Pathophysiology, signs, symptoms and course of disease in normal- pressure hydrocephalus;Pathophysiologie, klinik und krankheitsverlauf beim normaldruckhydrozephalus

Fortschritte der Neurologie Psychiatrie

Volumn 66, Issue 4, 1998, Pages 176-191

  Meier, U ^a   St Zeilinger, F ^a   Kintzel, D ^b  

^a UNFALLKRANKENHAUS BERLIN   (Germany)

^b UNFALLKRANKENHAUS BERLIN   (Germany)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

ARTICLE; ATAXIA; BRAIN ATROPHY; DEMENTIA; DIAGNOSTIC VALUE; DISEASE COURSE; GAIT; HUMAN; MAJOR CLINICAL STUDY; NORMOTENSIVE HYDROCEPHALUS; PATHOPHYSIOLOGY;

EID: 0031945545     PISSN: 07204299     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1055/s-2007-995254     Document Type: Article

References (176)

1. Adams, R. D.: Recent observations on normal pressure hydrocephalus. Schweiz. Arch. Neurol. Neurochir., Psychiatrie 116 (1975) 7-15
2. Adams, R. D., C. M. Fischer, S. Hakim, R. G. Ojemann, W. H. Sweet: Symptomatic occult hydrocephalus with normal cerebrospinal fluid pressure. N. Engl. J. Med. 273 (1965) 117-126
3. Albeck, M. J., S. E. Børgesen, F. Gjerris, J. F. Schmidt, P. S. Sørensen: Intracranial pressure and cerebrospinal fluid outflow conductance in healthy subjects. J. Neurosurg. 74 (1991) 597-600
4. Andeweg, J.: Concepts of cerebral venous drainage and the aetiology of hydrocephalus. J. Neurol. Neurosurg. Psychiatry 54 (1991) 830-831
5. Aschoff, A.: In-vitro-Testung von Hydrocephalus-Ventilen. Habilitationsschrift Heidelberg 1994
6. Aschoff, A., C. Benesch, P. Kremer, M. S. von Haken, A. Klank, H. Osterloh, K. Fruh: The solved and unsolved problems of hydrocephalus valves: A critical comment In: Lorenz, R., M. Klinger, M. Brock (Eds.): Advances in Neurosurgery 21. Springer-Verlag, Berlin, Heidelberg, New York (1993) 103-114
7. Black, P. M.: Normal-pressure hydrocephalus. Postgrad. Med. 71 (1982) 57-67
8. Black, P. M., W. H. Sweet: Normal pressure hydrocephalus-idiopathic type selection of patients for shunt procedures. In: Wüllenweber, R., M. Brock, J. Hamer, M. Klinger, O. Spoerri (Eds.): Lumbar Disc. Adult Hydrocephalus. Springer-Verlag, Berlin, Heidelberg, New York (1977) 106-114
9. Black, P. M., R. G. Ojemann, A. Tzouras: CSF shunts for dementia, incontinence, and gait disturbance. Clin. Neurosurg. 32 (1985) 632-651
10. Black, P. M., R. W. Griebel, A. Tzouras, E. S. Conner, L. Foley: Pressure gradients and accessory absorption pathways in hydrocephalus. In: Gjerris, F., S. E. Børgesen, P. S. Sørensen (Eds.): Outflow of Cerebrospinal Fluid, Alfred Benzon Symposium 27. Munksgaard, Copenhagen (1989) 303-312
11. Black, P. M., R. Hakim, N. O. Bailey: The use of the Codman-Medos programmable Hakim valve in the management of patients with hydrocephalus: illustrative cases. Neurosurgery 34 (1994) 1110-1113
12. Børgesen, S. E.: Conductance to outflow of CSF in normal pressure hydrocephalus. Acta Neurochir. 71 (1984) 1-45
13. Børgesen, S. E., F. Gjerris, S. C. Sørensen: The resistance to cerebrospinal fluid absorption in humans. Acta Neurol. Scand. 57 (1978) 88-96
14. Børgesen, S. E., F. Gjerris: Relationship between intracranial pressure, ventricular size, and resistance to CSF outflow. J. Neurosurg. 67 (1987) 535-539
15. Børgesen, S. E., F. Gjerris, J. Schmidt: Measurement of resistance to CSF outflow by subarachnoid perfusion. In: Gjerris, F., S. E. Børgesen, P. S. Sørensen (Eds.): Outflow of Cerebrospinal Fluid, Alfred Benzon Symposium 27. Munksgaard, Copenhagen (1989) 121-129
16. Børgesen, S. E., F. Gjerris, O. Feddes, J. F. Schmidt, M. J. Albeck: Measurement of resistance to CSF outflow - clinical experiences in 333 patients. In: Hoff, J. T., A. L. Betz (Eds.): Intracranial Pressure VII. Springer-Verlag, Berlin, Heidelberg (1989) 353-355
17. Bowen, M., A. Verma, S. Bajwa, L. Kusmirek: Pseudopsychopathic syndrome in hydrocephalus: A case report and review. Neurosurg. 26 (1990) 661-663
18. Butler, A. B., J. D. Mann, C. J. Maffeo, R. G. Dacey Jr., R. N. Johnson, N. H. Bass: Mechanisms of cerebrospinal fluid absorption in normal and pathologically altered arachnoid villi. In: Woods, J. H. (Ed.): Neurobiology of Cerebrospinal fluid. Vol. 2. Plenum Press, New York (1983) 707-726
19. Cardoso, E. R., M. R. Del Bigio: Age-related changes of cerebral ventricular size. Acta Neurochir. 97 (1989) 135-138
20. Casmiro, M., R. D'Alessandro, F. M. Cacciatore, R. Daidone, F. Calbucci, E. Lugaresi: Risk factors for the syndrome of ventricular enlargement with gait apraxia (idiopathic normal pressure hydrocephalus): a case-control study. J. Neurol. Neurosurg. Psychiatry 52 (1989) 847-852
21. Christensen, P. B.: Normal pressure hydrocephalus in myotonic dystrophy. Eur. Neurol. 28 (1988) 285-287
22. Clarfield, A. M.: The reversible dementias: do they reverse? Ann. Intern. Med. 109 (1988) 476-486
23. Clarfield, A. M.: Normal-pressure hydrocephalus: saga or swamp? JAMA 262 (1989) 2592-2593
24. Conner, E. S., L. Foley, P. M. Black: Experimental normal pressure hydrocephalus is accompanied by increased transmantle pressure. J. Neurosurg. 61 (1984) 322-327
25. Cserr, H. F.: Flow of brain interstitial fluid and drainage into cerebrospinal fluid and lymph. In: Ishii, S., H. Nagai, M. Brock (Eds.): Intracranial Pressure V. Springer-Verlag, Berlin, Heidelberg, New York (1983) 618-621
26. Cserr, H. F.: Flow of CSF and brain interstitial fluid (ISF) into deep cervical lymph. In: Gjerris, F., S. E. Børgesen, P. S. Sørensen: Outflow of Cerebrospinal Fluid, Alfred Benzon Symposium 27. Munksgaard, Copenhagen (1989) 58-63
27. Cushing, H., L. H. Weed, P. Wegefarth: Studies on the cerebrospinal fluid pathway. II. The theories of drainage of cerebrospinal fluid with an analysis of the methods of investigation. The third circulation and its channels. The Cameron Prize Lectures. Univ. Press, Oxford, London 1925
28. Cutler, R. W. P., L. Page, J. Galicich, G. V. Watters: Formation and absorption of cerebrospinal fluid in man. Brain 91 (1968) 707-720
29. Dandy, W. E., K. D. Blackfan: Hydrocephalus internus. Eine experimentelle, klinische und pathologische Untersuchung. Beitr. z. klin. Chir. 93 (1914) 392-486
30. Dauch, W. A., R. Zimmermann: Der Normaldruck-Hydrozephalus. Eine Bilanz 25 Jahre nach der Erstbeschreibung. Fortschr. Neurol. Psychiat. 58 (1990) 178-190
31. Decq, P., J. L. Barat, E. Duplessis, C. Lequerinel, P. Gendrault, Y. Keravel: Shunt failure in adult hydrocephalus: flow controlled shunt versus differential pressure shunts - a cooperative study in 289 patients. Surg. Neurol. 43 (1995) 333-339
32. Del Bigio, M. R., J. E. Bruni: Changes in periventricular vasculature of rabbit brain following induction of hydrocephalus and after shunting. J. Neurosurg. 69 (1988) 115-120
33. Dewan, M. J., P. A. Bick: Normal pressure hydrocephalus and psychiatric patients. Biol. Psychiatry 20 (1985) 1127-1131
34. Di Lauro, L. M. Mearini, A. Bollati: The predictive value of 5 days CSF diversion for shunting in normal pressure hydrocephalus. Child's Brain 3 (1977) 359-374
35. Drapkin, J. A., A. Sahar: Experimental hydrocephalus: cerebrospinal fluid dynamics and ventricular distensibility during early stages. Child's Brain 4 (1978) 278-288
36. Early, C. B., L. H. Fink: Some fundamental applications of the law of La Place in neurosurgery. Surg. Neurol. 6 (1976) 185-189
37. Eijndhoven, J. H. M. van, C. J. J. Avezaat: New aspects of cerebrospinal fluid circulation models with emphasis on the stability of the model parameters. In: Ishii, S., H. Nagai, M. Brock (Eds.): Intracranial Pressure V. Springer-Verlag, Berlin, Heidelberg, New York (1983) 227-233
38. Ekstedt, J.: CSF hydrodynamics studied by means of constant pressure infusion technique. In: Lundberg, N., U. Pontén, M. Brock (Eds.): Intracranial Pressure II. Springer-Verlag, Berlin, Heidelberg, New York (1975) 35-41
39. Ekstedt, J.: CSF hydrodynamic studies in man. 2 Normal hydrodynamic variables related to CSF pressure and flow. J. Neurol. Neurosurg. Psychiatry 41 (1978) 345-353
40. Ekstedt, J., H. Fridén: CSF hydrodynamics especially in the adult hydrocephalus syndrome. In: Beks, J. W. F., A. D. Bosch, M. Brock (Eds.): Intracranial Pressure III. Spnnger-Verlag, Berlin, Heidelberg, New York (1976) 177-185
41. Fisher, C. M.: The clinical picture in occult hydrocephalus. Clin. Neurosurg. 24 (1977) 270-284
42. Fisher, C. M.: Hydrocephalus as a cause of disturbances of gait in the elderly. Neurology 32 (1982) 1358-1363
43. Fishman, R. A.: Occult hydrocephalus. N. Engl. J. Med. 274 (1966) 466-467
44. Fishman, R. A.: Physiology of the cerebrospinal fluid. In: Fishman, R. A. (Ed.): Cerebrospinal Fluid in Diseases of the Nervous System. 2nd edition. Saunders Company (1992) 23-42
45. Fishman, R. A.: Intracranial pressure: physiology and pathophysiology. In: Fishman, R. A. (Ed.): Cerebrospinal Fluid in Diseases of the Nervous System. 2nd edition. Saunders Company (1992) 71-101
46. Fishman, R. A.: Disorders of intracranial pressure: Hydrocephalus, brain edema, pseudotumor, intracranial hypotension, and related disorders. In: Fishman. R. A. (Ed.): Cerebrospinal Fluid in Diseases of the Nervous System. 2nd edition. Saunders Company (1992) 103-130
47. Fishman, R. A.: Examination of the cerebrospinal fluid: techniques and complications. In: Fishman, R. A. (Ed.): Cerebrospinal Fluid in Diseases of the Nervous System. 2nd edition. Saunders Company (1992) 157-171
48. Foltz, E. L., A. A. Ward: Communicating hydrocephalus from subarachnoid bleeding. J. Neurosurg. 13 (1956) 546-566
49. Fuhrmeister, U.: Liquorabflußwiderstand und intrakranielle Elastizität bei akuten und chronischen Erkrankungen des Subarachnoidalraums. Habilitationsschrift. Würzburg 1985
50. Gaab, M.: Die Registrierung des intrakraniellen Druckes. Habilitationsschrift. Würzburg 1980
51. Gaab, M. R., W. T. Koos: Hydrocephalus in infancy and childhood: diagnosis and indication for operation. Neuropediatrics 15 (1984) 173-179
52. Gjerris, F., S. E. Børgesen, J. F. Schmidt, O. Fedders, M. J. Albeck: Reproducibility and reliability of measurement of resistance to CSF outflow by subarachnoid perfusion. In: Hoff, J. T., A. L. Betz (Eds.): Intracranial Pressure VII. Springer-Verlag, Berlin, Heidelberg (1989) 349-352
53. Gjerris, F., S. E. Børgesen: Current concepts of measurement of cerebrospinal fluid absorption and biomechanics of hydrocephalus. in: Symon. L., L. Calliauw, F. Cohadon, J. Lobo, F. Loew, H. Nornes. E. Pásztor, J. D. Pickard, A. J. Strong, M. G. Yasargil (Eds.): Advances and Technical Standards in Neurosurgery, Volume 19. Springer-Verlag, Wien, New York (1992) 145-177
54. Gleason, P. L., P. M. Black, M. Matsumae: The neurobiology of normal pressure hydrocephalus. Neurosurg. Clin. N. Am. 4 (1993) 667-675
55. Greeberg, J. O., H. A. Shenkin, R. Adam: Idiopathic normal pressure hydrocephalus - a report of 73 patients. J. Neurol. Neurosurg. Psychiatry 40 (1977) 336-341
56. Griebel, R. W., P. Black, McL., J. Pile-Spellman, H. W. Strauss: The importance of "accessory" outflow pathways in hydrocephalus after experimental subarachnoid hemorrhage. Neurosurgery 24 (1989) 187-192
57. Grumme, T., D. Kolodziejczyk: Komplikationen in der Neurochirurgie. Band 2 Kraniale, zerebrale und neuropädiatrische Chirurgie. Blackwell-Verlag, Berlin, Wien (1995) 534-540
58. Gustafson, L., B. Hagberg: Recovery in hydrocephalic dementia after shunt operation. J. Neurol. Neurosurg. Psychiatry 41 (1978) 940-947
59. Hakim, C. A.: The physics and physicopathology of the hydraulic complex of the central nervous systems. The mechanics of hydrocephalus and normal pressure hydrocephalus. Dissertation. Massachusetts Institute of Technology. Massachusetts 1985
60. Hakim, S., R. D. Adams: The special clinic problem of symptomatic hydrocephalus with normal cerebrospinal fluid pressure. J. Neurol. Sci. 2 (1965) 307-327
61. Hakim, S., J. G. Venegas, J. D. Burton: The physics of the cranial cavity, hydrocephalus and normal pressure hydrocephalus: mechanical interpretation and mathematical model. Surg. Neurol. 5 (1976) 187-210
62. Hantson, P., J. L. Horn, B. Deconinck, P. Mathurin, G. Dooms, H. Grumbers: Hydrocephalus in Guillain-Barré Syndrome. Eur. Neurol. 31 (1991) 426-427
63. Hartmann, A., E. Alberti: Cerebral blood flow and cerebrospinal fluid pressure in patients with communicating hydrocephalus. In: Wüllenweber, R., M. Brock, J. Hamer, M. Klinger, O. Spoerri (Eds.): Lumbar Disc. Adult Hydrocephalus. Springer-Verlag, Berlin, Heidelberg, New York (1977) 144-155
64. Hartmann, A., E. Alberti: Differentiation of communicating hydrocephalus and presenile dementia by continuous record of cerebrospinal fluid pressure. J. Neurol. Neurosurg. Psychiatry 40 (1977) 630-640
65. Hayashi, M., H. Kobayashi, S. Higashi, S. Yamamoto: Changes of intracranial pressure, cerebral blood flow and ventricular size in patients with the complication of communicating hydrocephalus after subarachnoid hemorrhage. In: Ishii, S., H. Nagai, M. Brock (Eds.): Intracranial Pressure. Springer-Verlag, Berlin, Heidelberg, New York (1983) 650-655
66. Heisey, S. R., D. Held, J. R. Pappenheimer: Bulk flow and diffusion in the cerebrospinal fluid system of the goat. Amer. J. Physiol. 203 (1962) 775-782
67. Higashi, K., Y. Noda, S. Tachibana: Study of brain tissue impedance in the hydrocephalic cat. J. Neurol. Neurosurg. Psychiatry 52 (1989) 636-642
68. Hiratsuka, H., H. Tabata, S. Tsuruoka, M. Aoyagi, K. Okada, Y. Y. Inaba: Evaluation of periventricular hypodensity in experimental hydrocephalus by metrizamide CT ventricolography. J. Neurosurg. 56 (1982) 235-240
69. Hochwald, G. M.: Intracranial pressure and pathogenesis of normal pressure hydrocephalus. In: Lundberg, N., U. Pontén, M. Brock (Eds.): Intracranial Pressure II. Springer-Verlag, Berlin, Heidelberg, New York (1975) 121-123
70. Hochwald, G. M., E. Tolbert: CSF outflow resistance in hydrocephalus. In: Gjerris, F., S. E. Børgesen, P. S. Sørensen (Eds.): Outflow of Cerebrospinal Fluid, Alfred Benzon Symposium 27. Munksgaard, Copenhagen (1989) 94-103
71. Hoff, J., R. Barber: Transcerebral mantle pressure in normal pressure hydrocephalus. Arch. Neurol. 44 (1987) 263-267
72. Hulme, A., R. Cooper: Cerebral blood flow during sleep in patients with raised intracranial pressure. Prog. Brain Res. 30 (1968) 77-81
73. Hulme, A., R. Cooper: The effects of head position and jugular vein compression (JVC) in intracranial pressure (ICP). A clinical study. In: Beks, J. W. F., D. A. Bosch, M. Brock (Eds.): Intracranial Pressure III. Springer-Verlag, Berlin, Heidelberg, New York (1976) 259-261
74. Imhof, H.-G., T. Doczi, E. Bental, G. Schroth: Communicating hydrocephalus: An appraisal of surgical response to treatment in 156 patients. Klin. Neuroradiol. 2 (1992) 124-130
75. Jacobs, L.: Diabetes mellitus in normal pressure hydrocephalus. J. Neurol. Neurosurg. Psychiatry 40 (1977) 331-335
76. Jansen, J., M. Jorgensen: Prognostic significance of signs and symptoms in hydrocephalus. Acta Neurol. Scand. 73 (1986) 55-65
77. Jensen, F.: Acquired hydrocephalus III: a pathophysiological study correlated with neuropathological findings and clinical manifestations. Acta Neurochir. 47 (1979) 91-104
78. Katzmann, R., F. Hussey: A simple constant-infusion manometric test for measurement of CSF absorption. Neurology 20 (1970) 534-544
79. Kimura, M., A. Tanaka, S. Yoshinaga: Significance of periventricular hemodynamics in normal pressure hydrocephalus. Neurosurg. 30 (1992) 701-705
80. Kiefer, M., W.-I. Steudel: Moderne Diagnostik und Therapie des Hydrocephalus beim älteren Menschen. Saarländ. Ärzteblatt 47 (1994) 498-505
81. Kosteljanetz, M.: Intracranial pressure: cerebrospinal fluid dynamics and pressure-volume relations. Acta Neurol. Scand. 75 (1987) 7-23
82. Kosteljanetz, M., A.-M. Neben, J. Kaalund: Cerebrospinal fluid outflow resistance measurements in the selection of patients for shunt surgery in the normal pressure hydrocephalus syndrome. A controlled trial. Acta Neurochir. 104 (1990) 48-53
83. Künzel, B., G. Klages, U. Meier: Der intrathekale Infusionstest zur Untersuchung der kraniospinalen Liquordynamik. Ein neues Auswerteverfahren. Zentralbl. Neurochir. 48 (1987) 320-326
84. Künzel, B., G. Klages, J. Kynast, U. Meier, J.-P. Warnke: A mathematical model of the cerebrospinal fluid dynamics and the simultaneous determination of outflow resistance and compliance. In: Willems, J. L., J. H. van Bemmel, J. Michel (Eds.): Progress in computer-assisted function analysis. Elsevier Science Publishers B. V., IFIP-IMIA, North-Holland (1988) 393-398
85. Künzel, B.: Mathematisch-physikalische Interpretation der kraniospinalen Druckdynamik. Dissertation. Humboldt-Universität, Berlin 1993
86. Ladurner, G.: Zur Bedeutung der apparativen Diagnostik bei der ätiologischen Zuordnung dementieller Prozesse. Nervenarzt 54 (1983) 171-180
87. Lamas, E., R. D. Lobato: Intraventricular pressure and CSF dynamics in chronic adult hydrocephalus. Surg. Neurol. 12 (1979) 287 -299
88. Langfitt, T. W.: Increased intracranial pressure. Clin. Neurosurg. 16 (1969) 436-471
89. Levine, J. E., J. T. Povlishock, D. P. Becker: The morphological correlates of primate cerebrospinal fluid absorption. Brain Res. 241 (1982) 31-41
90. Löfgren, J., N. N. Zwetnow: Cranial and spinal components of the cerebrospinal fluid pressure-volume curve. Acta Neurol. Scand. 49 (1973) 575-585
91. Love, J. A., J. Ekstedt, H. Fridén: Labile sagittal sinus pressures in the cat. In: Miller, J. D., G. M. Teasdale, J. O. Rowan, S. L. Galbraith, A. D. Mendelow (Eds.): Intracranial Pressure VI. Springer-Verlag, Berlin, Heidelberg, New York (1986) 132-134
92. Magnaes, B.: Clinical recording of pressure on the spinal cord and cauda equina. Part 2: Position changes in pressure on the cauda equina in central lumbar spinal stenosis. J. Neurosurg. 57 (1982) 57-63
93. Marmarou, A., K. Shulman, J. LaMorgese: A compartmental analysis of compliance and outflow resistance and the effects of elevated blood pressure. In: Lundberg, N., U. Pontén, M. Brock (Eds.): Intracranial Pressure II. Springer-Verlag, Berlin, Heidelberg, New York (1975) 86-88
94. Marmarou, A., K. Shulman, J. LaMorgese: Compartmental analysis of compliance and outflow resistance of the cerebrospinal fluid system. J. Neurosurg. 43 (1975) 523-534
95. Marmarou, A., K. Shulman: Pressure-volume relationships - basic aspects. In: Laurin. R. L. (Ed.): Head Injuries. Grune and Stratton, New York (1976) 233-236
96. Marmarou, A., K. Shapiro, W. Poll, K. Shulman: Studies of kinetics of fluid movements within brain tissue. in: Beks, J. W. F., A. D. Bosch, M. Brock (Eds.): Intracranial Pressure III. Springer-Verlag, Berlin, Heidelberg, New York (1976) 1-4
97. Marmarou, A., K. Shapiro, K. Shulman: Isolation of factors leading to sustained elevations of the ICP. In: Beks, J. W. F., A. D. Bosch, M. Brock (Eds.): Intracranial Pressure III. Springer-Verlag, Berlin, Heidelberg, New York (1976) 33-36
98. Marmarou, A., K. Shulman, R. M. Rosende: A nonlinear analysis of the cerebrospinal fluid system and intracranial pressure dynamics. J. Neurosurg. 48 (1978) 332-344
99. Marmarou, A., T. Nakamura, K. Tanaka: The kinetics of fluid movement through brain tissue. Seminars in Neurology 4 (1984) 439-444
100. Martin, B. J., M. A. Roberts, J. W. Turner: Normal pressure hydrocephalus and Pagets disease of bone. Gerontology 31 (1985) 397-402
101. Martins, A. N., N. Newby, T. F. Doyle: Sources of error in measuring cerebrospinal fluid formation by ventriculocisternal perfusion. J. Neurol. Neurosurg. Psychiatry 40 (1977) 645-650
102. Massermann, J. H.: Cerebrospinal hydrodynamics. IV. Clinical experimental studies. Arch. Neurol. Psychiat. 32 (1934) 523-553
103. Matsuda, M., S. Nakasu, T. Nakazawa, J. Handa: Cerebral hemodynamics in patients with normal pressure hydrocephalus: correlation between cerebral circulation time and dementia. Surg. Neurol. 34 (1990) 396-401
104. McCormick, J. M., K. Yamada, H. L. Rekate, H. Miyake: Time course of intraventricular pressure change in a canine. Model of hydrocephalus: Its relationship to sagittal sinus elastance. Pediatr. Neurosurg. 18 (1992) 127-133
105. Meier, U.: Computertomographische Untersuchungen zum generalisierten Hirnödem nach Schädel-Hirn-Trauma und Subarachnoidalblutung. Medizinische Dissertation. Humboldt-Universität, Berlin 1985
106. Meier, U., M. Michalik, J. Planitzer: Computertomographische Untersuchungen zur Ventrikelgröße und Rinden-Mark-Relation des Gehirns bei einer Normalpopulation. Radiol. Diagn. 28 (1987) 355-362
107. Meier, U., M. Michalik, B. Reichmuth: Computertomographie und Infusionstest bei einem posttraumatischen Hydrocephalus. Psychiatr. Neurol. med. Psychol. 39 (1987) 754-758
108. Meier, U., B. Künzel: Rechnergestützte Modellversuche zur Liquordynamik des kraniospinalen Systems. Zentralbl. Neurochir. 49 (1988) 233-237
109. Meier, U., B. Künzel, F. S. Zeilinger, A. Riederer, D. Kintzel: Die Diagnostik des Normaldruckhydrozephalus: Ein Berechnungs-modell zur Ermittlung der ICP-abhängigen Resistance and Compliance. Nervenarzt 68 (1997) 496-502
110. Meier, U., W. Knopf, V. Schmidt, K.-H. Prothmann, P. Ewert, B. Reichmuth, M. Michalik, J. Planitzer, A. Heinitz, G. Lang, H. Glawe, W.-D. Siedschlag, F. Gärtner, R. Kiötzer, T Huhnd: Typische CT-Befunde wahrend des intrathekalen Infusionstestes bei posttraumatischen Störungen der Liquordynamik. Zentralbl. Neurochir. 51 (1990) 102-106
111. Meier, U.: Der intrathekale Infusionstest als Entscheidungshilfe zur Shunt-Operation beim Normaldruckhydrozephalus. Akt Neurol. 24 (1997) 24-35
112. Meier, U., B. Reichmuth, W. Knopf, A. Riederer: Intrathecal infusion test: An investigative method to treat malresorptive hydrocephalus by shunt operation. In: Lorenz, R., M. Klinger, M. Brock (Eds.): Advances in Neurosurgery 21. Springer-Verlag, Berlin, Heidelberg, New York (1993) 125-129
113. Meier, U., B. Reichmuth, R. Lehmann: Zum Stellenwert der Xenon-Computertomographie bei der Diagnostik des Normal-druckhydrozephalus. Klin. Neuroradiol. 6 (1996) 77-83
114. Meier, U., B. Reichmuth, F. S. Zeilinger, R. Lehmann: The Importance of Xenon-Computed Tomography in the Diagnosis of Normal Pressure Hydrocephalus. Intern. J. Neuroradiology 2 (1996) 153-160
115. Meyer, J. S., Y. Kitagawa, N. Tanahashi, H. Tachibana, P. Kandula, D. A. Cech. G. L. Clifton, J. E. Rose: Evaluation of treatment of normal-pressure hydrocephalus. J. Neurosurg. 62 (1985) 513-521
116. Miethke, C., K. Affeld: A new valve for the treatment of hydrocephalus. Biomed. Technik 39 (1994) 181-187
117. Milhorat, T. H.: Choroid plexus and cerebrospinal fluid production. Science 166 (1969) 1514-1516
118. Miller, J. D., H. Takizawa: Validity of measurements of CSF outflow resistance estimated by the bolus injection method. In: Miller, J. D., G. M. Teasdale, J. O. Rowan, S. L. Galbraith, A. D. Mendelow (Eds.): Intracranial Pressure VI. Springer-Verlag, Berlin, Heidelberg, New York (1986) 105-107
119. Mingrino, S., L. Rigobello, M. Scanarini, A. Baroni: Electron microscopy of human arachnoid villi removed during operation in different pathological conditions. In: Ishii, S., H. Nagai, M. Brock (Eds.): Intracranial Pressure V. Springer-Verlag, Berlin, Heidelberg, New York (1983) 588-592
120. Mori, K.: Hydrocephalus-revision of its definition and classification with special reference to "intractable infantile hydrocephalus". Child's Nerv. Syst 6 (1990) 198-204
121. Nakagawa, Y., N. Fujimoto, K. Matsumoto: CSF absorption rates in cats with kaolin-induced hydrocephalus - a study using different kinds of tracers of different molecular size. In: Matsumoto, S., N. Tamaki (Eds.): Hydrocephalus - Pathogenesis and Treatment. Springer-Verlag, Tokyo, Berlin, Heidelberg, New York, London, Paris, Hong Kong, Barcelona (1991) 172-180
122. Nichtweiß, M., G. Heedderks, D. Rosenthal: Zur Diagnose des idiopathischen sogenannten Normaldruckhydrocephalus. Nervenarzt 59 (1988) 267-273
123. Ojemann, R. G., C. M. Fisher, R. D. Adams, W. H. Sweet, P. F. J. New: Further experience with the syndrome of "normal" pressure hydrocephalus. J. Neurosurg. 31 (1969) 279-294
124. Oka, N., J. Nakada, T. Nagahori, A. Takaku: Changes in the cerebral vascular bed in experimental hydrocephalus: an angioarchitectural and histological study. In: Matsumoto, S., N. Tamaki (Eds.): Hydrocephalus - Pathogenesis and Treatment. Springer-Verlag, Tokyo, Berlin, Heidelberg, New York, London, Paris, Hong Kong, Barcelona (1991) 46-57
125. Owman, C., M. Lindvall, B. Windbladh: Ontogeny of sympathetic nerves and transport functions in the rabbit choroid plexus. In: Miller, J. D., G. M. Teasdale, J. O. Rowan, S. L. Galbraith, A. D. Mendelow (Eds.): Intracranial Pressue VI. Springer-Verlag, Berlin, Heidelberg, New York (1986) 496-501
126. Page, R. B.: Ependymal alterations in hydrocephalus. In: Wood, J. H. (Ed.): Neurobiology of Cerebrospinal Fluid 2. Plenum Press, New York (1983) 789-820
127. Pásztor, E., A. Pásztor, M. Bodó, S. Bogsch: The role of spinal subarachnoid spaces in compensation of intracranial hypertension. In: Lundberg, N., U. Pontén, M. Brock (Eds.): Intracranial hypertension. Springer-Verlag, Berlin, Heidelberg, New Yok (1975) 82 -85
128. Philippon, J., D. Ancri: Chronic adult hydrocephalus. In: Advances and Technical Standards in Neurosurgery. Vol. 1 (1974) 61-92
129. Pollay, M.: The pathophysiology of the cerebrospinal fluid circulation. In: Crockard, A., R. Hayward, J. T. Hoff (Eds.): Neurosurgery, the scientific basis of clinical practise. Blackwells Scientific Publications, Oxford (1985) 279-296
130. Pollay, M.: Absorption of the CSF via the arachnoid villi. In: Gjerris, F., S. E. Børgesen, P. S. Sørensen (Eds.): Outflow of Cerebrospinal Fluid, Alfred Benzon Symposium 27. Munksgaard, Copenhagen (1989) 33-41
131. Pontén, U., G. M. Hochwald: Summary. In: Beks, J. W. F., A. D. Bosch, M. Brock (Eds.): Intracranial Pressure III. Springer-Verlag, Berlin, Heidelberg, New York (1976) 210-211
132. Portnoy, H. D.: The physics of hydrocephalus: the Laplacian model. In: Gjerris, F., S. E. Børgesen, P. S. Sørensen (Eds.): Outflow of Cerebrospinal Fluid, Alfred Benzon Symposium 27. Munksgaard, Copenhagen (1989) 315-322
133. rice, D. J.: The clinical value of measurement of CSF outflow resistance. In: Gjerris, F., S. E. Børgesen, P. S. Sørensen (Eds.): Outflow of Cerebrospinal Fluid, Alfred Benzon Symposium 27. Munksgaard, Copenhagen (1989) 390-398
134. Raftopoulos, C., N. Massager, D. Balériaux, J. Deleval, S. Clarysse, J. Brotchi: Prospective analysis by computed tomography and long-term outcome of 23 adult patients with chronic idiopathic hydrocephalus. Neurosurgery 38 (1996) 51-59
135. Reinprecht, A., T. Czech, W. Dietrich: Clinical experience with a new pressure-adjustable shunt valve. Acta Neurochir. 134 (1995) 119-124
136. Rekate, H. L., W. M. Olivero, J. McCormick, H. J. Chizeck, W. Ko: Resistance elements within the cerebrospinal fluid circulation. In: Gjerris, F., S. E. Børgesen, P. S. Sørensen (Eds.): Outflow of Cerebrospinal Fluid, Alfred Benzon Symposium 27. Munksgaard, Copenhagen (1989) 45-52
137. Reulen, H. J., M. Tsuyumu, A. Tack: Clearance of edema fluid into the Cerebrospinal fluid. A mechanism for resolution of vasogenic brain edema. J. Neurosurg. 48 (1978) 754-764
138. Rice, E., S. Gendelmann: Psychiatric aspects of normal pressure hydrocephalus. JAMA 223 (1973) 409-412
139. Rowan, J. O., I. H. Johnston: Intracranial pressure gradients - do the exist? In: Lundberg, N., U. Pontén, M. Brock (Eds.): Intracranial Pressure II. Springer-Verlag, Berlin, Heidelberg, New York (1975) 239-241
140. Rubin, R. C., G. M. Hochwald: Reconstitution of cerebral cortical mantle following hydrocephalus. In: Wood, J. H. (Ed.): Neurobiology of Cerebrospinal Fluid 2. Plenum Press, New York (1983) 821-833
141. Sahar, A.: The effect of pressure on the production of cerebrospinal fluid by the choroid plexus. J. Neurol. Sci. 16 (1972) 49-58
142. Sahar, A., G. M. Hochwald, A. R. Sadik, J. Ransohoff: Cerebrospinal fluid absorption. Arch. Neurol. 21 (1969) 638-644
143. Sahuquillo, J., E. Rubio, A. Codinor, A. Molins, J. M. Guitart, M. A. Poca, A. Chasampi: Reappraisal of the intracranial pressure and cerebrospinal fluid dynamics in patients with the so-called "normal pressure hydrocephalus" syndrome. Acta Neurochir. 112 (1991) 50-61
144. Sainte-Rose, C., J. M. Servant, M. Mayer, J. F. Hirsch: Hydrocéphalie d'origine veineuse. Neurochirurgie 35 (1989) 383-389
145. Salmon, J. H.: Ultrastructive of cortical capillaries and cerebral blood flow in low pressure hydrocephalus. In: Brock, M., H. Dietz (Eds.): Intracranial Pressure I. Springer-Verlag, Berlin, Heidelberg, New York (1972) 286-289
146. Scharfetter, F.: Hydrocephalus. Abasie - Demenz - Inkontinenz. Drainieren oder nicht? Z Gerontol. 18 (1985) 325-329
147. Schmidt, J. F., O. Fedders, S. E. Børgesen, F. Gjerris: Reproducibility of measurements of resistance to CSF outflow. In: Gjerris, F., S. E. Børgesen, P. S. Sørensen (Eds.): Outflow of Cerebrospinal Fluid, Alfred Benzon Symposium 27. Munksgaard, Copenhagen (1989) 224-229
148. Shapiro, K., A. Marmarou, K. Shulman: Characterization of clinical CSF dynamics and neural axis compliance using the pressure-volume index. 1. the normal pressure-volume index. Ann. Neurol. 7 (1980) 508-514
149. Shapiro, K., A. Marmarou, K. Shulman: A method for predicting PVI in normal patients. In: Shulman, K., A. Marmarou, J. D. Miller, D. P. Becker, G. M. Hochwald, M. Brock (Eds.): Intracranial Pressure IV. Springer-Verlag, Berlin, Heidelberg, New York (1980) 85-90
150. Shapiro, K., A. Fried, F. Takei, I. Kohn: Effect of the skull and dura on neural axis pressure-volume relationships and CSF hydrodynamics. J. Neurosurg. 63 (1985) 76-81
151. Shapiro, K., A. Fried: Shunt dependent hydrocephalus: pressure volume characterization and altered CSF outflow resistance. In: Miller, J. D., C. M. Teasdale, J. O. Rowan, S. L. Galbraith, A. D. Mendelow (Eds.): Intracranial Pressure VI. Springer-Verlag, Berlin, Heidelberg, New York (1986) 118-122
152. Shulman, K., A. Marmarou, S. Weitz: Gradients of brain interstitial fluid pressure in experimental brain infusion and compression. In: Lundberg, N., U. Pontén, M. Brock (Eds.): Intracranial Pressure II. Springer-Verlag, Berlin, Heidelberg, New York (1975) 221-223
153. Sklar, F. H., M. Under, R. A. Johnston: The effect of craniotomy on the intracranial pressure-volume relationship and its relevance to the syndrome of shunt dependent ventricels. In: Ishii, S., H. Nagai, M. Brock (Eds.): Intracranial Pressure V. Springer-Verlag, Berlin, Heidelberg, New York (1983) 291-293
154. Sliwka, S.: Statistic and dynamic cerebrospinal elastance-clinical verification. In: Miller, J. D., G. M. Teasdale, J. O. Rowan, S. L. Galbraith, A. D. Mendelow (Eds.): Intracranial Pressure VI. Springer-Verlag, Berlin, Heidelberg, New York (1986) 84-88
155. Sotelo, J., M. A. Rubalcava, S. Gomez-Liata: A new shunt for hydrocephalus that relies on CSF production rather than on ventricular pressure: initial clinical experiences. Surg. Neurol. 43 (1995) 324-331
156. Sørensen, P. S., E. C. Jansen, F. Gjerris: Motor disturbances in normal pressure hydrocephalus. Arch. Neurol. 43 (1986) 34-38
157. Spanu, G., G. Sangiovanni, D. Locatelli: Normal-pressure hydrocephalus: twelve years experience. Neurochirurgia 29 (1986) 15 -19
158. Sudarski, L., S. Simon: Gait disorder in late live hydrocephalus. Arch. Neurol. 44 (1987) 263-267
159. Sypert, G. W., H. Leffman, G. A. Ojemann: Occult normal hydrocephalus manifested by parkinsonism-dementia complex. Neurology 23 (1973) 234-238
160. Takahashi, K., W. Bodsch, T. Shibata, K.-A. Hossmann: Regional cerebral protein synthesis in experimental hydrocephalus. In: Intracranial Pressure VI. In: Miller, J. D., G. M. Teasdale, J. O. Rowan, S. L. Galbraith, A. D. Mendelow (Eds.): Intracranial Pressure VI. Springer-Verlag, Berlin, Heidelberg, New York (1986) 463 -467
161. Takizawa, H., T. Gabra-Sanders, J. D. Miller: Variations in pressure volume index and CSF outflow resistance measured at different places in the craniospinal axis. In: Miller, J. D., G. M. Teasdale, J. O. Rowan, S. L. Galbraith, A. D. Mendelow (Eds.): Intracranial Pressure VI. Springer-Verlag, Berlin, Heidelberg, New York (1986) 43-47
162. Tamaki, N., T. Nagashima, K. Ehara, T. Shirakuni, M. Asada, K. Fujity, S. Matsumoto: Properties of interstitial fluid in the cerebral white matter of patients with normal pressure hydrocephalus. In: Matsumoto, S., N. Tamaki (Eds.): Hydrocephalus - Pathogenesis and Treatment. Springer-Verlag, Tokyo, Berlin, Heidelberg, New York, London, Paris, Hong Kong, Barcelona (1991) 592-599
163. Tans, J. T. J., D. C. J. Poortvliet: Reduction of ventricular size after shunting for normal pressure hydrocephalus related to CSF dynamics before shunting. J. Neurol. Neurosurg. Psychiatry 51 (1988) 521-525
164. Teasdale, G. M., R. Grant, B. Condon, D. Hadley, J. Paterson, D. Wyper: Measurement of cranial CSF volumes in normal subjects and patients. In: Gjerris, F., S. E. Børgesen, P. S. Sørensen (Eds.): Outflow of Cerebrospinal Fluid, Alfred Benzon Symposium 27. Munksgaard. Copenhagen (1989) 258-268
165. Tripathi, B. J., R. C. Tripathi: Vacuolar transcellular channels as a drainage pathway for cerebrospinal fluid. J. Physiol. 239 (1974) 195-206
166. Trost, H. A., G. Claussen, H. E. Heissler, M. R. Gaab: Long term in vitro test results of various new and explanted hydrocephalus shunt valves. In: Avezaat, C. J. J., J. H. M. van Eijndhoven, A. I. R. Maas, J. T. J. Tans (Eds.): Intracranial pressure VIII. Springer-Verlag, Berlin, Heidelberg, New York (1993) 901-904
167. Uhl, M. D., B. E. Werner, T. J. Romano, B. L. Zidar: Normal pressure hydrocephalus in a patient with systemic lupus erythematosus. The Journal of Rheumatology 17 (1990) 1689-1691
168. Umbach, W.: Vorzeitiger Hirnabbau durch aktiven Hydrocephalus. Deutsche Med. Wochenschrift 96 (1971) 1184-1187
169. Vanneste, J., P. Augustijn, C. Dirven, W. F. Tan, Z. D. Goedhart: Shunting normal pressure hydrocephalus: Do the benefits outweigh the risks? A
170. Vassilouthis, J.: The syndrome of normal pressure hydrocephalus. J. Neurosurg. 61 (1984) 501-509
171. Villa, F., E. Ferrer, F. Isamaat: ICP monitoring in benign intracranial hypertension. In: Shulman, K., A. Marmarou, J. D. Miller, D. P. Becker, G. M. Hochwald, M. Brock (Eds.): Springer-Verlag, Berlin, Heidelberg, New York (1980) 549-552
172. Weiner, H. L., S. Constantini, H. Cohen, J. H. Wisoff: Current treatment of normal-pressure hydrocephalus: Comparison of flow-regulated and differential-pressure shunt valves. Neurosurgery 37 (1995) 877-884
173. Welch, K.: The principles of physiology of the cerebrospinal fluid in relation to hydrocephalus including normal pressure hydrocephalus. Adv. Neurol. 13 (1975) 247-332
174. Williams, G., A. Roberts, S. Smith, A. Stevens, P. Tompkins, C. Arancibia, M. Pollay: The effect of apnea on brain compliance and intracranial pressure. Neurosurg. 29 (1991) 242-246
175. Wocjan, J., L. Batorski, M. Czosnyka, P. Wollk-Laniewski: Normal pressure hydrocephalus in children - the state of hypercompensation. In: Hoff, J. T., A. L. Betz (Eds.): Intracranial Pressure VII. Springer-Verlag, Berlin, Heidelberg (1989) 406-409
176. Zee, C. M., K. Shapiro: The visoelasticity of normal and hydrocephalic brain tissue. In: Hoff, J. T., A. L. Betz (Eds.): Intracranial Pressure VII. Springer-Verlag, Berlin, Heidelberg (1989) 263-266