Structural and inflammatory changes in COPD: A comparison with asthma

Thorax

Volumn 53, Issue 2, 1998, Pages 129-136

  Jeffery, Peter K ^a,b  

^a NATIONAL HEART AND LUNG INSTITUTE   (United Kingdom)

^b ROYAL BROMPTON HOSPITAL   (United Kingdom)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

ANTIGEN EXPRESSION; ASTHMA; BRONCHIOLITIS; CHRONIC BRONCHITIS; CHRONIC OBSTRUCTIVE LUNG DISEASE; CLINICAL FEATURE; HUMAN; INFLAMMATORY INFILTRATE; LUNG EMPHYSEMA; PATHOPHYSIOLOGY; PRIORITY JOURNAL; REVIEW; SCANNING ELECTRON MICROSCOPY;

EID: 0031954369     PISSN: 00406376     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1136/thx.53.2.129     Document Type: Review

References (89)

1. Siafakas NM, Vermeire P, Pride NB, Paoletti P, Gibson J, Howard P, et al. Optimal assessment and management of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD). Eur Respir J 1995;8:1398-420.
2. American Thoracic Society Medical Section of the American Lung Association. Standards for the diagnosis and care of patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 1995;152:S77-120.
3. Summary and recommendations of a Workshop on the investigative use of fibreoptic bronchoscopy and bronchoalveolar lavage in asthmatics. Am Rev Respir Dis 1985; 132:180-2.
4. Medical Research Council. Definition and classification of chronic bronchitis for clinical and epidemiological purposes. A report to the Medical Research Council by their Committee on the etiology of chronic bronchitis. Lancet 1965;i:775-80.
5. Thurlbeck WM. Aspects of chronic airflow obstruction. Chest 1977;72:341-9.
6. Fletcher CM, Pride MB. Definition of emphysema, chronic bronchitis, asthma and airflow obstruction: twenty-five years on from the CIBRA symposium. Thorax 1984;39: 81-5.
7. 2 test and age, sex and smoking habits in three North American cities. Am Rev Respir Dis 1979;120: 305-18.
8. Buist AS. Current status of small airways disease. Chest 1984;86:100-5.
9. Snider GL, Kleinerman J, Thurlbeck WM. The definition of emphysema. Report of a National Heart and Blood Institute, division of lung diseases, Workshop. Am Rev Respir Dis 1985;132:182-5.
10. 1. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 1997;155: 852-7.
11. Jeffery PK. Pathology of asthma. Br Med Bull 1992;48: 23-39.
12. Jeffery PK. Tobacco smoke-induced lung disease. In: Cohen RD, Lewis B, Alberti KGMM, Denman AM, eds. The metabolic and molecular basis of acquired disease. London: Baillière Tindall, 1990:466-95.
13. Saetta M, Finkelstein R, Cosio MG. Morphological and cellular basis for airflow limitation in smokers. Eur Respir J 1994;7:1505-15.
14. Jeffery PK. Cigarette smoke-induced damage of airway mucosa. In: Chretien J, Dusser D, eds. Environmental impact on the airways. New York: Marcel Dekker, 1996:299-354.
15. Toremalm NH. The daily amount of tracheobronchial secretions in man: a method for continuous tracheal aspiration in largyngectomized and tracheostimized patients. Acta Otolarynol 1960;158:43-53.
16. Lopez-Vidriero MT, Reid L. Bronchial mucus in asthma. In: Weiss EB, Segal MS, Stein M, eds. Bronchial asthma: mechanisms and therapeutics. Boston: Little Brown, 1985: 218-35.
17. Coles SJ, Bhaskar KR, O'Sullivan BD, Neill KH, Reid LM. Airway mucus: composition and regulation of its secretion by neuropeptides in vitro. In: Mucus and mucosa. Ciba Foundation Symposium 109. London: Pitman Medical, 1984:40-60.
18. Reid L. Pathology of chronic bronchitis. Lancet 1954;i: 275-9.
19. Dunnill MS, Massarella GR, Anderson JA. A comparison of the quantitative anatomy of the bronchi in normal subjects, in status asthmaticus, in chronic bronchitis, and in emphysema. Thorax 1969;24:176-9.
20. Cosio MG, Hale KA, Niewoehner DE. Morphologic and morphometric effects of prolonged cigarette smoking on the small airways. Am Rev Respir Dis 1980;122:265-71.
21. Ebert RV, Terracio MJ. The bronchiolar epithelium in cigarette smokers: observations with the scanning electron microscope. Am Rev Respir Dis 1975;111:4-11.
22. Glynn AA, Michaels L. Bronchial biopsy in chronic bronchitis and asthma. Thorax 1960;15:142-53.
23. Wright RR, Stuart CM. Chronic bronchitis with emphysema: a pathological study of the bronchi. Medicina Thoracalis 1965;22:210.
24. Klienerman J, Boren HG. Morphologic basis of chronic obstructive lung disease. In: Baum GL, ed. Textbook of pulmonary disease. Boston: Little Brown, 1974:571.
25. Ailsby RL, Ghadially FN. Atypical cilia in human bronchial mucosa. J Pathol 1973;109:75-7.
26. Chang SC. Microscopic properties of whole mounts and sections of human bronchial epithelium of smokers and non-smokers. Cancer(Phila) 1957;10:1246-62.
27. Wanner A. Clinical aspects of muco-ciliary transport. Am Rev Respir Dis 1977;116:73-125.
28. Misokovitch G, Appel J, Szule J. Ultrastructural changes of ciliated columnar epithelium and goblet cells in chronic bronchitis biopsy material. Acta Morphol Acad Sci Hung 1974;22:91-103.
29. Horsfield K. The structure of the tracheobronchial tree. In: Scadding JG, Cumming G, Thurlbeck WM, eds. The structure of the tracheobronchial tree. London: William Heinemann, 1981:54-70.
30. Nemery B, Moavero NE, Brasseur L, Stanescu DC. Significance of small airways test in middle-aged smokers. Am Rev Respir Dis 1981;124:232-8.
31. Hogg JC, Macklem PT, Thurlbeck WM. Site and nature of airway obstruction in chronic obstructive lung disease. N Engl J Med 1968;278:1355-60.
32. Verbeken EK, Cauberghs M, Mertens I, Lauweryns JM, van de Woestijne KP. Tissue and airway impedance of excised normal, senile, and emphysematous lungs. Am Phys Soc 1992;?:2343-53.
33. Niewoehner DH, Klienerman J, Rice D. Pathologic changes in the peripheral airways of young cigarette smokers. N Engl J Med 1974;291:755-8.
34. Reynolds HY. Bronchoalveolar lavage. Am Rev Respir Dis 1987;135:250-63.
35. Mitchell RS, Stanford RE, Johnson JM, Silvers GW, Dart G, George MS. The morphologic features of the bronchi, bronchioles and alveoli in chronic airway obstruction: a clinicopathologic study. Am Rev Respir Dis 1976;114: 137-45.
36. Hale KA, Ewing SL, Gosnell BA, Niewoehner DE. Lung disease in long-term cigarette smokers with and without chronic air-flow obstruction. Am Rev Respir Dis 1984;130: 716-21.
37. Bignon J, Khoury F, Evan P, Andre J, Brouet G. Morphometric study in chronic obstructive broncho-pulmonary disease. Am Rev Respir Dis 1969;99:669-95.
38. Saetta M, Ghezzo H, Wong Dong Kim, King M, Angus GE, Wang N-S, Cosio MG. Loss of alveolar attachments in smokers. A morphometric correlate of lung function impairment. Am Rev Respir Dis 1985;132:894-900.
39. Linhartova A, Anderson AE Jr, Foraker AG. Further observations on lumenal deformity and stenosis of non respiratory bronchioles in pulmonary emphysema. Thorax 1977;32:50-3.
40. Anderson AR, Foraker AG. Relative dimensions of bronchioles and parenchymal spaces in lungs from normal subjects and emphysematous patients. Am J Med 1962; 32:218-26.
41. Jeffery PK, Reid L. New observations of rat airway epithelium: a quantitative electron microscopic study. J Anat 1975;120:295-320.
42. Jeffery PK. Structural, immunologic, and neural elements of the normal human airway wall. In: Busse WW, Holgate ST, eds. Asthma and rhinitis. Oxford: Blackwell Scientific Publications, 1995:80-106.
43. Gil J, Weibel E. Extracellular lining of bronchioles after perfusion-fixation of rat lungs for electron microscopy. Anal Rec 1971;169:185-200.
44. Mooren HWD, Kramps JA, Franken C, Meijer CJLM, Dijkman JA. Localisation of a low-molecular weight bronchial protease inhibitor in the peripheral human lung. Thorax 1983;38:180-3.
45. Kramps JA, Franken C, Dijkman JH. ELISA for quantitative measurement of low-molecular-weight bronchial protease inhibitor in human sputum. Am Rev Respir Dis 1984;129: 959-63.
46. Ebert RV, Hanks PB. Mucus secretion by the epithelium of the bronchioles of cigarette smokers. Br J Dis Chest 1981; 75:277-82.
47. Macklem PT, Proctor DF, Hogg JC. The stability of peripheral airways. Resp Physiol 1970;8:191-203.
48. Gillooly M, Lamb D. Microscopic emphysema in relation to age and smoking habit. Thorax 1993;48:491-5.
49. Lamb D, McLean A, Gillooly M, Warren PM, Gould GA, MacNee W. Relation between distal airspace sixe, bronchiolar attachments, and lung function. Thorax 1993; 48:1012-7.
50. Lang MR, Fiaux GW, Gilooly M, Stewart JA, Hulmes DJS, Lamb D. Collagen content of alveolar wall tissue in emphysematous and non-emphysematous lungs. Thorax 1994;49:319-26.
51. Eriksson S. Pulmonary emphysema and alpha 1-antitrypsin deficiency. Acta Med Scand 1964;175:197-205.
52. Kim WD, Eidelman DH, Izquierdo JL, Ghezzo H, Saetta MP, Cosio MG. Centrilobular and panlobular emphysema in smokers. Two distinct morphologic and functional entities. Am Rev Respir Dis 1991;144:1385-90.
53. Auerbach O, Hammond EC, Garfinkel L, Benante C. Relation of smoking and age to emphysema. N Engl J Med 1972;286:853-8.
54. Gadek JR, Fells GA, Crystal RG. Cigarette smoking induces functional antiprotease deficiency in the lower respiratory tract of humans. Science 1979;206:1315-6.
55. Cantin A, Crystal RG. Oxidants, antioxidants and the pathogenesis of emphysema. Eur J Respir Dis 1985;66(Suppl 139):7-17.
56. Kimbel P. Proteolytic damage and emphysema pathogenesis. In: Petty TL, ed. Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Vol 28. New York: Dekker, 1985:105-28.
57. MacNee W. Pathophysiology of cor pulmonale chronicum in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD). Part One. Ant J Respir Crit Care Med 1994;150:833-52.
58. Wright JL, Hobson JR, Wiggs B, Pare PD, Hogg JC. Airway inflammation and peribronchiolar attachments in the lungs of nonsmokers, current and ex-smokers. Lung 1988;166: 277-86.
59. Snider GL. Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease a continuing challenge. Am Rev Respir Dis 1986;133:942-4.
60. Thurlbeck WM. Chronic airflow obstruction. Correlation of structure and function. In: Petty TL, ed. Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. New York: Dekker, 1985:129.
61. MacNee W, Selby C. New perspectives on basic mechanisms in lung disease: 2. Neutrophil traffic in the lungs: role of haemodynamics, cell adhesion and deformability. Thorax 1993;48:79-88.
62. MacNee W, Wiggs B, Belzberg AS, Hogg JC. The effect of cigarette smoking on neutrophil kinetics in human lungs. N Engl J Med 1989;321:924-8.
63. Drost EM, Selby C, Lannan S, Lowe GDO, MacNee W. Changes in neutrophil deformability following in vitro smoke exposure: mechanisms and protection. Am J Respir Cell Mol Biol 1992;6:287-95.
64. Finkelstein R, Fraser RS, Ghezzo H, Cosio MG. Alveolar inflammatiun and its relation to emphysema in smokers. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 1995;152:1666-72.
65. Jeffery PK, Wardlaw A, Nelson FC, Collins JV, Kay AB. Bronchial biopsies in asthma: an ultrastructural quantification study and correlation with hyperreactivity. Am Rev Respir Dis 1989;140:1745-53.
66. Azzawi M, Bradley B, Jeffery PK, Frew AJ, Wardlaw AJ, Assoufi B, et al. Identification of activated T lymphocytes and eosinophils in bronchial biopsies in stable atopic asthma. Am Rev Respir Dis 1990;142:1407-13.
67. Bradley BL, Azzawi M, Jacobson M, Assoufi B, Collins JV, Irani A-MA, et al. Eosinophils, T-lymphocytes, mast cells, neutrophils and macrophages in bronchial biopsies from atopic asthmatics: comparison with atopic non-asthma and relationship to bronchial hyperresponsiveness. J Allergy Clin Immunol 1991;88:661-74.
68. Robinson DS, Hamid Q, Ying S, Tsicopoulos A, Barkans J, Bentley AM, et al. Predominant TH2-like bronchoalveolar T-lymphocyte population in atopic asthma. N Engl J Med 1992;326:298-304.
69. Robinson DS, Tsicopoulos A, Meng Q, Durham S, Kay AB, Hamid Q. Increased interleukin-10 messenger RNA expression in atopic allergy and asthma. Am J Respir Cell Mol Biol 1996;14:113-7.
70. Humbert M, Durham SR, Ying S, Kimmitt P, Barkans J, Assoufi B, et al. IL-4 and IL-5 mRNA and protein in bronchial biopsies from atopic and non-atopic asthma. Evidence against "intrinsic" asthma being a distinct immunopathological entity. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 1996; 154:1497-1504.
71. Djukanovic R, Roche WR, Wilson JW, Beasley CRW, Twentyman P, Howarth PH, et al. Mucosal inflammation in asthma. Am Rev Respir Dis 1990;142:434-57.
72. Lacoste JY, Bousquet J, Chanez P, Vanvyve T, Simony-lafontaine J, Lequeu N, et al. Eosinophilic and neutrophilic inflammation in asthma, chronic bronchitis, and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. J Allergy Clin Immunol 1993;92:537-48.
73. Ollerenshaw SL, Woolcock AJ. Characteristics of the inflammation in biopsies from large airways of subjects with asthma and subjects with chronic airflow limitation. Am Rev Respir Dis 1992;145:922-7.
74. Saetta M, Di Stefano A, Maestrelli P, Ferraresso A, Drigo R, Potena A, et al. Activated T-lymphocytes and macrophages in bronchial mucosa of subjects with chronic bronchitis. Am Rev Respir Dis 1993;147:301-6.
75. Vignola AM, Campbell AM, Chanez P, Bousquet J, Paul-Lacoste P, Michel F-B, et al. HLA-DR and ICAM-1 expression on bronchial epithelial cells in asthma and chronic bronchitis. Am Rev Respir Dis 1993;148:689-94.
76. Di Stefano A, Maestrelli P, Roggeri A, Turato G, Calabro S, Potena A, et al. Upregulation of adhesion molecules in the bronchial mucosa of subjects with chronic obstructive bronchitis. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 1994;149:803-10.
77. Saetta M, Di Stefano A, Maestrelli P, Turato G, Ruggieri P, Calcagni P, et al. Airway eosinophilia in chronic bronchitis during exacerbations. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 1994; 150:1646-52.
78. Thompson AB, Daughton D, Robbins RA, Ghafouri MA, Oehlerking M, Rennard SI. Intraluminal airway inflammation in chronic bronchitis. Characterization and correlation with clinical parameters. Am Rev Respir Dis 1989;140:1527-37.
79. Lacoste J-Y, Bousquet J, Chanez P, Van Vyve T, Simony-Lafontaine J, Lequeu N, et al. Eosinophilic and neutrophilic inflammation in asthma, chronic bronchitis, and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. J Allergy Clin Immunol 1993;92:537-48.
80. Fletcher CM. Chronic bronchitis and decline in pulmonary function with some suggestions on terminology. In: Cumming G, Bonsignore G, eds. Smoking and the lung. Vol 17, New York: Plenum, 1984:397-420.
81. Peto R, Speitzer FE, Cochrane AL, Moore F, Fletcher CM, Tinker CM, et al. The relevance in adults of airflow obstruction, but not of mucus hypersecretion, to mortality from chronic lung disease. Am Rev Respir Dis 1983;128: 491-500.
82. Prescott E, Lange P, Vestbo J. Chronic mucus hypersecretion in COPD and death from pulmonary infection. Eur Respir J 1995;8:1333-8.
83. 1 decline and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease morbidity. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 1996;153:1530-5.
84. Kraft M, Djukanovic R, Wilson S, Holgate ST, Martin RJ. Alveolar tissue inflammation in asthma. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 1996;154:1505-10.
85. Hogg JC, Wright JL, Wiggs BR, Coxson HO, Saez AO, Pare PD. Lung structure and function in cigarette smokers. Thorax 1994;49:473-8.
86. Thurlbeck WM. Lung structure and function in cigarette smokers. Thorax 1994;49:1276-9.
87. Hopkin JM, Tomlinson CS, Jenkins RM. Variations in response to cytotoxicity of cigarette smoke. BMJ 1981; 283:1209-11.
88. Amadori A, Zamarchi R, De Silvestro G, Forza G, Cavatton G, Antonio Danieli G, et al. Genetic control of the CD4/CD8 T-cell ratio in humans. Nature Medicine 1995;1: 1279-83.
89. Jeffery PK. Comparative morphology of the airways in asthma and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 1994;150:S6-13.