Primary socialization theory: The etiology of drug use and deviance. I

Substance Use and Misuse

Volumn 33, Issue 4, 1998, Pages 995-1026

  Oetting, Eugene R ^a   Donnermeyer, Joseph F ^b  

^a Department of Ecosystem Science and Sustainability   (United States)

^b OHIO STATE UNIVERSITY   (United States)

Author keywords

Deviance; Drug use; Family; Peer clusters; School; Socialization; Theory

Indexed keywords

ADOLESCENCE; DRUG ABUSE; ETHNIC GROUP; FAMILY; GROUP PSYCHOLOGY; HUMAN; LEARNING; PRIORITY JOURNAL; PSYCHOLOGICAL THEORY; REVIEW; SCHOOL; SEX DIFFERENCE; SOCIAL BEHAVIOR; SOCIALIZATION;

EID: 0031948948     PISSN: 10826084     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.3109/10826089809056252     Document Type: Review

References (175)

1. AITKEN, P. P. (1985). An observational study of young adults' drinking groups: II. Drink purchasing procedures, group pressures and alcohol consumption by companions as predictors of alcohol consumption. Alcohol Alcoholism 20: 445-457.
2. AKERS, R. L. (1994). Criminology Theories: Introduction and Evaluation. Los Angeles, CA: Roxbury Publishing.
3. ALTENKIRCH, H., and KINDERMANN, W. (1986). Inhalant abuse and heroin addiction: A comparative study on 574 opiate addicts with and without a history of sniffing. Addict. Behav. 11: 93-104.
4. ANDREWS, J. A., HOPS, H., ARY, D., LICHTENSTEIN, E., and TILDESLEY, E. (1991). The construction, validation and use of a Guttman Scale of adolescent substance use: An investigation of family relationships. J. Drug Issues 21: 567-582.
5. ANDREWS, J. A., HOPS, H., ARY, D., TILDESLEY, E., and HARRIS, J. (1993). Parental influences on early adolescent substance use: Specific and nonspecific effects. J. Early Adolesc. 13(3): 285-310.
6. ARY, D. V., TILDESLEY, E., HOPS, H., and ANDREWS, J. (1993). The influence of parent, sibling, and peer modeling attitudes on adolescent use of alcohol. Int. J. Addict. 28(9): 853-880.
7. BARKER, G. H., and ADAMS, W. T. (1963). Glue sniffers. Social. Soc. Res. 47(3): 298-310.
8. BARNES, G. M. (1990). Impact of the family on adolescent drinking patterns. In R. L. Collins, K. E. Leonard, and J. S. Searles (Eds.), Alcohol and the Family: Research and Clinical Perspectives (pp. 137-161). New York, NY: Guilford.
9. BARNES, G. M., and WELTE, J. W. (1986). Patterns and predictors of alcohol use among 7-12th grade students in New York State. J. Stud. Alcohol 47: 53-62.
10. BEAUVAIS, F. (Ed.) (1992). Indian adolescent drug and alcohol use: Recent patterns and consequences [Special Issue]. Am. Indian Alaska Native Ment. Health Res. 5(1): v-78.
11. BEAUVAIS, F., OETTING, E., CHAVEZ, E., CORNELL, G., and DEFFENBACHER, J. (in press). Drug use, violence and victimization among white American, Mexican-American, and American Indian dropouts. J. Couns. Psychol.
12. BECKER, H. S. (1953). Becoming a marijuana user. Am. J. Sociol. 49: 235-242.
13. BENNETT, L. A., and WOLIN, S. J. (1990). Family culture and alcoholism transmission. In R. L. Collins, K. E. Leonard, and J. S. Searles (Eds.), Alcohol and the Family: Research and Clinical Perspectives (pp. 194-219). New York, NY: Guilford.
14. BRINSON, J. (1991). A comparison of the family environment of black male and female adolescent alcohol users. Adolescence 26: 877-884.
15. BRONFENBRENNER, U. (1979). The Ecology of Human Development. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.
16. BROOK, J. S., BROOK, D. W., GORDON, A. S., WHITEMAN, M., and COHEN, P. (1990). The psychosocial etiology of adolescent drug use: A family interactional approach. Genet., Soc. Gen. Psychol. Monogr. 116(2).
17. BROOK, J. S., and COHEN, P. (1992). A developmental perspective on drug use and delinquency. In J. McCord (Ed.), Advances in Criminology Theory: Volume 3. Crime Facts, Fictions and Theory (pp. 231-251). New Brunswick, NJ: Transactions Publishers.
18. BROOK, J. S., COHEN, P., WHITEMAN, M., and GORDON, A. S. (1992a). Psychosocial risk factors in the transition from moderate to heavy use or abuse of drugs. In M. Glantz and R. Pickens (Eds.), Vulnerability to Drug Abuse (pp. 359-388). Washington, D.C.: American Psychological Association.
19. BROOK, J. S., NOMURA, C., and COHEN, P. (1989). Prenatal, perinatal, and early childhood risk factors and drug involvement in adolescence. Genet., Soc. Gen. Psychol. Mongr. 115(2): 221-241.
20. BROOK, J. S., and TSENG, L. J. (in press). Influence of parental drug use, personality, and child-rearing on toddler's anger and negativity. J. Genet. Psychol.
21. BROOK, J. S., WHITEMAN, M., and COHEN, P. (1994). Stage of drug use, aggression, and theft/vandalism: Shared and unshared risks. In H. B. Kaplan (Ed.), Longitudinal Studies of Drugs, Crime, and Other Deviant Adaptations (pp. 83-96). New York, NY: Plenum Press.
22. BROOK, J. W., WHITEMAN, M., GORDON, A. S., and BROOK, D. W. (1985). Father's influence on his daughter's marijuana use viewed in a mother and peer context. Adv. Alcohol Substance Abuse 4: 165-190.
23. BROOK, J. S., WHITEMAN, M., HAMBURG, B. A., and BALKA, E. B. (1992b). African-American and Puerto Rican drug use: Personality, familial, and other environmental risk factors. Genet., Soc. Gen. Psychol. Monogr. 118(4): 417-438.
24. BROOK, J. S., WHITEMAN, M., SHAPIRO, J., and COHEN, P. (1996). Effects of parent drug use and personality on toddler adjustment. J. Genet. Psychol. 157(1): 19-35.
25. BRYK, A., and THUM, Y. M. (1989). The effects of high school organization on dropping out: An exploratory investigation. Am. Educ. Res. J. 26(3): 353-383.
26. BURLESON, B. R., and LUCCHETTI, A. E. (1990). Similarity-Attraction Revisited: Similarity in Social Cognition, Communication Skills, and Communication Values as Predictors of Friendship Choices in Two Age Groups. Paper presented at the Fifth International Conference on Personal Relationships, Oxford University, Oxford, England.
27. CARLINI-COTRIM, B., and CARLINI, E. A. (1988a). The use of solvents and other drugs among children and adolescents from a low socioeconomic background: A study in Sao Paulo, Brazil. Int. J. Addict. 23(11): 1145-1156.
28. CARLINI-COTRIM, B., and CARLINI, E. A. (1988b). The use of solvents and other drugs among homeless and destitute children living in the city streets of Sao Paulo, Brazil. Soc. Pharmacol. 2(1): 51-62.
29. CATALANO, R. F., HAWKINS, J. D., KRENZ, C., GILLMORE, M., MORRISON, D., WELLS, E., and ABBOTT, R. (1993). Using research to guide culturally appropriate drug abuse prevention. J. Consult. Clin. Psychol. 61: 804-811.
30. CATALANO, R. F., MORRISON, D. M., WELLS, E. A., GILLMORE, M. R., IRITANI, B., and HAWKINS, J. D. (1992). Ethnic differences in family factors related to early drug initiation. J. Stud. Alcohol 53: 208-271.
31. CHASSIN, L., PRESSON, C. C., SHERMAN, S. J., MONTELLO, D., and McGREW, J. (1986). Changes in peer and parent influence during adolescence: Longitudinal versus cross-sectional perspectives on smoking initiation. Dev. Psychol. 22(3): 327-334.
32. CHAVEZ, E. L., EDWARDS, R., and OETTING, E. R. (1989). Mexican-American and White American school dropouts' drug use, health status and involvement in violence. Public Health Rep. 104(6): 594-604.
33. CHAVEZ, E. L., OETTING, E. R., and SWAIM, R. C. (1994). Dropout and delinquency: Mexican-American and Caucasian non-Hispanic youth. J. Clin. Child Psychol. 23(1): 47-55.
34. CLAPPER, R. L., MARTIN, C. S., and CLIFFORD, P. R. (1994). Personality, social environment, and past behavior as predictors of late adolescent alcohol use. J. Substance Abuse 6: 305-313.
35. COIE, J. D., BELDING, M., and UNDERWOOD, M. (1988). Aggression and peer rejection in childhood. In B. B. Lahey and A. E. Kazdin (Eds.), Advances in Clinical Child Psychology, Vol. 11 (pp. 125-158). New York, NY: Plenum Press.
36. CONGER, R. D., CONGER, K. J., ELDER, G. H., JR., LORENZ, F. O., SIMONS, R. L., and WHITBECK, L. B. (1993). Family economic stress and adjustment of early adolescent girls. Dev. Psychol. 29(2): 206-219.
37. COTTON, N. S. (1979). The familial incidence of alcoholism: A review. J. Stud. Alcohol 40(1): 89-116.
38. COUSINEAU, D., SAVARD, M., and ALLARD, D. (1993). Illicit drug use among adolescent students: A peer phenomenon? Can. Fam. Physician 39: 523-527.
39. CURIEL, H. (1991). Strengthening family and school bonds in promoting Hispanic children's school performance. In M. Sotomayer (Ed.), Empowering Hispanic Families: A Critical Issue for the 90's. Milwaukee, WI: Family Service America.
40. DARLING, N., and STEINBERG, L. (1993). Parenting styles as context: An integrative model. Psychol. Bull. 113(3): 487.
41. DINGERS, M. M., and OETTING, E. R. (1993). Similarity in drug use patterns between adolescents and their friends. Adolescence 28(110): 253-266.
42. DISHION, T. J. (1990). The family ecology of boys' peer relations in middle childhood. Child Dev. 61: 874-892.
43. DISHION, T. J., ANDREWS, D. W., SPRACKLEN, K. M., and PATTERSON, G. R. (in press). Deviancy training in male adolescent friendships.
44. DISHION, T. J., CAPALDI, D., SPRACKLEN, K. M., and LI, F. (1995). Peer ecology of male adolescent drug use. Dev. Psychopathol. 7: 803-824.
45. DISHION, T. J., PATTERSON, G. R., STOOLMILLER, M., and SKINNER, M. L. (1991). Family, school, and behavioral antecedents to early adolescent involvement with antisocial peers. Dev. Psychol. 27(1): 172-180.
46. DODGE, K. A. (1983). Behavioral antecedents: A peer social status. Child Dev. 54: 1386-1399.
47. DODGE, K. A., and FRAME, C. L. (1982). Social cognitive biases and deficits in aggressive boys. Child Dev. 53(3): 620-635.
48. DODSON, J. (1981). Conceptualizations of black families. In H. P. McAdoo (Ed.), Black Families (pp. 77-90). Beverly Hills, CA: Sage Publications.
49. DONOVAN, J. E., and JESSOR, R. (1985). Structure of problem behavior in adolescence and young adulthood. J. Consult. Clin. Psychol. 53: 890-904.
50. DONOVAN, J. E., JESSOR, R., and COSTA, F. M. (1988). Syndrome of problem behavior in adolescence: A replication. J. Consult. Clin. Psychol. 56(5): 762-765.
51. DONOVAN, J. E., JESSOR, R., and COSTA, F. M. (1993). Structure of health-related behavior in adolescence: A latent-variable approach. J. Health Soc. Behav. 34(4): 346-362.
52. DOWNS, W. R., MILLER, B. A., TESTA, M., and PANEK, D. (1992). Long-term effects of parent-to-child violence for women. J. Interpers. Violence 7: 365-382.
53. DUCK, S. W., MIELL, D. K., and GAEBLER, H. C. (1980). Attraction and communication in children's interaction. In H. C. Foot, A. J. Chapman, and J. R. Smith (Eds.), Friendship and Social Relations in Children. Chichester: Wiley.
54. DUNCAN, T. E., DUNCAN, S. C., and HOPS, H. (1994). The effects of family cohesiveness and peer encouragement on the development of adolescent alcohol use: A cohort-sequential approach to the analysis of longitudinal data. J. Stud. Alcohol 55: 588-599.
55. DUNCAN, T. E., DUNCAN, S. C., HOPS, H., and STOOLMILLER, M. (1995a). An analysis of the relationship between parent and adolescent marijuana use via generalized estimating equation methodology. Multivar. Behav. Res. 30(3): 317-339.
56. DUNCAN, T. E., TILDESLEY, E., DUNCAN, S. C., and HOPS, H. (1995b). The consistency of family and peer influences on the development of substance use in adolescence. Addiction 90: 1647-1660.
57. EGELAND, B., CARLSON, E., and SROUFE, L. A. (1993). Resilience as process. Dev. Psychopathol. 5: 517-528.
58. ELLIOTT, D. S., HUIZINGA, D., and MENARD, S. (1989). Multiple Problem Youth: Delinquency, Substance Use, and Mental Health Problems. New York, NY: Springer-Verlag.
59. ELLIOTT, D. S., and VOSS, H. L. (1974). Delinquency and Dropout. Lexington, MA: D. C. Heath and Company.
60. EMMER, E. T., and AUSSIKER, A. (1989). School and classroom discipline programs: How well do they work? In M. O. Moles (Ed.), Strategies to Reduce Student Misbehavior. Washington, D.C.: US Department of Education.
61. FAGAN, J., and PABON, E. (1990). Contributions of delinquency and substance use to school dropouts among inner-city youth. Youth Soc. 21(3): 306-354.
62. FARRELL, M. P., BARNES, G. M., and BANERJEE, S. (1995). Family cohesion as a buffer against the effects of problem-drinking fathers on psychological distress, deviant behavior, and heavy drinking in adolescents. J. Health Soc. Behav. 36: 377-385.
63. FAWZY, F. I., COOMBS, R. H., and GERBER, B. (1983). Generational continuity in the use of substances: The impact of parental substance use on adolescent substance use. Addict. Behav. 8(2): 109-114.
64. FISHER, D. G., MACKINNON, D. P., ANGLING, M. D., and THOMPSON, J. P. (1987). Parental influences on substance use: Gender differences and stage theory. J. Drug Educ. 17: 69-85.
65. FORSTER, B. (1984). Upper middle class adolescent drug use: Patterns and factors. In B. Stimmel (Ed.), Alcohol and Drug Abuse in the Affluent (pp. 27-36). Binghamton, NY: Haworth.
66. FOXCROFT, D. R., and LOWE, G. (1995). Adolescent drinking, smoking and other substance use involvement: Links with perceived family life. J. Adolesc. 18: 159-177.
67. FRANK, B., MAREL, R., and SCHMEIDLER, J. (1988). The continuing problem of youthful solvent abuse in New York state. In R. Crider and B. Rouse (Eds.), Epidemiology of Inhalant Abuse: An Update [NIDA Research Monograph 85, DHHS Publication (ADM)88-1577] (pp. 77-105). Rockville, MD: National Institute on Drug Abuse.
68. GALAMBOS, N. L., SEARS, H. A., ALMEIDA, D. M., and KOLARIC, G. C. (1995). Parents' work overload and problem behavior in young adolescents. J. Res. Adolesc. 5: 201-223.
69. GFROERER, J. (1987). Correlation between drug use by teenagers and drug use by older family members. Am. J. Drug Alcohol Abuse 13(1-2): 95-108.
70. GILLMORE, M. R., CATALANO, R. F., MORRISON, D. M., WELLS, E. A., IRITANI, B., and HAWKINS, J. D. (1990). Racial differences in acceptability and availability of drugs and early initiation of substance use. Am. J. Drug Alcohol Abuse 16: 185-206.
71. GLANTZ, M. D. (1992). A developmental psychopathology model of drug abuse vulnerability. In M. Glantz and R. Pickens (Eds.), Vulnerability to Drug Abuse. Washington, D.C.: American Psychological Association.
72. GOTTFREDSON, G. D., and GOTTFREDSON, G. D. (1986). The School Action Effectiveness Study: Final Report. Baltimore, MD: Center for Social Organization of Schools, Baltimore, MD: Johns Hopkins University.
73. GOTTFREDSON, D. C., GOTTFREDSON, G. D., and HYBL, L. G. (1993). Managing adolescent behavior: A multiyear, multischool study. Am. Educ. Res. J. 30: 179-215.
74. GOTTFREDSON, D. C., and KOPER, C. S. (1996). Race and sex differences in the prediction of drug use. J. Consult. Clin. Psychol. 4(2): 305-313.
75. HALLINAN, M. T. (1981). Patterns of cliquing among youth. In H. C. Foot, A. J. Chapman, and J. R. Smith (Eds.), Friendships and Social Relations in Children. Chichester: Wiley.
76. HALLINAN, M. T., and WILLIAMS, R. A. (1989). Interracial friendship choices in secondary schools. Am. Social. Rev. 54: 67-78.
77. HAMMER, T., and VAGLUM, P. (1989). The increase in alcohol consumption among women: A phenomenon related to accessibility or stress? A general population study. Br. J. Addict. 84(7): 767-775.
78. HARRIS, J. R. (1995). Where is the child's environment? A group socialization theory of development. Psychol. Rev. 102(3): 458-489.
79. HAWKINS, J. D., LISHNER, D. M., CATALANO, R. F., and HOWARD, M. O. (1986). Childhood predictors of adolescent substance abuse: Toward an empirically grounded theory. J. Child. Contemp. Soc. (Special Issue: Childhood and Chemical Abuse: Prevention and Intervention) 18(1-2): 11-48.
80. HEADEN, S., BAUMAN, K., and DEANE, G. (1991). Are the correlates of cigarette smoking initiation different for black and white adolescents? Am. J. Public Health 81: 854-858.
81. HOPS, H., TILDESLEY, E., LICHTENSTEIN, E., ARY, D., and SHERMAN, L. (1990). Parent-adolescent problem-solving interactions and drug use. Am. J. Drug Alcohol Abuse 16: 239-258.
82. IANNOTTI, R. J., and BUSH, P. J. (1992). Perceived vs. actual friends' use of alcohol, cigarettes, marijuana, and cocaine: Which has the most influence? J. Youth Adolesc. 21: 375-389.
83. INSKO, C. A., THOMPSON, V. D. STROEBE, W., SHAUD, K. F., PINNER, B. E., and LAYTON, B. D. (1973). Implied evaluation and the similarity-attraction effect. J. Pers. Soc. Psychol. 25: 297-308.
84. JACOBS, A. M., and GHODSE, A. H. (1988). Delinquency and regular solvent abuse: An unfavorable combination? Br. J. Addict. 83: 965-968.
85. JACOBS, G. A., JEROME, A., SAYES, S., SPIELBERGER, C. D., and WEINBERG, H. (1988). Family smoking patterns and smoking among eighth and tenth grade students. Appl. Psychol. 37: 289-299.
86. JAMES, K., CHAVEZ, E., BEAUVAIS, F., EDWARDS, R., and OETTING, E. (1995). School achievement and dropout among Anglo and Indian females and males: A comparative examination. Am. Indian Culture Res. J. 19(3): 181-206.
87. JARJOURA, G. R. (1993). Does dropping out of school enhance delinquent involvement? Results from a large-scale national probability sample. Criminology 31: 149-172.
88. JESSOR, R. (1992). Risk behavior in adolescence: A psychosocial framework for understanding and action. Dev. Rev. 12: 374-390.
89. JESSOR, R. (1993). Successful adolescent development among youth in high-risk settings. Am. Psychol. 48(2): 117-126.
90. JOE, J. R. (1994). Revaluing Native-American concepts of development and education. In P. M. Greenfield and R. R. Cocking (Eds.), Cross-Cultural Roots of Minority Child Development (pp. 107-113). Hillsdale, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates.
91. JOHNSON, G. M., SHONTZ, F. C., and LOCKE, T. P. (1984). Relationships between adolescent drug use and parental drug behaviors. Adolescence 19(74): 295-299.
92. KANDEL, D. (1978a). Convergences in prospective longitudinal surveys of drug use in normal populations. In D. Kandel (Ed.), Longitudinal Research on Drug Use (pp. 3-38). Washington, D.C.: Hemisphere Publishing.
93. KANDEL, D. B. (1978b). Homophily, selection, and socialization in adolescent friendships. Am. J. Sociol. 84: 427-436.
94. KANDEL, D. B. (1978c). Similarity in real-life adolescent friendship pairs. J. Pers. Soc. Psychol. 36: 306-312.
95. KANDEL, D. B. (1985). On processes of peer influences in adolescent drug use: A developmental perspective. Adv. Alcohol Substance Abuse 4(3/4): 139-163.
96. KANDEL, D. B., and ANDREWS, K. (1987). Processes of adolescent socialization by parents and peers. Int. J. Addict. 22: 319-342.
97. KANDEL, D. B., DAVIES, M., KARUS, D., and YAMAGUCHI, K. (1986a). The consequences in young adulthood of adolescent drug involvement. Arch. Gen. Psychiatry 43: 746-754.
98. KANDEL, D., SIMACHA-FAGAN, O., and DAVIES, M. (1986b). Risk factors for delinquency and illicit drug use from adolescence to young adulthood. J. Drug Issues 16: 67-90.
99. KANDEL, D. B., YAMAGUCHI, K., and CHEN, K. (1992). Stages of progression in drug involvement from adolescence to adulthood: Further evidence for the gateway theory. J. Stud. Alcohol 53: 447-457.
100. KAPLAN, H. B. (1975). Self-Attitudes and Deviant Behavior. Pacific Palisades, CA: Goodyear.
101. KAPLAN, H. B. (1996). Empirical validation of the applicability of an integrative theory of deviant behavior to the study of drug use. J. Drug Issues 26(2): 345-377.
102. KATZ, L. F., and GOTTMAN, J. M. (1993). Patterns of marital conflict predict children's internalizing and externalizing behaviors. Dev. Psychol. 29(6): 940-950.
103. KAZDIN, A. E. (1987). Treatment of antisocial behavior in children: Current status and future directions. Psychol. Bull. 102(2): 187-203.
104. KHAVARI, K. A. (1993). Interpersonal influences in college students' initial use of alcohol and drugs - The role of friends, self, parents, doctors, and dealers. Int. J. Addict. 28(4): 377-388.
105. KOCHANSKA, G. (1992). Children's interpersonal influence with mothers and peers. Dev. Psychol. 28(3): 491-499.
106. KUMPFER, K. L., and TURNER, C. W. (1990-1991). The social ecology model of adolescent substance abuse: Implications for prevention. Int. J. Addict. 25(4A): 435-463.
107. LAFROMBOISE, T. D., and LOW, K. G. (1989). American Indian children and adolescents. In J. T. Gibbs and L. N. Huang (Eds.), Children of Color: Psychological Interventions with Minority Youth (pp. 114-147). San Francisco, CA: Jossey Bass.
108. LAU, R. R., QUADREL, M. J., and HARTMAN, K. A. (1990). Development and change of young adults' preventive health beliefs and behavior: Influence from parents and peers. J. Health Soc. Behav. 31: 240-259.
109. LEWIS, R. A., PIERCY, F. P., SPRENDLE, D. H., and TREPPER, T. J. (1990). Family-based interventions for helping drug-using adolescents. J. Adolesc. Res. 5: 82-95.
110. LIED, E. R., and MARLATT, G. A. (1979). Modeling as a determinant of alcohol consumption: Effect of subject sex and prior drinking history. Addict. Behav. 4(1): 47-54.
111. LOEBER, R., and DISHION, T. (1983). Early predictors of male delinquency: A review. Psychol. Bull. 93: 68-99.
112. LOEBER, R., and STOUTHAMER-LOEBER, M. (1986). Family factors as correlates and predictors of juvenile conduct problems and delinquency. In M. Tonry and N. Morris (Eds.), Crime and Justice: A Review of Research, Vol. 12 (pp. 29-149). Chicago, IL: University of Chicago Press.
113. LOPEZ, J. M. O., REDONDO, L. M., and MARTIN, A. L. (1989). Influence of family and peer group on the use of drugs by adolescence. Int. J. Addict. 24(11): 1065-1082.
114. MACCOBY, E. E. (1990). Gender and relationships: A developmental account. Am. Psychol. 45(4): 513-520.
115. MADREPERL, B. (1980). The missing link? A study of intergenerational continuity with marijuana. Fam. Ther. 7(3): 207-221.
116. MARSHALL, L. L., and ROSE, P. (1990). Premarital violence: The impact of family of origin violence, stress, and reciprocity. Violence Victim 5: 51-64.
117. MASSENGALE, O. N., GLASER, H. H., LELIEVRE, R. E., DODDS, J. B., and KLOCK, M. E. (1963). Physical and psychologic factors in glue sniffing. New Engl. J. Med. 269(25): 1340-1344.
118. MATZA, D., and SYKES, G. (1961). Juvenile delinquency and subterranean values. Am. Sociol. Rev. 26: 712-719.
119. MCKENNA, T., and PICKENS, R. (1981). Alcoholic children of alcoholics. J. Stud. Alcohol 42: 1021-1029.
120. MCMAHON, R. J., and WELLS, K. C. (1989). In E. J. Marsh and R. A. Barkley (Eds.), Treatment of Childhood Disorders (pp. 73-132). New York, NY: Guilford Press.
121. MENSCH, B. S., and KANDEL, D. B. (1988). Dropping out of high school and drug involvement. Sociol. Educ. 61: 95-113.
122. MOHAN, J., SEHGAL, M., and BHANDARI, A. (1982). Sociometric status, personality, academic achievement and personal problems. Indian Psychol. Rev. 22: 20-29.
123. MURRAY, M., KIRYLUK, S., and SWAN, A. V. (1985). Relation between parents' and childrens' smoking behavior and attitudes. J. Epidemiol. Community Health 39: 169-174.
124. NEEDLE, R., MCCUBBIN, H., WILSON, M., REINECK, R., LAZAR, A., and MEDERER, H. (1986). Interpersonal influences in adolescent drug use: The role of older siblings, parents, and peers. Int. J. Addict. 21: 739-766.
125. NEWCOMB, M. D., and BENTLER, P. M. (1986). Substance use and ethnicity: Differential impact of peer and adult models. J. Psychol. 120: 83-95.
126. NOLTE, A. E., SMITH, B. J., and O'ROURKE, T. (1983). The relative importance of parental attitudes and behavior upon youth smoking behavior. J. School Health 53(4): 264-271.
127. OETTING, E. R., and BEAUVAIS, F. (1986a). Peer cluster theory: Drugs and the adolescent. J. Counsel. Dev. 65(1): 17-22.
128. OETTING, E. R., and BEAUVAIS, F. (1986b). Clarification of peer cluster theory: A response to Peele, Cohen and Shaffer. J. Counsel. Dev. 65(1): 29-30.
129. OETTING, E. R., and BEAUVAIS, F. (1987). Peer cluster theory, socialization characteristics and adolescent drug use: A path analysis. J. Counsel. Psychol. 34(2): 205-213.
130. OETTING, E. R., and BEAUVAIS, F. (1989). Epidemiology and correlates of alcohol use among Indian adolescents living on reservations. In D. L. Spiegler, D. A. Tate, S. S. Aitken, and C. M. Christian (Eds.), Alcohol Use among US Ethnic Minorities [NIAAA Research Monograph 18, DHHS Publication (ADM) 89-1435] (pp. 239-267). Washington, D.C.: US Government Printing Office.
131. OETTING, E. R., BEAUVAIS, F., and EDWARDS, R. W. (1989). Alcohol and Indian youth: Social and psychological correlates and prevention. In R. Wright, Jr. and T. D. Watts (Eds.), Alcohol Problems of Minority Youth in America: Vol. 2, Interdisciplinary Studies in Alcohol Use and Abuse (pp. 143-163). Lewiston, NY: Edwin Mellon Press.
132. OETTING, E. R., EDWARDS, R. W., KELLY, K., and BEAUVAIS, F. (in press). Risk and protective factors for drug use among rural American youth. In Z. Sloboda, G. Boyd, E. Robertson, and L. Beatty (Eds.), Rural Substance Abuse: State of Knowledge and Issues (NIDA Research Monograph). Rockville, MD: National Institute on Drug Abuse.
133. OLTON, A. L. (1985). The effect of locus of control and perceptions of school environment on outcome in three school drug abuse prevention programs. J. Drug Educ. 15: 157-169.
134. PATTERSON, G. R., and DISHION, T. J. (1985). Contributions of families and peers to delinquency. Criminology 23: 63-79.
135. PATTERSON, G. R , REID, J. B., and DISHION, T. J. (1992). Antisocial Boys: A Social Interactional Approach. Eugene, OR: Castilia Publishing Company.
136. PATTERSON, G. R., and STOUTHAMER-LOEBER, M. (1984). The correlation of family management practices and delinquency. Child Dev. 55(4): 1299-1307.
137. PETERSON, P. L., HAWKINS, J. D., ABBOTT, R. D., and CATALANO, R. F. (1994). Disentangling the effects of parental drinking, family management, and parental alcohol norms on current drinking by Black and White adolescents. J. Res. Adolesc. 4(2): 203-227.
138. PETRAITIS, J., FLAY, B. R., and MILLER, T. Q. (1995). Reviewing theories of adolescent substance use: Organizing pieces in the puzzle. Psychol. Bull. 117(1): 67-86.
139. PITTMAN, R. B., and HAUGHWOUT, P. (1987). Influence of high school size and dropout rate. Educ. Eval. Policy Anal. 9: 337-343.
140. POLLACK, V. E., SCHNEIDER, L. S., GABRIELLI, W. F., and GOODWIN, D. W. (1987). Sex of parent and offspring in the transmission of alcoholism: A meta-analysis. J. Nerv. Ment. Dis. 175: 668-673.
141. RED HORSE, J. G., LEWIS, R., FEIT, M., and DECKER, J. (1978). Family behavior of urban American Indians. Soc. Casework 59(2): 67-72.
142. ROBINS, L. N., and PRZYBECK, T. R. (1985). Age of onset of drug use as a factor in drug and other disorders. In C. L. Jones and R. J. Battjes (Eds.), Etiology of Drug Abuse: Implications for Prevention (pp. 178-192). Rockville, MD: National Institute on Drug Abuse.
143. ROBINS, L. N., and RUTTER, M. (1990). Straight and Devious Pathways from Childhood to Adulthood. New York, NY: Cambridge University Press.
144. RODRIGUEZ, O. (1996). The new immigrant Hispanic population: An integrated approach to preventing delinquency and crime. Nat. Inst. Justice Res. Preview pp. 1-2.
145. RUBIN, Z. (1980). Children's Friendships. London: Fontana.
146. RUETE, M. A., and CONGER, R. D. (1995). Antecedents of parent-adolescent disagreements. J. Marriage Fam. 57: 435-448.
147. SAFE SCHOOL STUDY REPORT (1977). Washington, D.C.: US Department of Health, Education and Welfare, The National Institute of Education.
148. SCHEIER, L. M., and NEWCOMB, M. D. (1991). Differentiation of early adolescent predictors of drug use versus abuse: A developmental risk-factor model. J. Substance Abuse 3: 277-299.
149. SCHUCKIT, M. (1984a). Prospective markers for alcoholism. In D. W. Goodwin, K. T. van Dusen, and S. A. Mednick (Eds.), Longitudinal Research in Alcoholism (pp. 147-163). Boston, MA: Kluwer-Nijhoff.
150. SCHUKIT, M. A. (1984b). Relationship between the course of primary alcoholism in men and family history. J. Stud. Alcohol 45: 334-338.
151. SHUCKIT, M. A., and SWEENEY, S. (1987). Substance use and mental health problems among sons of alcoholics and controls. J. Stud. Alcohol 48: 528-534.
152. SCHULENBERG, J., BACHMAN, J. G., O'MALLEY, P. M., and JOHNSTON, L. D. (1994). High school educational success and subsequent substance use: A panel analysis following adolescents into young adulthood. J. Health Soc. Behav. 35: 45-62.
153. SHEDLER, J., and BLOCK, J. (1990). Adolescent drug use and psychological health: A longitudinal inquiry. Am. Psychol. 45: 612-630.
154. SIMONS, R. L., JOHNSON, C., BEAMAN, J., and CONGER, R. D. (1993). Explaining women's double jeopardy: Factors that mediate the association between harsh treatment as a child and violence by a husband. J. Marriage Fam. 55: 713-723.
155. SMART, R. G., FEJER, D., and ALEXANDER, E. (1970). Drug Use among High School Students and Their Parents in Lincoln and Weiland Counties. Toronto: Addiction Research Foundation.
156. SMART, R. G., FEJER, D., and ALEXANDER, E. (1972). Drug use among high school students and their parents in Lincoln and Weiland counties. In P. Blachley (Ed.), Progress in Drug Abuse (pp. 62-103). Springfield, IL: Charles Thomas.
157. STOKER, A., and SWADI, H. (1990). Perceived family relationships in drug abusing adolescents. Drug Alcohol Depend. 25: 293-297.
158. SUTHERLAND, E. H. (1974). Principles of Criminology, 4th ed. Philadelphia, PA: Lippincott.
159. SWADI, H. (1992). A longitudinal perspective on adolescent substance abuse. Eur. Child Adolesc. Psychiatry 1(3): 156-170.
160. SWAIM, R. C., BEAUVAIS, F., CHAVEZ, E. L., and OETTING, E. R. (in press, a). The effect of school dropout rates on estimates of adolescent substance use among three ethnic groups. Am. J. Public Health.
161. SWAIM, R. C., NEMETH, J., and OETTING, E. R. (1995). Alcohol use and socialization characteristics among Hungarian adolescents: Path models. Drugs Soc. 8(3/4): 47-63.
162. SWAIM, R. C., OETTING, E. R., and CASAS, J. M. (in press, b). Cigarette use among migrant and non-migrant Mexican American youth: A socialization latent variable model. Health Pychol.
163. SWAIM, R., OETTING, E. R., THURMAN, P. J., BEAUVAIS, F., and EDWARDS, R. (1993). American Indian adolescent drug use and socialization characteristics: A cross-cultural comparison. J. Cross-Cult. Psychol. 24(1): 53-70.
164. SZAPOCZNIK, J., PEREZ-VIDAL, A., BRICKMAN, A. L., FOOTE, F. H., SANTISTEBAN, D., and HERVIS, O. (1988). Engaging adolescent drug abusers and their families in treatment: A strategic structural systems approach. J. Consult. Clin. Psychol. 56(4): 552-557.
165. TESSER, A., CAMPBELL, J., and SMITH, M. (1984). Friendship choice and performance. Self evaluation maintenance in children. J. Pers. Soc. Psychol. 46: 561-574.
166. TILDESLEY, L., HOPS, H., ARY, D., and ANDREWS, J. A. (1995). A multitrait-multimethod model for adolescent deviance, drug use, academic, and sexual behaviors. J. Psychopathol. Behav. Assess. 17(2): 185-215.
167. TOLES, R., SCHULZ, E. M., and RICE, W. K. JR. (1986). A Study of Variation of Dropout Rates Attributable to Effects of High Schools. Paper presented at the annual meeting of the American Education Research Association, San Francisco.
168. TROY, M., and SROUFE, L. E. (1987). Victimization among preschoolers: Role of attachment relationship history. J. Am. Acad. Child Adolesc. Psychiatry 26(2): 166-172.
169. UNIVERSITY OF MICHIGAN (1994). In Data Volume for the National Educational Goals Report. 1994: Volume I, National Data. Washington, D.C.: US Government Printing Office.
170. WALTERS, J. M. (1980). Buzzin': PCP use in Philadelphia. In H. W. Feldman, M. H. Agar, and G. Breschner (Eds.), Angel Dust. Lexington, MA: D. C. Heath.
171. WHITBECK, L. B., SIMONS, R. L., CONGER, R. D., and LORENZ, R. O. (1989). Value socialization and peer group affiliation among early adolescents. J. Early Adolesc. 9(4): 436-453.
172. WHITBECK, L. B., SIMONS, R. L., and KAO, M. (1994). The effects of divorced mothers' dating behaviors and sexual attitudes on the sexual attitudes and behaviors of their adolescent children. J. Marriage Fam. 56: 615-621.
173. WHITE, R. W. (1972). The Enterprise of Living: Growth and Organization in Personality. New York, NY: Holt, Rinehart & Winston.
174. WILSNACK, R. W., and WILSNACK, S. C. (1990). Husbands and Wives as Drinking Partners. Paper presented at the Sixteenth Annual Alcohol Epidemiology Symposium of the Kettil Bruun Society for Social and Epidemiological Research on Alcohol, Budapest.
175. WILSNACK, R. W., WILSNACK, S. C., and KLASSEN, A. D. (1987). Antecedents and consequences of drinking and drinking problems in women: Patterns from a US national survey. In P. C. Rivers (Ed.), Nebraska Symposium on Motivation 1986: Alcohol and Addictive Behavior (pp. 85-157). Lincoln, NE: University of Nebraska Press.