A new framework for investigating antipsychotic action in humans: Lessons from PET imaging

Molecular Psychiatry

Volumn 3, Issue 2, 1998, Pages 135-140

  Kapur, S ^a,b  

^a UNIVERSITY OF TORONTO   (Canada)

^b CENTRE FOR ADDICTION AND MENTAL HEALTH   (Canada)

Author keywords

Antipsychotics; Dopamine receptors; Positron emission tomography; Schizophrenia; Serotonin receptors

Indexed keywords

CLOZAPINE; DOPAMINE 2 RECEPTOR; DOPAMINE RECEPTOR; HALOPERIDOL; NEUROLEPTIC AGENT; RISPERIDONE; SEROTONIN 2 RECEPTOR;

DRUG MECHANISM; DRUG RECEPTOR BINDING; HUMAN; POSITRON EMISSION TOMOGRAPHY; PRIORITY JOURNAL; REVIEW; SCHIZOPHRENIA;

EID: 0031943647     PISSN: 13594184     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1038/sj.mp.4000327     Document Type: Review

References (52)

1. Cambon H, Baron JC, Boulenger JP et al. In vivo assay for neuroleptic receptor binding in the striatum: positron tomography in humans. Br J Psychiatry 1987; 151: 824-830.
2. Farde L, Wiesel FA, Halldin C, Sedvall G, PET-determination of contral D1- and D2- dopamine receptor occupancy in neuroleptic treated schizophrenics. In: Heiss W-D, Pawlick G, Herholz K, Wienhard K (eds). Clinical Efficacy of Positron Emission Tomography Martinus Nijhoff Publishers: Dordrecht, 1987, pp 213-210.
3. Sanberg PR. Haloperidol-induced catalepsy is mediated by postsynaptic dopamine receptors. Nature 1980; 284: 472-473.
4. Seeman P, Lee T, Chau-Wong M, Wong K. Antipsychotic drug doses and nueroleptic/dopamine receptors. Nature 1976; 261: 717-719.
5. Farde L, Nordstrom AL, Wiesel FA, Pauli S, Halldin C, Sedvall G. Positron emission tomographic analysis of central D1 and D2 dopamine receptor occupancy in patients treated with classical neuroleptics and clozapine: relation to extrapyramidal side effects. Arch Gen Psychiatry 1992; 49: 538-544.
6. Nordstrom AL, Farde L, Wiesel FA et al. Central D2-dopamine receptor occupancy in relation to antipsychotic drug effects - a double-blind PET study of schizophrenic patients. Biol Psychiatry 1993; 33: 227-235.
7. Kapur S, Remington G, Jones C et al. Relationship between D2 receptor occupancy and plasma haloperidol: a PET study. Eur Neuropsychopharmacol 1996; 6: 73.
8. Kapur S, Remington G, Jones C et al. High levels of dopamine D2 receptor occupancy with low dose haloperidol treatment: a PET study. Am J Psychiatry 1996; 153: 948-950.
9. McEvoy JP, Hogarty GE, Steingard S. Optimal dose of neuroleptic in acute schizophrenia: a controlled study of neuroleptic threshold and higher haloperidol dose. Arch Gen Psychiatry 1991; 48: 739-745.
10. Stone CK, Garver DL, Griffith J, Hirschowitz J, Bennett J. Further evidence of a dose-response threshold for haloperidol in psychosis. Am J Psychiatry 1995; 152: 1210-1212.
11. Janicak PG, Javaid JI, Sharma RP, Leach A, Dowd S, Davis JM. A double-blind randomized study of three haloperidol plasma levels for acute psychosis. Acta Psychiatrica Scand 1997, 95: 343-350.
12. Ortega-Soto HC, Brunner E, Apiquian R, de la Torre P. Therapeutic minimum dose of haloperidol (HLP) in schizophrenia. Neuropsychopharmacology 1994; 10: 140S.
13. Ortega-Soto HA, Brunner E, Apiquian R, de la Torre MP, Ulloa RE. Typical antipsychotics: the threshold doses strategy. Eur Neuropsychopharmacology 1996; 6: 171.
14. Wolkin A, Barouche F, Wolf AP. Dopamine blockade and clinical response: evidence for two biological subgroups of schizophrenia. Am J Psychiatry 1989; 146: 905-908.
15. Pilowksy LS, Costa DC, Ell PJ, Murray RM, Verhoeff NPLG, Kerwin RW. Antipsychotic medication, D[2] dopamine receptor blockade and clinical response: a [+123]I IBZM SPET (single photon emission tomography) study. Psychol Med 1993; 23: 791-797.
16. Pilowsky LS, Costa DC, Ell PJ, Murray RM, Verhoeff NPLG, Kerwin RW. Clozapine, single photon emission tomography, and the D2 dopamine receptor blockade hypothesis of schizophrenia. Lancet 1992; 340: 199-202.
17. Meltzer HY, Matsubara S, Lee JC. Classification of typical and atypical antipsychotic drugs on the basis of dopamine D-1, D-2 and serotonin-2 pKi values. J Pharmacol Exp Therapeut 1989; 251: 238-246.
18. Meltzer HY, Matsubara S, Lee JC. The ratios of serotonin-2 and dopamine-2 affinities differentiate atypical and typical antipsychotic drugs. Psychopharmacol Bull 1989; 25: 390-392.
19. 2 receptor occupancy in relation to clozapine serum concentration: a PET study of schizophrenic patients. Am J Psychiatry 1995; 152: 1444-1449.
20. Karbe H, Wienhard K, Hamacher K et al. Positron omission tomography with (18F)methylspiperone demonstrates D2 dopamine receptor binding differences of clozapine and haloperidol. J Neural Trans-Gen Sect 1991; 86: 163-173.
21. Pickar D, Su TP, Weinberger DR et al. Individual variation in D-2 dopamine receptor occupancy in clozapine-treated patients. Am J Psychiatry 1996; 153: 1571-1578.
22. Pollack S, Lieberman JA, Fleischbacker WW et al. A comparison of European and American dosing regimens of schizophrenic patients on clozapine: efficacy and side effects. Psychopharmacol Bull 1995; 31: 315-320.
23. Farde L, Nyberg S, Oxenstierna G, Nakashima Y, Halldin C, Ericsson B. Positron omission tomography studies on D-2 and 5-HT2 receptor binding in risperidone-treated schizophrenic patients. J Clin Psychopharmacol 1995; 15: S19-S23.
24. Busatto GF, Pilowsky LS, Costa DC, Ell PJ, Verhoeff NPLG, Kerwin RW. Dopamine D-2 receptor blockade in vivo with the novel antipsychotics risperidone and remoxipride - an I-123-IBZM single photon emission tomography (SPET) study. Psychopharmacology 1995; 117: 55-61.
25. Kapur S, Remington G, Zipursky RB, Wilson AA, Houle S. The D2 dopamine receptor occupancy of risperidone and its relationship to extrapyramidal symptoms: a PET study. Life Sci 1995; 57: PL103-Pl107.
26. Kapur S. 5-HT2 antagonism and EPS benefits: is there a causal connection? Psychopharmacology 1996; 124: 35-39.
27. Chouinard G, Jones B, Remington G et al. A Canadian multicenter placebo-controlled study of fixed doses of risperidone and haloperidol in the treatment of chronic schizophrenic patients. J Clin Psychopharmacol 1993; 13: 25-40.
28. Marder SR, Meibach RC. Risperidone in the treatment of schizophrenia. Am J Psychiatry 1994; 151: 825-835.
29. Farde L, Nyberg S, Oxenstierna G, Nakashima Y, Halldin C, Ericsson B. Positron omission tomography studies on D2 and 5-HT2 receptor binding in risperidone-treated schizophrenic patients: J Clin Psychopharmacol 1995; 15: 19S-23S.
30. Schotte A, Janssen PF, Megens AA, Leysen JE. Occupancy of central neurotransmitter receptors by risperidone, clozapine and haloperidol, measured ex vivo by quantitative autoradiography. Bain Res 1993; 631: 191-202.
31. Schotte A, Janssen PFM, Gommeren W et al. Risperidone compared with new and reference antipsychotic drugs: in vitro and in vivo receptor binding. Psychopharmacology 1996; 124: 57-73.
32. Gerlach J, Peacock L. New antipsychotics: the present status. Int Clin Psychopharmacol 1995; 10: 39-48.
33. Grace AA, Bunney BS, Moore H, Todd CL. Dopamine-cell depolarization block as a model for the therapeutic actions of antipsychotic drugs. Trends Neurosci 1997; 20: 31-37.
34. Robertson GS, Matsumura H, Fibiger HC. Induction patterns of Fos-like immunoreactivity in the forebrain as predictors of atypical antipsychotic activity. J Pharamcol Exp Therapeut 1994; 271: 1058-1066.
35. Swerdlow NR, Braff DL, Bakshii VP, Geyer MA. An animal model of sensorimotor gating deficits in schizophrenia predicts antipsychotic drug action. In: Csernansky JG (ed). Antipsychotics. Handbook of Experimental Pharmacology. Heidelberger Platz 3/W-1000 Berlin 33/Germany: Springer-Verlag Berlin, 1996, pp 289-312.
36. Kapur S, Remington G. Serotonin-dopamine interaction and its relevance to schizophrenia. Am J Psychiatry 1996; 153: 466-476.
37. Nyberg S, Farde L, Eriksson L, Halldin G, Eriksson B. 5-HT2 and D2 dopamine receptor occupancy in the living human brain. A PET study with risperidone. Psychopharmacology 1993; 110: 265-272.
38. Meltzer HY. Glinical studies on the mechanism of action of clozapine: the dopamine-serotonin hypothesis of schizophrenia [Review]. Psychopharmacology 1989; 99: S18-S27.
39. Meltzer HY. The role of serotonin in schizophrenia and the place of serotonin-dopamine antagonist antipsychotics. J Clin Psychopharmacol 1995; 15: 2S-3S.
40. Kapur S, Remington G, Jones G et al. Is loxapine an 'atypical' antipsychotic: a PET study of the in vivo 5-HT2 and D2 occupancy. Eur Neuropsychopharmacol 1996; 6: 72.
41. 18F]-setoperone PET imaging. Nucl Med Commun 1997; 18: 395-399.
42. Seeman P, Guan H-C, Van Tol HHM. Dopamine D4 receptors elevated in schizophrenia. Nature 1993; 365: 441-445.
43. Seeman P, Guan HG, Vantol HHM. Schizophrenia: elevation of dopamine D-4-like sites, using [H-3]nemonapride and [I-125]epidepride. Eur J Pharmacol 1995; 286: R3-R5.
44. 4. Neuropsychopharmacology 1997; 16: 93-110.
45. Svensson TH, Mathe JM, Andersson JL, Nomikos GG, Hildebrand BE, Marcus M. Mode of action of atypical neuroleptics in relation to the phenyclidine model of schizophrenia: role of 5-HT2 receptor and alpha(1)-adrenoreceptor antagonism. J Clin Pyschopharmacol 1995; 15: S11-S18.
46. Litman RE, Hong WW, Weissman EM, Su TP, Potter WZ, Pickar D. Idazoxan, an alpha 2 antagonist, augments fluphenazine in schizophrenic patients: a pilot study. J Clin Psychopharmacol 1993; 13: 264-267.
47. Grenhoff J, Svensson TH. Prazosin modulates the firing pattern of dopamine neurons in rat ventral tegmental area. Eur J Pharmacol 1993; 233: 79-84.
48. Tassin JP. NE/DA interactions in prefrontal cortex and their possible roles as neuromodulators in schizophrenia. J Neural Transm Suppl 1992; 36: 135-162.
49. Freedman R, Hall M, Adler LE, Leonard S. Evidence in postmortem brain tissue for decreased numbers of hippocampal nicotinic receptors in schizophrenia. Biol Psychiatry 1995; 38: 22-33.
50. O'Keane V, Abel K, Murray RM. Growth hormone responses to pyridostigmine in schizophrenia: evidence for cholinergic dysfunction. Biol Psychiatry 1994; 36: 582-588.
51. Tandon R, De Quardo JR, Goodson J, Mann NA, Greden JF. Effect of anticholinergics on positive and negative symptoms in schizophrenia. Psychopharmacol Bull 1992; 28: 297-302.
52. Javitt DC. Glutamate receptors and schizophrenia: opportunities and caveats. Mol Psychiatry 1996; 1: 16-17.