufkin T., Krumlauf R., Mark M., Duboule D., Chambon P. Local alterations of krox-20 and hox gene expression in the hindbrain suggest loss of rhombomeres 4 and 5 in homozygote null hoxa-1 (hox-1.6) mutant embryos. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA. 90:1993;7666-7670.
198. Marsden K.M., Doll T., Ferralli J., Botteri F., Matus A. Transgenic expression of embryonic MAP2 in adult mouse brain: implications for neuronal polarization. J. Neurosci. 16:1996;3265-3273.
199. Martinou J.C., Dubois-Dauphin M., Staple J.K., Rodriguez I., Frankowski H., Missotten M., Albertini P., Talabot D., Catsicas S., Pietra C.et al. Overexpression of BCL-2 in transgenic mice protects neurons from naturally occuring cell death and experimental ischemia. Neuron. 13:1994;1017-1030.
200. Mason A.J., Pitts S.L., Nicoliks K., Szonyi E., Wilcox J.N., Seeburg P.H., Stewart T.A. The hypogonadal mouse: reproductive functions restored by gene therapy. Science. 234:1986;1372-1378.
201. Matsuo K., Ikeshima H., Shimoda K., Umezawa A., Hata J., Maejima K., Nojima H., Takano T. Expression of the rat calmodulin gene II in the central nervous system: a 294-base promoter and 68-base leader segment mediates neuron-specific gene expression in transgenic mice. Mol. Brain Res. 20:1993;9-20.
202. Mayford M., Wang J., Kandel E.R., O'Dell T.J. CaMKII regulates the frequency-response function of hippocampal synapses for the production of both LTD and LTP. Cell. 81:1995;891-904.
203. Mayford M., Bach M.E., Huang Y.-Y., Wang L., Hawkins R.D., Kandel E.R. Control of memory formation through regulated expression of a CaMKII transgene. Science. 274:1996;1678-1683.
204. McCarthy M.M., Brooks P.J., Pfaus J.G., Brown H.E., Flanagan L.M., Schwartz-Giblin S., Pfaff D.W. Antisense oligonucleotides in behavioral neuroscience. Neuroprotocols: a companion to methods in neurosciences. 2:1993;67-74.
205. McKerracher L., David S., Jackson D.L., Kottis V., Dunn R.J., Braun P.E. Identification of myelin-associated glycoprotein as a major myelin-derived inhibitor of neurite outgrowth. Neuron. 13:1994;805-811.
206. McMahon A.P., Bradley A. Wnt-1 (int-1) proto-oncogene is required for development of a large region of the mouse brain. Cell. 62:1990;1073-1085.
207. Meakin S.O., Shooter E.M. The nerve growth factor family of receptors. Trends Neurosci. 15:1992;323-331.
208. Meberg P.J., Gall C.M., Routtenberg A. Induction of F1 gene expression in hippocampal granule cells of the hippocampus after seizures. Mol. Brain Res. 17:1993;295-299.
209. Meiri K.F., Pfenninger K.H., Willard M. Growth associated protein, GAP-43, a polypeptide that is induced when neurons extend axons, is a component of growth cones and corresponds to pp46 a major polypeptide of a subcellular fraction that is enriched in growth cones. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA. 83:1986;3537-3541.
210. Mercer E.H., Hoyle G.W., Kapur R.P., Brinster R.L., Palmiter R.D. The dopamine β-hydroxylase gene promoter directs expression of E. coli lacZ to sympathetic and other neurons in adult transgenic mice. Neuron. 7:1991;703-716.
211. Messersmith E.K., Leonardo E.D., Shatz C.J., Tessier-Lavigne M., Goodman C.S., Kolodkin A.L. Semaphorin III can function as a selective chemorepellent to pattern sensory projections in the spinal cord. Neuron. 14:1995;949-959.
212. Messing A., Behringer R.R., Hammang J.P., Palmiter R.D., Brinster R.L., Lemke G. P0 promoter directs expression of reporter and toxin genes to Schwann cells of transgenic mice. Neuron. 8:1992;507-520.
213. Meyer M., Helbig C., Airaksinen M., Masuo Y., Lewin G., Koltzenburg M., Wolf E., Brein G., Thoenen H. Neurotrophin-3 function in genetically altered mice: effect of NT-3 gene dosage and tissue specific expression. Ann. Meeting Eur. Neurosci. 19:1995;91.
214. Min N., Joh T.H., Kim K.S., Peng C., Son J.H. 5′ Upstream DNA sequence of the rat tyrosine hydroxylase gene directs high-level and tissue-specific expression to catecholaminergic neurons in the central nervous system of transgenic mice. Mol. Brain Res. 27:1994;281-289.
215. Mohajeri H., Bartsch U., van der Putten H., Sansig G., Mucke L., Schachner M. Neurite outgrowth on non-permissive substrates in vitro is enhanced by ectopic expression of the neural adhesion molecule L1 by mouse astrocytes. Eur. J. Neurosci. 8:1996;1085-1097.
216. Montag D., Giese K.P., Bartsch U., Martini R., Lang Y., Blüthmann H., Karthigasan J., Kirschner D.A., Wintergerst E.S., Nave K.A.et al. Mice deficient for the myelin-associated glycoprotein show subtle abnormalities in myelin. Neuron. 13:1994;1-20.
217. Monteiro M.J., Hoffman P.N., Gearhart J.D., Cleveland D.W. Expression of NF-L in both neuronal and nonneuronal cells of transgenic mice: increased neurofilament density in axons without affecting caliber. J. Cell Biol. 111:1990;1543-1557.
218. Morita S., Kobayashi K., Mizuguchi T., Yamada T., Nagatsu K., Titani K., Fujita K., Hidaka H., Nagatsu T. The 5′-flanking region of the human dopamine β-hydroxylase gene promotes neuron subtype-specific gene expression in the central nervous system of transgenic mice. Mol. Brain Res. 17:1993;239-244.
219. Morton A.J., Buss T.N. Accelerated differentiation in response to retinoic acid after retrovirally mediated gene transfer of GAP-43 into mouse neuroblastoma cells. Eur. J. Neurosci. 4:1992;910-916.
220. Mucke L., Masliah E., Johnson W.B., Ruppe M.D., Alford M., Rockenstein E.M., Forss-Petter S., Pietropaolo M., Mallory M., Abraham C.R. Synaptotrophic effects of human amyloid β-protein precursors in the cortex of transgenic mice. Brain Res. 666:1994;151-167.
221. Müller U., Kypta R. Molecular genetics of neuronal adhesion. Curr. Opin. Neurobiol. 5:1995;36-41.
222. Mukhopadhyay G., Doherty P., Walsh F.S., Crocker P.R., Filbin M.T. A novel role for myelin-associated glycoprotein as an inhibitor of axonal regeneration. Neuron. 13:1994;757-767.
223. Murphy D., Bishop A., Rindi G., Murphy M.N., Stamp G.W.H., Hanson J., Polak J.M., Hogan B. Mice transgenic for a vasopressin-SV40 hybrid oncogene develop tumors of the endocrine pancreas and the anterior pituitary. Am. J. Pathol. 129:1987;552-566.
224. Nagatsu I., Yamada K., Karasawa N., Sakai M., Kakeuchi T., Kaneda N., Sasaoka T., Kobayashi K., Yokoyama M., Nomura T., Katsuki M., Fujita K., Nagatsu T. Expression in brain sensory neurons of the transgene in transgenic mice carrying human tyrosine hydroxylase gene. Neurosci. Lett. 127:1991;91-95.
225. Nelson R.B., Routtenberg A. Characterization of protein F1 (47 kDa, 4.5 pI): a kinase C substrate directly related to neural plasticity. Exp. Neurol. 89:1985;213-224.
226. Neve R.L., Finch E.A., Bird E.D., Benowitz L.I. Growth-associated protein GAP-43 is expressed selectively in associative regions of the adult human brain. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA. 85:1988;3638-3642.
227. Nicot A., Pfaff D.W. Antisense oligodeoxynucleotides as specific tools for studying neuroendocrine and behavioral functions: some prospects and problems. J. Neurosci. Methods. 71:1997;45-54.
228. Nielander H.B., French P., Oestreicher A.B., Gispen W.H., Schotman P. Spontaneous morphological changes by overexpression of the growth-associated protein B-50/GAP-43 in a PC12 cell line. Neurosci. Lett. 162:1993;46-50.
229. Oberdick J., Smeyne R.J., Mann J.R., Zackson S., Morgan J.I. A promoter that drives transgene expression in cerebellar Purkinje and retinal bipolar neurons. Science. 248:1990;223-226.
230. Oberdick J., Schilling K., Smeyne R.J., Corbin J.G., Bocchiaro C., Morgan J.I. Control segment-like patterns of gene expression in the mouse cerebellum. Neuron. 10:1993;1007-1018.
231. Oestreicher A.B., Gispen W.H. Comparison of the immunocytochemical distribution of the phosphoprotein B-50 in the cerebellum and hippocampus of immature and adult rat brain. Brain Res. 375:1986;267-279.
232. Ono K., Tomasiewicz H., Magnuson T., Rutishauser U. N-CAM mutation inhibits tangential neuronal migration and is phenocopied by enzymatic removal of polysialic acid. Neuron. 13:1994;595-609.
233. Ornitz D.M., Palmiter R.D., Hammer R.E., Brinster R.L., Swift G.H., MacDonald R.J. Specific expression of an elastase-human growth hormone fusion gene in pancreatic acinar cells of transgenic mice. Nature. 313:1985;600-603.
234. Osen-Sand A., Catsicas M., Staple J.K., Jones K.A., Ayala G., Knowles J., Grenningloh G., Catsicas S. Inhibition of axonal growth by SNAP-25 antisense oligonucleotides in vitro and in vivo. Nature. 364:1993;445-448.
235. Overbeek P.A., Chepelinsky A., Khillan J.S., Piatigorsky J., Westphal H. Lens-specific expression and developmental regulation of the bacterial chloramphenicol acetyltransferase gene driven by the murine αA-crystalline promoter in transgenic mice. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA. 82:1985;7815-7819.
236. Palella T.D., Silverman L.J., Schroll C.T., Homa F.L., Levine M., Kelley W.M. Herpes simplex virus-mediated human hypoxanthinase-guanine phosphoribosyl-transferase gene transfer into neuronal cells. Mol. Cell Biol. 8:1988;457-460.
237. Palmiter R.D., Brinster R.L., Hammer R.E., Trumbauer M.E., Rosenfeld M.G., Birnberg N.C., Evans R.M. Dramatic growth of mice that develop from eggs microinjected with metallothionein growth hormone fusion genes. Nature. 300:1982;611-615.
238. Palmiter R.D., Wilkie T.M., Chen H.Y., Brinster R.L. Transmission distortion and mosaicism in an unusual transgenic mouse pedigree. Cell. 36:1983;869-877.
239. Palmiter R.D., Sandgren E.P., Avarbock M.R., Allen D.D., Brinster R.L. Heterologous introns can enhance expression of transgenes in mice. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci USA. 88:1991;478-482.
240. Patil N., Lacy E., Chao M.V. Specific neuronal expression of human NGF receptors in the basal forebrain and cerebellum of transgenic mice. Neuron. 2:1990;437-447.
241. Peel A.L., Zolotukhin S., Schrimsher G.W., Muzyczka N., Reier P.J. Efficient transduction of green fluorescent protein in spinal cord neurons using adeno-associated virus vectors containing cell type specific promoters. Gene Ther. 4:1997;16-24.
242. C.A. Pinkert (Ed.), Transgenic Animal Technology. A Laboratory Handbook, Academic Press, San Diego, 1994.
243. Püschel A.W., Adams R.H., Betz H. The sensory innervation of the mouse spinal cord may be patterned by differential expression of and differential responsiveness to semaphorins. Mol. Cell. Neurosci. 7:1996;419-431.
244. Quon D., Wang Y., Catalano R., Scardina J.M., Murakami K., Cordell B. Formation of β-amyloid protein deposits in brains of transgenic mice. Nature. 352:1991;239-241.
245. Ramón y Cajal S. La rétine des vertébrés. La cellule. IX:1893;119-258.
246. Rosenberg M.B., Friedmann T., Robertson R.C., Tuszynski M., Wolff J.A., Breakefield X.O., Gage F.H. Grafting genetically modified cells to the damaged brain: restorative effects of NGF expression. Science. 242:1988;1575-1578.
247. Routtenberg A. Knockout mouse fault lines. Nature. 374:1995;314-315.
248. Ruit K.G., Elliott J.L., Osbore P.A., Yan Q., Snider W.D. Selective dependence of mammalian dorsal root ganglion neurons on nerve growth factor during embryonic development. Neuron. 8:1992;573-587.
249. Rutishauser U. Adhesion molecules of the nervous system. Curr. Opin. Neurobiol. 3:1993;709-715.
250. Saga Y., Yagi T., Ikawa Y., Sakakura T., Aizawa S. Mice develop normally without tenascin. Genes Dev. 6:1992;1821-1831.
251. Sasaoka T., Kobayashi K., Nagatsu I., Takahshi R., Kimura M., Yokoyama M., Nomura T., Katsuki M., Nagatsu T. Analysis of the human tyrosine hydroxylase promoter-chloramphenicol acetyltransferase chimeric gene expression in transgenic mice. Mol. Brain Res. 16:1992;274-286.
252. Sawai H., Clarke D.B., Kittlerova P., Bray G.M., Aguayo A.J. Brain-derived neurotrophic factor and neurotrophin-4/5 stimulate growth of axonal branches from regenerating retinal ganglion cells. J. Neurosci. 16:1996;3887-3894.
253. M. Schachner, Lessons from genetic knockout mice deficient in neural recognition molecules, in: F. Bloom (Ed.), Neuroscience: from the Molecular to the Cognitive, Prog. Brain Res., Vol. 100, Elsevier Science, Amsterdam, 1994, pp. 25-30.
254. Schachner M. Neural recognition molecules in disease and regeneration. Curr. Opin. Neurobiol. 4:1994;726-734.
255. Schilling K., Luk D., Morgan J.I., Curran T. Regulation of a Fos-lacZ fusion gene: a paradigm for quantitative analysis of stimulus-transcription coupling. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA. 88:1991;5665-5669.
256. Schnell L., Schneider R., Kolbeck R., Barde Y.A., Schwab M.E. Neurotrophin-3 enhances sprouting of corticospinal tract during development and after adult spinal cord lesion. Nature. 367:1994;170-173.
257. Segal R.A., Greenberg M.E. Intracellular signaling pathways activated by neurotrophic factors. Annu. Rev. Neurosci. 19:1996;463-489.
258. Senut M.C., Tuszynski M.H., Raymon H.K., Suhr S.T., Liou N.H., Jones K.R., Reichardt L.F., Gage F.H. Regional differences in responsiveness of adult CNS axons to grafts of cells expressing human neurotrophin 3. Exp. Neurol. 135:1995;36-55.
259. Serafini T., Kennedy T.E., Galko M.J., Mirzayan C., Jessell T.M., Tessier-Lavigne M. The netrins define a family of axon outgrowth-promoting proteins homologous to C. elegans UNC-6. Cell. 78:1994;409-424.
260. Severynse D.M., Colapietro A.M., Box T.L., Caron M.G. The human D1A dopamine receptor gene promoter directs expression of a reporter gene to the central nervous system in transgenic mice. Mol. Brain Res. 30:1995;336-346.
261. Shaw G., Weber K. Differential expression of neurofilament triplet proteins in brain development. Nature. 298:1982;277-279.
262. Shea T.B., Perrone-Bizzozero N.I., Beermann M.L., Benowitz L.I. Phospholipid-mediated delivery of anti-GAP-43 antibodies into neuroblastoma cells prevents neuritogenesis. J. Neurosci. 11:1991;1685-1690.
263. Shea T.B., Beermann M.L., Fischer I. Transient requirement of vimentin in neuritogenesis: intracellular delivery of anti-vimentin antibodies and antisense oligonucleotides inhibit neurite initiation but not elongation of existing neurites in neuroblastoma. J. Neurosci. Res. 36:1993;66-76.
264. Shepherd I.T., Luo Y., Lefcort F., Reichardt L.F., Raper J.A. A sensory axon repellent secreted from ventral spinal cord explants is neutralized by antibodies raised against collapsin-1. Development. 124:1997;1377-1385.
265. Shimoda K., Ikeshima H., Matsuo K., Hata J., Maejima K., Takano T. Spatial and temporal regulation of the rat calmodulin gene III directed by a 877-base promoter and a 103-base leader segment in the mature and embryonic central nervous system of transgenic mice. Mol. Brain Res. 31:1995;61-70.
266. Silos-Santiago I., Greenlund L.J.S., Johnson E.M. Jr., Snider W.D. Molecular genetics of neuronal survival. Curr. Opin. Neurobiol. 5:1995;42-49.
267. Skene J.H.P. Axonal growth-associated proteins. Annu. Rev. Neurosci. 12:1989;127-156.
268. Skene J.H.P., Willard M. Axonally transported proteins associated with axon growth in rabbit central and peripheral nervous system. J. Cell Biol. 89:1981;96-103.
269. Skene J.H.P., Willard M. Changes in axonally transported proteins during axonal regeneration in toad retinal ganglion cells. J. Neurosci. 1:1981;419-426.
270. Skene J.H.P., Jacobson R.D., Snipes G.J., McGuire C.B., Norden J.J., Freeman J.A. A protein induced during nerve growth (GAP-43) is a major component of growth-cone membranes. Science. 233:1986;783-786.
271. Smeyne R.J., Oberdick J., Schilling K., Berrebi A.S., Mugnaini E., Morgan J.I. Dynamic organization of developing Purkinje cells revealed by transgene expression. Science. 254:1991;719-721.
272. Smeyne R.J., Schilling K., Robertson L., Luk D., Oberdick J., Curran T., Morgan J.I. Fos-lacZ transgenic mice: mapping sites of gene induction in the central nervous system. Neuron. 8:1991;13-23.
273. Smeyne R.J., Curran T., Morgan J.I. Temporal and spatial expression of a fos-lacZ transgene in the developing nervous system. Mol. Brain Res. 16:1992;158-162.
274. Smeyne R.J., Klein R., Schnapp A., Long L.K., Bryant S., Lewin A., Lira S.A., Barbacid M. Severe sensory and sympathetic neuropathies in mice carrying a disrupted Trk/NGF receptor gene. Nature. 368:1994;246-249.
275. Smeyne R.J., Chu T., Lewin A., Bian F., Crisman S.S., Kunsch C., Lira S.A., Oberdick J. Local control of granule cell generation by cerebellar Purkinje cells. Mol. Cell. Neurosci. 6:1995;230-251.
276. Smith G.M., Hale J., Pasnikowski E.M., Lindsay R.M., Wong V., Rudge J.S. Astrocytes infected with replication-defective adenovirus containing a secreted form of CNTF or NT3 show enhanced support of neuronal populations in vitro. Exp. Neurol. 139:1996;156-166.
277. Snider W.D. Functions of neurotrophins during nervous system development: what the knockouts are teaching us. Cell. 77:1994;627-638.
278. Snow D.M., Lemmon V., Carrino D.A., Caplan A.I., Silver J. Sulfated proteoglycans in astroglial barriers inhibit neurite outgrowth in vitro. Exp. Neurol. 109:1990;111-130.
279. Stefanuto G., Cerrato M., Chiocchetti A., Tolosano E., Hirsch E., Cristofori R., Silengo L., Altruda F. Analysis of regulatory regions of the ciliary neurotrophic factor gene in transgenic mice. Neuroreport. 7:1995;57-60.
280. Stein C.A., Tonkinson J.L., Zhang L.M., Yakubov L., Gervasoni J., Taub R., Rotenberg S.A. Dynamics of the internalization of phosphodiester oligodeoxynucleotides in HL60 cells. Biochemistry. 32:1993;4855-4861.
281. Steindler D.A., Settles D., Erickson H.P., Laywell E.D., Yoshiki A., Faissner A., Kusakabe M. Tenascin knockout mice: barrels, boundary molecules and glial scars. J. Neurosci. 15:1995;1971-1983.
282. Strittmatter S.M., Valenzuela D., Kennedy T.E., Neer E.J., Fishman M.C. Go is a major growth cone protein subject to regulation by GAP-43. Nature. 344:1990;836-841.
283. Strittmatter S.M., Frankhauser C., Huang P.L., Mashimo H., Fishman M.C. Neuronal pathfinding is abnormal in mice lacking neuronal growth cone protein GAP-43. Cell. 80:1995;445-452.
284. Swift G.H., Hammer R.E., MacDonald R.J., Brinster R.L. Tissue-specific expression of the rat pancreatic elastase 1 gene in transgenic mice. Cell. 38:1984;639-646.
285. Tessier-Lavigne M., Goodman C.S. The molecular biology of axon guidance. Science. 274:1996;1123-1133.
286. Thomas K.R., Capecchi M.R. Introduction of homologous DNA sequences into mammalian cells induces mutations in the cognate gene. Nature. 324:1986;34-38.
287. Thomas K.R., Capecchi M.R. Targeted disruption of the murine int-1 proto-oncogene resulting in severe abnormalities in midbrain and cerebellar development. Nature. 346:1990;847-850.
288. Timmusk T., Palm K., Metsis M., Reintam T., Paalme V., Saarma M., Persson H. Multiple promoters direct tissue-specific expression of the rat BDNF gene. Neuron. 10:1995;475-489.
289. Toggas S.M., Masliah E., Rockenstein E.M., Rall G.F., Abraham C.R., Mucke L. Central nervous system damage produced by expression of the HIV-1 coat protein gp120 in transgenic mice. Nature. 367:1994;188-193.
290. Tojo H., Takami K., Kaisho Y., Nakata M., Abe T., Shiho O., Igarashi K. Analysis of neurotrophin-3 expression using the lacZ reporter gene suggests its local mode of neurotrophic activity. Neuroscience. 71:1996;221-230.
291. Tolosano E., Cutufia M.A., Hirsch E., Silengo L., Altruda F. Specific expression in brain and liver driven by the Hemopexin promoter in transgenic mice. Bioch. Biophys. Res. Commun. 218:1996;694-703.
292. Tolosano E., Cutufia M.A., Hirsch E., Stefanuto G., Voyron S., Fasolo A., Silengo L., Altruda F. Ciliary neurotrophic factor constitutively expressed in the nervous system of transgenic mice protects embryonic dorsal root ganglion neurons from apoptosis. Eur. J. Neurosci. 8:1996;521-529.
293. Tomasiewicz H., Ono K., Yee D., Thompson C., Goridis C., Rutishauser U., Magnuson T. Genetic deletion of a neural cell adhesion molecule variant (N-CAM-180) produces distinct deficits in the central nervous system. Neuron. 11:1993;1163-1174.
294. Toth M., Ding D., Shenk T. The 5′ flanking region of the serotonin 2 receptor gene directs brain specific expression in transgenic animals. Mol. Brain Res. 27:1994;315-319.
295. Townes T.M., Lingrel J.B., Brinster R.L., Palmiter R.D. Erythroid specific expression of human beta-globin genes in transgenic mice. EMBO J. 4:1985;1715-1723.
296. Tremblay Y., Tretjakoff I., Peterson A., Antakly T., Zhang C.X., Drouin J. Pituitary-specific expression and glucocorticoid regulation of a proopiomelanocortin fusion gene in transgenic mice. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA. 85:1988;8890-8894.
297. Tsien J.Z., Chen D.F., Gerber D., Tom C., Mercer E.H., Anderson D.J., Mayford M., Kandel E.R., Tonegawa S. Subregion- and cell type-restricted gene knockout in mouse brain. Cell. 87:1996;1317-1326.
298. Tsien J.Z., Huerta P.T., Tonegawa S. The essential role of hippocampal CA1 NMDA receptor-dependent synaptic plasticity in spatial memory. Cell. 87:1996;1327-1338.
299. Tuszynski M.H., Peterson D.A., Ray J., Baird A., Nakahara Y., Gage F.H. Fibroblasts genetically modified to produce nerve growth factor induce robust neuritic ingrowth after grafting to the spinal cord. Exp. Neurol. 126:1994;1-14.
300. Tuszynski M.H., Gabriel K., Gage F.H., Suhr S., Meyer S., Rosetti A. Nerve growth factor delivery by gene transfer induces differential outgrowth of sensory, motor, and noradrenergic neurites after adult spinal cord injury. Exp. Neurol. 137:1996;157-173.
301. Vandaele S., Nordquist D., Fedderson R.M., Tretjakoff I., Peterson A.C., Orr H.T. Purkinje cell protein-2 regulatory regions and transgene expression in cerebellar compartments. Genes Dev. 5:1991;1136-1148.
302. Van der Neut R. Targeted gene disruption: applications in neurobiology. J. Neurosci. Methods. 71:1997;19-28.
303. Van Lookeren Campagne M., Oestreicher A.B., Van Bergen en Henegouwen P.M.P., Gispen W.H. Ultrastructural immunocytochemical localization of B-50/GAP-43, a protein kinase C substrate, in isolated presynaptic nerve terminals and neuronal growth cones. J. Neurocytol. 18:1989;479-489.
304. Vanselow J., Grabczyk E., Ping J., Baetscher M., Teng S., Fishman M.C. GAP-43 transgenic mice: dispersed genomic sequences confer a GAP-43-like expression pattern during development and regeneration. J. Neurosci. 14:1994;499-510.
305. Varela-Echavarría A., Tucker A., Püschel A.W., Guthrie S. Motor axon subpopulations respond differentially to the chemorepellents netrin-1 and semaphorin D. Neuron. 18:1997;193-207.
306. Verhaagen J., Oestreicher A.B., Edwards P.M., Veldman H., Jennekens F.G.I., Gispen W.H. Light and electron microscopical study of phosphoprotein B-50 following denervation and reinnervation of the rat soleus muscle. J. Neurosci. 8:1988;1759-1766.
307. Verhaagen J., Hermens W.T.J.M.C., Oestreicher A.B., Gispen W.H., Rabkin S.D., Pfaff D.W., Kaplitt M.G. Expression of the growth-associated protein B-50/GAP-43 via defective herpes-simplex virus vector results in profound morphological changes in non-neuronal cells. Mol. Brain Res. 26:1994;26-36.
308. J. Verhaagen, W.T.J.M.C. Hermens, A.J.G.D. Holtmaat, A.B. Oestreicher, W.H. Gispen, M.G. Kaplitt, Viral vector-mediated gene transfer in the nervous system: application to the reconstruction of neural circuits in the injured mammalian brain, in: M.G. Kaplitt, A.D. Loewy (Eds.), Viral Vectors. Gene Therapy and Neuroscience Applications, Academic Press, San Diego, 1995, pp. 119-132.
309. Verhaagen J., Hermens W.T.J.M.C., Dijkhuizen P.A., Holtmaat A.J.G.D., Gispen W.H. The use of viral vectors to promote neuroregeneration. Clin. Neurosci. 3:1996;275-283.
310. Vidal M., Morris R., Grosveld F., Spanopoulou E. Tissue-specific control elements of the Thy-1 gene. EMBO J. 9:1990;833-840.
311. Vogt L., Giger R.J., Ziegler U., Kunz B., Buchstaller A., Kunz S., Hermens W.T.J.M.C., Kaplitt M.G., Rosenfeld M.R., Pfaff D.W., Verhaagen J., Sonderegger P. Continuous renewal of the axonal pathway sensor by insertion of new sensor molecules into the growth cone membrane. Curr. Biol. 6:1996;1153-1158.
312. Wagner E.F., Stewart T.A., Mintz B. The human beta-globin gene and a functional thymidine kinase gene in developing mice. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci USA. 78:1981;5016-5020.
313. Wagner E.F., Covarrubia L., Stewart T.A., Mintz B. Prenatal lethalities in mice homozygous for human growth hormone gene sequences integrated in the germ line. Cell. 35:1983;647-655.
314. Wagner T.E., Hoppe P.C., Jollick J.D., Scholl D.R., Hodinka R.L., Gault J.B. Microinjection of a rabbit beta-globin gene into zygotes and its subsequent expression in adult mice and their offspring. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA. 78:1981;6376-6380.
315. Wahlestedt C. Antisense oligonucleotide strategies in neuropharmacology. Trends Pharmacol. Sci. 15:1994;42-46.
316. Walters E., Grillo M., Tarozzo G., Stein-Izsak C., Corbin J., Bocchiaro C., Margolis F.L. Proximal regions of the olfactory marker protein gene promoter direct olfactory neuron-specific expression in transgenic mice. J. Neurosci. Res. 43:1996;146-160.
317. Westphal H., Gruss P. Molecular genetics of development studied in the transgenic mouse. Annu. Rev. Cell Biol. 5:1989;181-196.
318. Widmer F., Caroni P. Phosphorylation-site mutagenesis of the growth-associated protein GAP-43 modulates its effects on cell spreading and morphology. J. Cell Biol. 120:1993;503-512.
319. Willard M., Simon C. Modulation of neurofilament axonal transport during the development of rabbit retinal ganglion cells. Cell. 35:1983;551-559.
320. Wood M.J.A., Byrnes A.P., Pfaff D.W., Rabkin S.D., Charlton H.M. Inflammatory effects of gene transfer into the CNS with defective HSV-1 vectors. Gene Ther. 1:1994;283-291.
321. Woolf C.J., Reynolds M.L., Molander C., O'Brien C., Lindsay R.M., Benowitz L.I. The growth-associated protein GAP-43 appears in dorsal root ganglion cells and in the dorsal horn of the rat spinal cord following peripheral nerve injury. Neuroscience. 34:1990;465-478.
322. Woolf C.J., Shortland P., Coggeshall R.E. Peripheral nerve injury triggers central sprouting of myelinated afferents. Nature. 355:1992;75-78.
323. Wuenschell C.W., Mori N., Anderson D.J. Analysis of SCG10 gene expression in transgenic mice reveals that neural specificity is achieved through selective derepression. Neuron. 4:1990;595-602.
324. 1 containing receptors and increases inferior collicular seizure sensitivity. Brain Res. 756:1997;76-83.
325. Xu Z., Cork L.C., Griffin J.W., Cleveland D.W. Increased expression of neurofilament subunit NF-L produces morphological alterations that resemble the pathology of human motor neuron disease. Cell. 73:1993;23-33.
326. Xu Z., Marszaled J.R., Lee M.K., Wong P.C., Folmer J., Crawford T.O., Hsieh S.T., Griffin J.W., Cleveland D.W. Subunit composition of neurofilaments specifies axonal diameter. J. Cell Biol. 133:1996;1061-1069.
327. Yankner G.A., Benowitz L.I., Villa-Komaroff L., Neve R.L. Transfection of PC12 cells with the human GAP-43 gene: effects on neurite outgrowth and regeneration. Mol. Brain Res. 7:1990;39-44.
328. Zack D.J., Benett J., Wang Y., Davenport C., Klaunberg B., Gearhart J., Nathans J. Unusual topography of bovine rhodopsin promoter-lacZ fusion gene expression in transgenic mice. Neuron. 6:1991;187-199.
329. Zhang L., Schmidt R.E., Yan Q., Snider W.D. NGF and NT-3 have differing effects on the growth of dorsal root axons in developing mammalian spinal cord. J. Neurosci. 14:1994;5187-5201.
330. Zimmer A. Manipulating the genome by homologous recombination in embryonic stem cells. Annu. Rev. Neurosci. 15:1992;115-137.
331. Zimmerman L., Parr B., Lendahl U., Cunningham M., McKay R., Gavin B., Mann J., Vassileva G., McMahon A. Independent regulatory elements in the nestin gene direct transgene expression to neural stem cells or muscle precursors. Neuron. 12:1994;11-24.
332. Zuber M.X., Goodman D.W., Karns L.R., Fishman M.C. The neuronal growth-associated protein GAP-43 induces filopodia in non-neuronal cells. Science. 244:1989;1193-1195.
333. Zwiers H., Wiegant V.M., Schotman P., Gispen W.H. ACTH-induced inhibition of endogenous rat brain protein phophorylation in vitro: structure activity. Neurochem. Res. 3:1978;455-463.