Significance of electrophysiological recordings in predicting functional recovery of patients with spinal cord injury

NeuroRehabilitation

Volumn 10, Issue 3, 1998, Pages 191-203

  Curt, Armin ^a  

^a BALGRIST UNIVERSITY HOSPITAL   (Switzerland)

Author keywords

Clinical examination; Electrophysiological recordings; Functional outcome; Spinal cord injury

Indexed keywords

BLADDER FUNCTION; CLINICAL EXAMINATION; DIAGNOSTIC VALUE; DISEASE SEVERITY; EARLY DIAGNOSIS; ELECTRONEUROGRAPHY; ELECTROPHYSIOLOGY; EVOKED MUSCLE RESPONSE; EVOKED SOMATOSENSORY RESPONSE; HAND FUNCTION; HAND MUSCLE; HUMAN; MOBILIZATION; MUSCLE TONE; NERVE LESION; PARESIS; PROGNOSIS; PUDENDAL NERVE; QUADRIPLEGIA; RELIABILITY; REVIEW; SPINAL CORD INJURY; TIBIAL NERVE; TIBIALIS ANTERIOR MUSCLE; TREATMENT PLANNING; ULNAR NERVE;

EID: 0031946233     PISSN: 10538135     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1016/S1053-8135(97)00059-0     Document Type: Review

References (90)

1. Meinecke FW. Frequency and distribution of associated injuries in traumatic paraplegia and tetraplegia. Paraplegia 1968;5:196-209.
2. Grundy BL, Friedman W. Electrophysiological evaluation of the patient with acute spinal cord injury. Crit Care Clin 1987;3:519-548.
3. Li C, Houlden DA, Rowed DW. Somatosensory evoked potentials and neurological grades as predictors of outcome in acute spinal cord injury. J Neurosurg 1990;72:600-609.
4. Aljure J, Eltorai I, Bradley WE, Lin JE, Johnson B. Carpal tunnel syndrome in paraplegic patients. Paraplegia 1985;23:182-196.
5. Blaik Z, Mc Garry J, Daura R. Peripheral neuropathy in spinal injured patients. Electromyogr clin Neurophysiol 1989;29:469-472.
6. Foo D, Subrahmanyan TS, Rossier AB. Posttraumatic acute anterior spinal cord syndrome. Paraplegia 1981;19:201-205.
7. Schrader SC, Sloan TB, Toleikis JR. Detection of sacral sparing in acute spinal cord injury. Spine 1987; 12:533-535.
8. Dietz V, Young RR. The Syndromes of spinal cord dysfunction. In: Brandt Th, et al., editors. Neurological Disorders: Course and Treatment. San Diego: Academic Press, 1996:641-652.
9. Stauffer ES. Neurologic recovery following injuries to the cervical spinal cord and nerve roots. Spine 1984;9:532-534.
10. Roth EJ, Lawler MH, Yarkony GM. Traumatic central cord syndrome: clinical features and functinal outcomes. Arch Phys Med Rehabil 1990;71:18-23.
11. Frankel HL, Hancock DO, Hyslop G, Melzak J, Michaelis LS, Ungar GH, Vernon JDS, Walsh JJ. The value of postural reduction in the initial managment of closed injuries of the spine with paraplegia and tetraplegia. Paraplegia 1969;73:179-192.
12. Maynard FM, Reynold GG, Fountain S, Wilmot C, Hamilton R. Neurological progosis after traumatic quadriplegia. J Neurosurg 1979;50:611-616.
13. Crozier KS, Graziani V, Ditunno JF, Herbison GJ. Spinal cord injury: Prognosis for ambulation based on sensory examination in patients who are initially motor complete. Arch Phys Med Rehabil 1991;72:1991-121.
14. Donovan WH, Wilkerson MA, Rossi D, Mechoulam F, Frankowski RF. A test of the ASIA guidelines for classification of spinal cord injuries. J Neuro Rehab 1990;4:39-53.
15. Ditunno JF. New spinal cord injury standards, 1992. Paraplegia 1992;30:90-91.
16. Ditunno JF, Stover SL, Freed MM, Ahn JH. Motor recovery of the upper extremities in traumatic quadriplegia: a multicenter study. Arch Phys Med Rehabil 1992;73:431-436.
17. Waters RL, Adkins RH, Yakura JS. Definition of complete spinal cord injury. Paraplegia 1991;29:573-581.
18. Crozier KS, Ling Ling Cheng BS, Graziani V, Zorn G, Herbison G, Ditunno JF. Spinal cord injury: prognosis for ambulation based on quadriceps recovery. Paraplegia 1992;30:762-767.
19. Ditunno JF, Young W, Donovan WH, Creasy G. The international standards booklet for neurological and functional classification of spinal cord injury. Paraplegia 1994;32:70-80.
20. Waters RL, Rodney A, Adkins RH, Yakura JS, Sie J. Motor and sensory following complete tetraplegia. Arch Phys Med Rehabil 1993;74:242-247.
21. Wu L, Marino RJ, Herbison GJ, Ditunno JF. Recovery of zero-grade muscles in the zone of partial preservation in motor complete quadriplegia. Arch Phys Med Rehabil 1992:73:40-43.
22. Waters RL, Rodney A, Yakura JS, Vigil D. Prediction of ambulatory performance based on motor scores derived from standards of the Amercian Spinal Injury Association. Arch Phys Med Rehabil 1994;75:750-760.
23. Desmedt J, Noel PS. Average cerebral evoked potentials in the evaluation of lesions of the sensory nerves and the somatosensory pathway. In: Desmedt JE, editor. New Development in Electromyography and Clinical Neurophysiology. Basel: Karger, 1973:352-371.
24. Jones SJ. Investigation of brachial plexus traction lesions by peripheral and spinal somatosensory evoked potentials. J Neuro Neurosurg Psychiatry 1979;42: 107-116.
25. Grüninger W, Ricker K. Somatosensory cerebral evoked potentials in spinal cord disease. Paraplegia 1981;19:206-215.
26. Rowed DW. Value of somatosensory evoked potentials for prognosis in partial cord injuries. In: Tator CH, editor. Early Managment of Acute Spinal Injury. New York: Raven, 1982.
27. Houlden DA, Schwartz ML, Klettke KA. Neurophysiologic diagnosis in incooperative trauma patients: confounding factors. J Traum 1992;33:244-251.
28. Nuwer MR, Aminoff M, Desmedt J, Eisen AA, Goodin D, Matsuoka S, Mauguière F, Shibasaki H, Sutherling W, Vibert JF. IFCN recommended standards for short latency somatosensory evoked potentials. Report of an IFCN commitee. Electroenceph clin Neurophysiol 1994;91:6-11.
29. York DH, Watts C, Raffensberger M, Spagnola T, Joyce C. Utilization of somatosensory evoked cortical potentials in spinal cord injury. Spine 1983;8:832-839.
30. Merton PA, Morton HB. Stimulation of the cerebral cortex in the intact human subject. Nature 1980; 185:227-228.
31. Barker AT, Freestone IL, Jalinous R, Merton PA, Morton HB. Magnetic stimulation of the human brain. J Physiol 1985;369:3.
32. Rossini PM, Barker AT, Berardelli A, Caramina MD, Caruso G, Cracco RQ, Dimitrijevic MR, Hallett M, Katayama Y, Lücking CH, Maertens de Noordhout AL, Mardsen CD, Murray NMF, Rothwell JC, Swash M, Tomberg C. Non-invasive electrical and magnetic stimulation of the brain, spinal cord and roots: basic principles and procedures for routine clinical application. Report of an IFCN committee. Electroenceph clin Neurophysiol 1994;91:79-92.
33. Eisen A. Cortical and peripheral nerve magnetic stimulation. Methods clin Neurophysiol 1992;3:65-84.
34. Clarke CE, Modarres-Sadeghi H, Twomey JA, Burt AA. Prognostic value of cortical stimulation in spinal cord injury. Paraplegia 1994;32:554-560.
35. Katz RT, Van den Berg C, Weinberger D, Cadwell J. Magnetoelectric stimulation of human motor cortex: Normal values and potential safety issues in spinal cord injury. Arch Phys Med Rehabil 1990;71:597-600.
36. Hess CW, Mills KR, Murray NM. Measurement of central motor conduction in multiple sclerosis by magnetic brain stimulation. Lancet 1986;2:355-358.
37. Maertens-de-Noordhout A, Remacle JM, Pepin JL, Born JD, Delwaide PJ. Magnetic stimulation of the motor cortex in cervical spondylosis. Neurology 1991;41:75-80.
38. Tavy DLJ, Wagner GL, Keunen RWM, Wattendorf AR, Hekster REM, Franssen H. Transcranial magnetic stimulation in patients with cervical spondylotic myelopathy: clinical and radiological correlation. Muscle Nerve 1994;17:235-241.
39. Netz J, Hömberg V. Intact conduction of fastest corticospinal efferents is not sufficient for normal voluntary muscle strength: transcranial motor cortex stimulation in patients with tetraplegia. Neurosci Lett 1992; 146:29-32.
40. Parry GJ. Electrodiagnostic studies in the evaluation of peripheral nerve and brachial plexus injuries. Neurol Trauma 1992;4:921-934.
41. Curt A, Dietz V. Neurographic assessment of intramedullar motoneurone lesions in cervical spinal cord injury: Consequences for hand function. Spinal Cord 1996;34:326-332.
42. O'Hare JM, Abbort GH. Electromyographic evidence of lower motor neuron injury in cervical spinal cord injury. Proc Ann Clin Spinal Cord Inj Conf 1967;16:25-27.
43. Krasilowsky G. Nerve conduction studies in patients with cervical spinal cord injuries. Arch Phys Med Rehabil 1980;61:204-208.
44. Stefaniwsky L, Bilowit DS, Prasad SS. Reduced motor condition velocity of the ulnar nerve in spinal cord injured patients. Paraplegia 1980;18:21-24.
45. Laurence TL, Pugel AV, Teasdall RD. Periphereal nerve involvement in spinal cord injury: An electromyographic study. Arch Phys Med Rehabil 1978;59:309-313.
46. Stark RJ, Kennard C, Swash M. Hand wasting in spondylotic high cord compression: an electromyographic study. Ann Neurol 1980;9:58-62.
47. Welch RD, Lobley SJ, O'Sullivan SB, Freed MM. Functional independence in quadriplegia: critical levels. Arch Phys Med Rehabil 1986;67:235-240.
48. Jacobs SR, Sarlo FB, Baran EM, Herbison GJ, Ditunno JF. Extensor carpi radialis recovery predicted by qualitative SEP and clinical examination in quadriplegia. Arch Phys Med Rehabil 1992;73:790-793.
49. Curt A, Dietz V. Nerve conduction study in cervical spinal cord injury: Significance for hand function. NeuroRehabilitation 1996;7:165-173.
50. Curt A, Dietz V. Traumatic cervical spinal cord injury: Relation between somatosensory evoked potentials, neurological deficit and hand function. Arch Phys Med Rehabil 1996;77:48-53.
51. Curt A, Keck ME, Dietz V. Functional outcoe following spinal cord injury: Significance of motor evoked potentials. Arch Phys Med Rehabil 1998 (in press).
52. Lanthem PA, Gregorio TL, Garber SL. Highlevel quadriplegia: An occupational therapy challenge. Am J Occup Ther 1985;39:705-714.
53. Taylor S, Ashby P, Verrie M. Neurophysiological changes following traumatic spinal lesions in man. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 1984;47:1102-1108.
54. Young W, Mollin D. Somatosensory evoked potentials in chronic spinal injury: an update. In: Ducker TB, Brown RH, editors. Neurophysiology and standards of spinal cord monitoring. Heidelberg: Springer, 1988: 277-288.
55. Katz RT, Toleikis RJ, Knuth AE. Somatosensory-evoked and dermatomal-evoked potentials are not clinically useful in the prognostication of acute spinal cord injury. Spine 1991;16:730-735.
56. Curt A, Dietz V. Ambulatory capacity in spinal cord injury: Significance of somatosensory evoked potentials and ASIA protocols in predicting outcome. Arch Phys Med Rehabil 1997;78:39-43.
57. Macdonell RAL, Donnan GA. Magnetic cortical stimulation in acute spinal cord injury. Neurology 1995; 45:303-306.
58. Lewko JP, Tarkka IM, Dimitrijevic MR. Neurophysiological assessment of the motor and sensory spinal pathways in chronic spinal cord injury. Restor Neurol Neurosci 1995;7:225-234.
59. Chang CW, Lien IN. Estimate of motor conduction in human spinal cord injury. Muscle Nerve 1991;14: 990-996.
60. Hirayama T, Tsubokawa R, Maejima S, Yamamoto T, Kataryama Y. Clinical assessment of the prognosis and severity of spinal cord injury using corticospinal motor evoked potentials. In: Shimoji K, Kurokawa T, Tamaki T, Willis WD, editors. Spinal Cord Monitoring and Electrodiagnosis. Heidelberg: Springer, 1991, pp. 503-510.
61. Meyer BU, Britton TC, Benecke R, Bischoff C, Machetanz J, Conrad B. Motor responses evoked by magnetic brain stimulation in psychogenic limb weakness: Diagnostic value and limitations. J Neurol 1992; 239:251-255.
62. Nyboer VJ, Johnson HE. Electromyographic findings in lower extremities of patients with traumatic quadriplegia. Arch Phys Med Rehabil 1971;6:256-259.
63. Boltshauser E, Isler W, Bucher HU, Friderich H. Permanent flaccid paraplegia in children with thoracic spinal cord injury. Paraplegia 1981;19:227-234.
64. Rossier AB, Ott R. Bladder and urethral recordings in acute and chronic spinal cord injury patients. Urol Int 1976;31:49-59.
65. Schurch B, Hauri D, Rodic B, Curt A, Meyer M, Rossier A. Botulinum-A toxin as a treatment of detrusor-sphincter dyssynergia: A prospective study in 24 spinal cord injury patients. J Urol 1996;155:1023-1029.
66. Haldemannn S, Bradley E, Bhatia NN, Johnsons BK. Pudendal evoked responses. Arch Neurol 1982; 39:280-283.
67. Beric A, Dimitrijevic MR, Sharkey PC, Sherwood AM. Cortical potentials evoked by epidural stimulation of the cervical and thoracic spinal cord in man. Electroenceph clin Neurophysiol 1986;65:102-110.
68. Haldemann S. Pudendal nerve evoked spinal, cortical and bulbocavernosus-reflex responses: methods and application. In: Grundy BL, Villani RM, editors. Evoked Potentials. New York: Alan R Liss, 1986:68-75.
69. Beric A, Light JK. Correlation of bladder dysfunction and lumbosacral somatosensory evoked potential S-wave abnormality in spinal cord-injured patients. Neurourol Urodyn 1988;7:131-140.
70. Nogueira MC, Herbaut AG, Wespes E. Neurophysiological investigations of two hundred men with erectile dysfunction. Eur Urol 1990;18:37-41.
71. Fowler CJ. Clinical significance of electrophysiological studies of patients with lower urinary tract dysfunction. Neurourol Urodyn 1992;11:279-282.
72. Curt A, Rodic B, Schürch B, Dietz V. Recovery of bladder function in patients with acute spinal cord injury: Significance of ASIA scores and SSEP. Spinal Cord 1997;35:368-373.
73. Riddoch G. The reflex functions of the completely divided spinal cord in man, compared with those associated with less severe lesions. Brain 1917;40:264-402.
74. Guttmann L Spinal shock and reflex behaviour in man. Paraplegia 1970;8:100-110.
75. Jorgensen EO. Spinal man after brain-death. Acta Neurochir (Wien) 1973;28:259-273.
76. Nanninga JB, Meyer P. Urethral sphincter activity following acute spinal cord injury. J Urol 1980;123:528-530.
77. Lucas MG, Thomas DG. Lack of relationship on conus reflexes to bladder function after spinal cord injury. Br J Urol 1989;63:24-27.
78. Siroky MB, Sax DS Krane RJ. Sacral signal tracing the electrophysiology of the bulbocavernosus-reflex. J Urol 1979;122:661-664.
79. Rossier AB, Fam BA, Dibenedetto M, Sarkaratti M. Urodynamics in spinal shock. Urol Res 1979;122: 783-787.
80. Petersen I, Frankson C. Electromyographic study of the striated muscles of the male urethra. Br J Urol 1955;27:148.
81. Pedersen E, Harring H, Klemar B, Torring J. Human anal reflexes. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 1978;41:813.
82. Koyanagi T, Arikado K, Takamatsu T, Tsuji I. Experience with electromyography on the external urethral sphincter in spinal cord injury patients. J Urol 1982;127:272-276.
83. Diamantopoulos E, Zander OP. Exitability of motor neurones in spinal shock in man. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 1967;30:427-431.
84. Schneider H, Matakas F. Pathological changes of the spinal cord after brain death. Acta Neuropathol 1971;18:234-247.
85. Little JW, Halar EM. H-reflex changes following spinal cord injury. Arch Phys Med Rehabil 1985;66:19-22.
86. Ashby P, Verrier M, Lightfoot E. Segmental reflex pathway in spinal shock and spinal spasticity in man. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 1974;37:1352-1360.
87. Calancie B, Broton JG, KJose KJ, Traad M, Difini J, Ayyar R. Evidence of alterations in presynaptic inhibition contribute to segmental hypo- and hyperexcitability after spinal cord injury in man. Electroenceph clin Neurophysiol 1993;89:177-186.
88. Bischoff C, Schoenle PW, Conrad B. Increased F-wave duration in patients with spasticity. Electromyogr clin Neurophysiol 1992;32:449-453.
89. Dressnandt J, Auer C, Conrad B. Influence of baclofen upon the alpha-motoneuron in spasticity by means of F-wave analysis. Muscle Nerve 1995;18:103-107.
90. Curt A, Keck ME, Dietz V. Clinical value of F-wave in traumatic cervical spinals cord injury. Electroenceph clin Neurophysiol 1997 (in press).