Clinical pharmacokinetics in the 21st century: Does the evidence support definitive outcomes?

Clinical Pharmacokinetics

Volumn 34, Issue 4, 1998, Pages 265-279

  Ensom, Mary H H ^a,b,d,e   Davis, George A ^a,d   Cropp, Cheryl D ^a,d   Ensom, Robin J ^b,c  

^a University of Kentucky   (United States)

^b UNIVERSITY OF BRITISH COLUMBIA   (Canada)

^c ST PAUL S HOSPITAL   (Canada)

^d UNIVERSITY OF KENTUCKY MEDICAL CENTER   (United States)

^e CHILDREN S AND WOMEN S HEALTH CENTRE OF BRITISH COLUMBIA   (Canada)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

ADVERSE DRUG REACTION; CONCENTRATION RESPONSE; DRUG MONITORING; HOSPITALIZATION; LENGTH OF STAY; MORBIDITY; MORTALITY; PHARMACEUTICAL CARE; PHARMACIST; PHARMACY; PRIORITY JOURNAL; REVIEW; TREATMENT OUTCOME;

DRUG MONITORING; FORECASTING; HUMANS; PHARMACEUTICAL SERVICES; PHARMACOKINETICS; TREATMENT OUTCOME;

EID: 0031955468     PISSN: 03125963     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.2165/00003088-199834040-00001     Document Type: Review

References (86)

1. Hepler CD, Strand LH. Opportunities and responsibilities in pharmaceutical care. Am J Hosp Pharm 1990; 47: 533-43
2. Polk R. The unexamined life: antibiotic serum concentration monitoring and clinical pharmacy. J Infec Dis Pharmacother 1995; 1: 3-24
3. Moellering Jr RC. Monitoring serum vancomycin levels: climbing the mountain because it is there [editorial]. Clin Infect Dis 1994; 18: 544-6
4. Burton ME, Brater C, Chen PS, et al. A Bayesian feedback method of aminoglycoside dosing. Clin Pharmacol Ther 1985; 37: 349-57
5. Vozeh S, Kewitz G, Perruchoud A, et al. Theophylline serum concentration and therapeutic effect in severe acute bronchial obstruction: the optimal use of intravenously administered theophylline. Am Rev Respir Dis 1982; 125: 181-4
6. Vozeh S, Uematsu T, Schmidlin O, et al. Computer-assisted individualized lidocaine dosage: clinical evaluation and comparison with physician performance. Am Heart J 1987; 113: 928-33
7. Beardsley RS, Freeman JM, Appel FA. Anticonvulsant serum levels are useful only if the physician appropriately uses them: an assessment of the impact of providing serum level data to physicians. Epilepsia 1983; 24: 330-5
8. Whiting B, Kelman AW, Bryson SM, et al. Clinical pharmacokinetics: a comprehensive system for therapeutic drug monitoring and prescribing. BMJ 1984; 288: 543-5
9. Mungall D, Marshall J, Penn D, et al. Individualized theophylline therapy: the impact of clinical pharmacokinetics on patient outcomes. Ther Drug Monit 1983; 5: 95-101
10. Donahue T, Dotter J, Alexander G, et al. Pharmacist based iv theophylline therapy. Hosp Pharm 1989; 24: 442-60
11. Hurley SF, Dziukas LJ, McNeill JJ, et al. A randomized controlled clinical trial of pharmacokinetic theophylline dosing. Am Rev Respir Dis 1986; 134: 1219-24
12. Winter ME, Herfindal ET, Bernstein LR. Impact of decentralized pharmacokinetics consultation service. Am J Hosp Pharm 1986; 43: 2178-84
13. Franson TR, Quebbeman EJ, Whipple J. Prospective comparison of traditional and pharmacokinetic aminoglycoside dosing methods. Crit Care Med 1988; 16: 840-3
14. Hoffa DE. Serial pharmacokinetic dosing of aminoglycosides: a community hospital experience. Ther Drug Monit 1989; 11: 574-9
15. Destache CJ, Meyer SK, Padomek MT. Impact of a clinical pharmacokinetic service on patients treated with aminoglycosides for gram-negative infections. Drug Intell Clin Pharm 1989; 23: 33-8
16. Horn JR, Christensen DB, deBlaquiere PA. Evaluation of a digoxin pharmacokinetic monitoring service in a community hospital. Drug Intell Clin Pharm 1985; 19: 45-52
17. Ho KKL, Thiessen JJ, Bryson SM, et al. Challenges in comparing treatment outcome from a prospective with that of a retrospective study: assessing the merit of gentamicin therapeutic drug monitoring in pediatric oncology. Ther Drug Monit 1994; 16: 238-47
18. Bollish SJ, Kelly WN, Miller DE, et al. Establishing an aminoglycoside pharmacokinetic monitoring service in a community hospital. Am J Hosp Pharm 1981; 38: 73-6
19. Michalko KJ, Blain L. An evaluation of a clinical pharmacokinetic service for serum digoxin levels. Ther Drug Monit 1987; 9: 311-9
20. Wing DS, Duff HJ. Evaluation of a therapeutic drug monitoring program for theophylline in a teaching hospital. Drug Intell Clin Pharm 1987; 21: 702-6
21. Job ML, Ward ES, Murphy JE. Seven years of experience with a pharmacokinetic service. Hosp Pharm 1989; 24: 512-9.26
22. McLean W, Lalonde R, Roy M. The history of a comprehensive pharmacokinetic service. Can J Hosp Pharm 1989; 42: 223-8
23. Ried LD, McKenna DA, Horn JR. Meta-analysis of research on the effect of clinical pharmacokinetics services on therapeutic drug monitoring. Am J Hosp Pharm 1989; 46: 945-51
24. Wing DS, Duff HJ. The impact of a therapeutic drug monitoring program for phenytoin. Ther Drug Monit 1989; 11: 32-7
25. Dager WE, Albertson TE. Impact of therapeutic drug monitoring of intravenous theophylline regimens on serum theophylline concentrations in the medical intensive care unit. Ann Pharmacother 1992; 26: 1287-91
26. Schloemer JH, Zagozen JJ. Cost analysis of an aminoglycoside pharmacokinetic dosing program. Am J Hosp Pharm 1984; 41: 2347-51
27. McCormack JP, Lynd LD, Pfeifer NM. Vancomycin cost containment through a therapeutic and pharmacokinetic drug monitoring service. Can J Hosp Pharm 1989; 42: 3-9
28. Toler SM, Wilkerson MA, Porter WH, et al. Severe phenytoin intoxication as a result of altered protein binding in AIDS. Ann Pharmacother 1990; 24: 698-700
29. Vozeh S. Cost-effectiveness of therapeutic drug monitoring. Clin Pharmacokinet 1987; 13: 131-40
30. Bootman JL, Wertheimer AI, Zaske D, et al. Individualizing gentamicin dosage regimens in burn patients with gram-negative septicemia: a cost-benefit analysis. J Pharm Sci 1979; 68: 267-72
31. Zaske DE, Bootman JL, Solem LB, et al. Increased burn patient survival with individualized dosages of gentamicin. Surgery 1982; 91: 142-9
32. Sveska KJ, Roffe BD, Solomon DK, et al. Outcome of patients treated by an aminoglycoside pharmacokinetic dosing service. Am J Hosp Pharm 1985; 42: 2472-8
33. Kimelblatt BJ, Bradbury K, Chodoff L, et al. Cost-benefit analysts of an aminoglycoside monitoring service. Am J Hosp Pharm 1986; 43: 1205-9
34. Smith M, Murphy JE, Job ML, et al. Aminoglycoside monitoring: use of a pharmacokinetic service versus physician recommendations. Hosp Formul 1987; 22: 92-102
35. Crist KD, Nahata MC, Ety J. Positive impact of a therapeutic drug-monitoring program on total aminoglycoside dose and cost of hospitilization. Ther Drug Monit 1987; 9: 306-10
36. Dillion KR, Dougherty SH, Casner P, et al. Individualized pharmacokinetic versus standard dosing of amikacin: a comparison of therapeutic outcomes J Antimicrob Chemother 1989; 24: 581-9
37. Destache CJ, Meyer SK, Bittner MJ, et al. Impact of a clinical pharmacokinetic service on patients treated with aminoglycosides: a cost-benefit analysis. Ther Drug Monit 1990; 12: 419-26
38. Destache CJ, Meyer SK, Rowley KM. Does accepting pharmacokinetic recommendations impact hospitalization? a cost-benefit analysis. Ther Drug Monit 1990; 12: 427-33
39. Whipple JK, Ausman RK, Franson T, et al. Effect of individualized pharmacokinetic dosing on patient outcome. Crit Care Med 1991; 19: 1480-5
40. Burton ME, Ash CL, Hill DP, et al. A controlled trial of the cost benefit of computerized Bayesian aminoglycoside administration. Clin Pharmacol Ther 1991; 49: 685-94
41. Pinilla J, Shafran S, Conly J. A utilization and cost-benefit analysis of an aminoglycoside kinetics monitoring service. Clin Invest Med 1992; 15: 8-17
42. Leehey DJ, Braun BI, Tholl DA, et al. Can pharmacokinetic dosing decrease nephrotoxicity associated with aminoglycoside therapy? J Am Soc Nephrol 1993; 4: 81-90
43. Ioannides-Demos LL, Horne MK, Tong N, et al. Impact of a pharmacokinetics consultation service on clinical outcomes in an ambulatory-care epilepsy clinic. Am J Hosp Pharm 1988; 45: 1549-51
44. Botha J, Bobat RA, Moosa A, et al. Therapeutic drug monitoring in a paediatric epilepsy clinic. S Afr Med J 1990; 77: 511-4
45. McFayden ML, Miller R, Juta M, et al. The relevance of a first-world therapeutic drug monitoring service to the treatment of epilepsy in third-world conditions. S Afr Med J 1990; 78: 587-90
46. Duhme DW, Greenblatt DJ, Koch-Weser J. Reduction of digoxin toxicity associated with measurement of serum levels. Ann Intern Med 1974; 80: 516-9
47. Lehmann CR, Leonard RG. Effect of theophylline pharmacokinetic monitoring service on cost and quality of care. Am J Hosp Pharm 1982; 39: 1656-62
48. Casner PR, Reilly R, Ho H. A randomized controlled trial of computerized pharmacokinetic theophylline dosing versus empiric physician dosing. Clin Pharmacol Ther 1993; 53: 684-90
49. Welty TE, Copa AK. Impact of vancomycin therapeutic drug monitoring on patient care. Ann Pharmacother 1994; 28: 1335-9
50. del Mar Fernandez de Gatta M, Calvo V, Hernandez JM, et al. Cost-effectiveness analysis of serum vancomycin concentration monitoring in patients with hematologic malignancies. Clin Pharmacol Ther 1996; 60: 332-40
51. Gardner DM, Hardy BG. Cost-effectiveness of therapeutic drug monitoring. Can J Hosp Pharm 1990; 43: 7-12
52. Reents S, Hatton RC. Influence of methods on the evaluation of therapeutic drug-monitoring services. Am J Hosp Pharm 1991; 48: 1553-9
53. Tonkin AL, Bochner F. Therapeutic drug monitoring and patient outcome: a review of the issues. Clin Pharmacokinet 1994; 27: 169-74
54. Murphy JE, Slack MK, Campbell S. National survey of hospital-based pharmacokinetic services. Am J Health Syst Pharm 1996; 53: 2840-7
55. DiPiro JT, Blouin RA, Pruemer JM, et al. Concepts in clinical pharmacokinetics: a self-instructional ocurse. 2nd ed. Bethesda: American Society of Health-System Pharmacists Inc., 1996
56. Noone P, Pattison JR. The effective use of gentamicin in life-threatening sepsis. Postgrad Med J 1974; 50 Suppl. 7: 9-16
57. Noone P, Parsons TMC, Pattison JR, et al. Experience in monitoring gentamicin therapy during treatment of serious gramnegative sepsis. BMJ 1974; 1: 477-81
58. Dahlgren JG, Anderson ET, Hewitt WL. Gentamicin blood levels: a guide to nephrotoxicity. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 1975; 8: 58-62
59. Goodman EL, Van Gelder J, Holmes R, et al. Prospective comparative study of variable dosage and variable frequency regimens for administration of gentamicin. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 1975; 8: 434-8
60. Moore RD, Smith CR, Lietman PS. Association of aminoglycoside plasma levels with therapeutic outcome in gram-negative pneumonia. Am J Med 1984; 77: 657-62
61. Smith CR, Moore RD, Lerner SA. Aminoglycoside ototoxicity: interaction between duration of therapy and plasma trough levels [abstract]. Clin Pharmacol Ther 1986; 39: 229
62. Moore RD, Lietman PS, Smith CR. Clinical response to aminoglycoside therapy: importance of the ratio of peak concentration to minimal inhibitory concentration. J Infec Dis 1987; 155: 93-9
63. Lindholm A, Kahan BD. Influence of cyclosporine pharmacokinetics, trough concentrations, and AUC monitoring on outcome after kidney transplantation. Clin Pharmacol Ther 1993; 54: 205-18
64. Prien RF, Caffey EM, Klett CJ. Relationship between serum lithium level and clinical response in acute mania treated with lithium. Br J Psychiatry 1972; 120: 409-14
65. Evans WE, Crom WR, Abromowitch M, et al. Clinical pharmacodynamics of high-dose methotrexate in acute lymphocytic leukemia: identification of a relationship between concentration and effect. N Engl J Med 1986; 314: 471-7
66. Lockman LA, Kriel R, Zaske D, et al. Phenobarbital dosage for control of neonatal seizures. Neurology 1979; 29: 1445-9
67. Buchthal F, Svensmark O, Schiller PJ. Clinical and electroencephalographic correlations with serum levels of diphenylhydantoin. Arch Neurol 1960; 2: 624-30
68. Ford JM, Truman CA, Wilcock GK, et al. Serum concentrations of tacrine hydrochloride predict its adverse effects in Alzheimer's disease. Clin Pharmacol Ther 1993;53:691-5
69. Gram L, Flachs H, Wurtz-Jorgensen A, et al. Sodium valproate, serum level and clinical effect in epilepsy: a controlled study. Epilepsia 1979; 20: 303-12
70. Cimino MA, Rotstein C, Slaughter RL, et al. Relationship of serum antibiotic concentrations to nephrotoxicity in cancer patients receiving concurrent aminoglycoside and vancomycin therapy. Am J Med 1987; 83: 1091-7
71. Rybak MJ, Albrecht LM, Boike SC, et al. Nephrotoxicity of vancomycin alone and with an aminoglycoside. J Antimicrob Chemother 1990; 25: 679-87
72. Lund L. Anticonvulsant effect of diphenylhydantoin relative to plasma levels. Arch Neurol 1974; 31: 289-94
73. Schmidt D, Einicke I, Haenel F. The influence of seizure type on the efficacy of plasma concentiation of phenytoin, phenobarbital and carbamazepine. Arch Neurol 1986; 43: 263-5
74. Woo E, Chan YM, Yu YL, et al. If a well-stabilized epileptic patient has a subtherapeutic antiepileptic drug level, should the dose be increased? a randomized prospective study. Epilepsia 1988; 29: 129-39
75. McCormack JP, Jewesson PJ. A critical reevaluation of the 'therapeutic range' of aminoglycosides. Clin Infect Dis 1992; 14: 320-9
76. Zimmerman AE, Katona BG, Plaisance KI. Association of vancomycin serum concentrations with outcomes in patients with gram-positive bacteremia. Pharmacotherapy 1995; 15: 85-91
77. Dobbs RJ, O'Neill CJA, Deshmukh AA, et al. Serum concentration monitoring of cardiac glycosides: how helpful is it for adjusting dosage regimens? Clin Pharmacokinet 1991; 20: 175-93
78. Holford N, Black P, Couch R, et al. Theophylline target concentration in severe airways obstruction: 10 or 20 mg/L? Clin Pharmacokinet 1993; 25: 495-505
79. Holford NHG. The target concentration approach to clinical drug development. Clin Pharmacokinet 1995; 29: 287-91
80. Morris RG. Target concentration strategy for cyclosporin monitoring. Clin Pharmacokinet 1997; 32: 175-9
81. Nicolau DP, Freeman CD, Belliveau PP. Experience with a once-daily aminoglycoside program administered to 2,184 adult patients. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 1995; 39: 650-5
82. Leader WG, Chandler MHH, Castiglia M. Pharmacokinetic optimisation of vancomycin therapy. Clin Pharmacokinet 1995; 28: 327-42
83. Chandler MHH. Clinical pharmacokinetics service policy and procedure manual. 19th ed. Lexington (KY): University of Kentuchy Medical Center, 1996
84. Wolf BA. Overview of therapeutic drug monitoring and biotechnologic drugs. Ther Drug Monit 1996; 18: 402-4
85. Leader WG, Pestotnik SL, Chandler MHH. Integrating pharmacokinetics into point-of-care information systems. Clin Pharmacokinet 1996; 31: 165-73
86. Strand LM, Cipolle RJ, Morley PC. Pharmaceutical care: an introduction. Kalamazoo (MA): The Upjohn Co., 1992