Evaluation and prognostication in coma

Electroencephalography and Clinical Neurophysiology

Volumn 106, Issue 2, 1998, Pages 149-155

  Chiappa, Keith H ^a   Hill, Rosamund A ^a  

^a MASSACHUSETTS GENERAL HOSPITAL   (United States)

Author keywords

Coma; Diagnosis; EEG; Intensive care unit; Prognosis

Indexed keywords

BRAIN METABOLISM; COMA; ELECTROENCEPHALOGRAPHY; EPILEPTIC STATE; EVOKED BRAIN STEM AUDITORY RESPONSE; EVOKED MUSCLE RESPONSE; EVOKED RESPONSE; EVOKED SOMATOSENSORY RESPONSE; HUMAN; INTENSIVE CARE UNIT; NERVE CELL LESION; NUCLEAR MAGNETIC RESONANCE IMAGING; PATIENT MONITORING; PRIORITY JOURNAL; PROGNOSIS; REVIEW;

EID: 0031940580     PISSN: 00134694     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1016/S0013-4694(97)00118-1     Document Type: Article

References (90)

1. Alexandre A., Rubini L., Nertempi P., Farinello C. Sleep alterations during post-traumatic coma as a possible predicator of cognitive defects. Acta. Neurochirurg. 28(Suppl.):1979;188-192.
2. Anderson D.C., Bundlie S., Rockswold G.L. Multimodality evoked potentials in closed head trauma. Arch. Neurol. 41:1984;369-374.
3. Beca J., Cox P.N., Taylor M.J., Butt W., Logan W.J., Rutka J.T., Barker G. Somatosensory evoked potentials for prediction of outcome in acute severe brain injury. J. Pediatr. 126:1995;44-49.
4. Berek K., Lechleitner P., Luef G., Felber S., Saltuari L., Schinnerl A., Traweger C., Dienstl F., Aichner F. Early determination of neurological outcome after prehospital cardiopulmonary arrest. Stroke. 26:1995;543-549.
5. Bergamasco, B., Bergamini, L. and Doriguzzi, T. Clinical value of the sleep electroencephalographic patterns in post-traumatic coma. Acta. Neurol. Scand., 1968a, 44: 495-511.
6. Bergamasco, B., Bergamini, L. and Dorriguzzi, T. EEG sleep patterns as a prognostic criterion in post-traumatic coma. Electroenceph. clin. Neurophysiol., 1968b, 24: 374-377.
7. Bickford, R.G. Newer methods of recording and analyzing EEG. In: Current Practice of Clinical Electroencephalography. Raven Press, New York, 1979, pp. 451-480.
8. Bricolo A. Electroencephalography in neurotraumatology. Clin. Electroenceph. 7:1976;184-197.
9. Bricolo A., Faccioli F., Grosslercher J.C., Pasut M.L., Pinna G.P., Turazzi S. Electrophysiological monitoring in the intensive care unit. Electroenceph. clin. Neurophysiol. 39(Suppl.):1987;255-263.
10. Bricolo A., Gentilomo A., Rosadini G., Rossi G.F. Long-lasting post-traumatic unconsciousness. Acta Neurol. Scand., 44:1968;512-532.
11. Bricolo A., Turella G., Ore G.D., Terzian H. A proposal for the EEG evaluation of acute traumatic coma in neurosurgical practice. Electroenceph. clin. Neurophysiol., 34:1973;789.
12. Bricolo A., Turrazzi S., Faccioli F., Odonizzi F., Sciarretta G., Erculiani P. Clinical application of compressed spectral array in long-term EEG monitoring of comatose patients. Electroenceph. clin. Neurophysiol. 45:1978;211-225.
13. Cant B.R., Hume A.L., Judson J.A., Shaw N.A. The assessment of severe head injury by short-latency somatosensory and brain-stem auditory evoked potentials. Electroenceph. clin. Neurophysiol. 65:1986;188-195.
14. Chatrian G., Bergamasco B., Bricolo A., Frost J.D., Prior P.F. IFCN recommended standards for electrophysiologic monitoring in coma and other unresponsive states. Report of an IFCN committee. Electroenceph. clin. Neurophysiol. 99:1996;103-122.
15. Chiappa, K.H. and Hoch, D.B. Electrophysiologic monitoring. In: A.H. Ropper (Ed.), Neurological and Neurosurgical Intensive Care, 3rd edn. Raven Press, New York, 1993, pp. 147-183.
16. Chiappa K.H., Ropper A.H. Long-term electrophysiologic monitoring of patients in the neurology intensive care unit. Semin. Neurol. 4:1984;469-479.
17. De Giorgio C.M., Rabinowicz A.L., Gott P.S. Predictive value of P300 event-related potentials compared with EEG and SEPs in non-traumatic coma. Acta Neurol. Scand. 87:1993;423-427.
18. De Meirleir D.J., Taylor M.J. Prognostic utility of SEPs in comatose children. Pediatr. Neurol. 3:1987;78-82.
19. Drummond J.C., Todd M.M., Sangu M. The effect of high dose sodium thiopental on brain stem auditory and median nerve somatosensory evoked responses in humans. Anesthesiology. 63:1985;249-254.
20. Eldridge P.R., Pope T., Yeoman P.M.et al. Somatosensory evoked potentials in intracranial hypertension: analysis of the effects of hypoxia. Neurosurgery. 75:1991;108-114.
21. Evans B.M., Bartlett J.R. Prediction of outcome in severe head injury based on recognition of sleep related activity in the polygraphic electroencephalogram. J. Neurol. Neurosurg. Psychiat. 59:1995;17-25.
22. Facco E., Baratto F., Munari M., Dona B., Casartelli-Liviero M., Behr A.U., Giron G.P. Sensorimotor central conduction time in comatose patients. Electroenceph. clin. Neurophysiol. 80:1991;469-476.
23. Felber S.R., Aichner F.T., Sauter R., Gerstenbrand F. Combined magnetic resonance imaging and proton magnetic resonance spectroscopy of patients with acute stroke. Stroke. 23:1992;1106-1110.
24. Frank L.M., Furgiuele T.L., Etheridge J.E. Jr. Prediction of chronic vegetative state in children using evoked potentials. Neurology. 35:1985;931-934.
25. Garcia-Larrea L., Bertrand O., Artru F., Pernier J., Mauguiere F. Brain-stem monitoring II. Preterminal BAEP changes observed until brain death in deeply comatose patients. Electroenceph. clin. Neurophysiol. 68:1987;446-457.
26. Gideon P., Henriksen O. In vivo relaxation of N-acetyl-aspartate, creatine plus phosphocreatine, and choline containing compounds during the course of brain infarction: a proton MRS study. Magn. Reson. Imag. 10:1992;983-988.
27. Goitein K.J., Amit Y., Fainmesser P., Sohmer H. Diagnostic and prognostic value of auditory nerve brainstem evoked responses in comatose children. Crit. Care Med. 2:1983;91-94.
28. Goldie W.D., Chiappa K.H., Young R.R., Brooks E.B. Brainstem auditory and short-latency somatosensory evoked responses in brain death. Neurology. 31:1981;248-256.
29. Goodwin S.R., Toney K.A., Mahla M.E. Sensory evoked potentials accurately predict recovery from prolonged coma caused by strangulation. Crit. Care Med. 21:1993;631-633.
30. Gotman J. Automatic seizure detection: improvements and evaluation. Electroenceph. clin. Neurophysiol. 76:1990;317-324.
31. Greenberg, R.P., Becker, P., Miller, J.D. and Mayer, D.J. Evaluation of brain function in severe human head trauma with multimodality evoked potentials. Part 1. Evoked brain injury potentials, methods, and analysis. J. Neurosurg. 1977, 47: 150-162.
32. Gutling E., Gonser A., Imhof H.G., Landis T. EEG reactivity in the prognosis of severe head injury. Neurology. 45:1995;915-918.
33. Gutling E., Isenmann S., Wichmann W. Electrophysiology in the locked-in syndrome. Neurology. 46:1996;1092-1101.
34. Hall J.W., Haung-Fu M., Gennarelli T.A. Auditory function in acute severe head injury. Laryngoscope. 92:1982;883-890.
35. Hall J.W., Huang-Fu M., Gennarelli T.A., Dolinskas C.A., Olson K., Berry G.A. AEPs, impedance measures, and diagnostic speech audiometry in severe head injury. Otolarnyg. Head Neck Surg. 91:1983;50-60.
36. Haupt W.F., Erasmi-Korber H., Lanfermann H. Intraoperative recording of parietal SEP can miss hemodynamic infarction during carotid endarterectomy: a case study. Electroenceph. clin. Neurophysiol. 92:1994;86-88.
37. Hecox K., Galambos R. BAEPs in human infants and adults. Arch. Otolaryngol. 99:1974;30-33.
38. Hill R.A., Chiappa K.H., Jenkins B.G., Huang-Hellinger F. Functional magnetic resonance imaging and spectroscopy in primary generalized epilepsy with and without photosensitivity. Epilepsia. 36(Suppl. 3):1995;S212.
39. Hilz M.J., Litscher G., Weis M., Claus D., Druschky K.F., Pfurtscheller G., Neundorfer B. Continuous multivariable monitoring in neurological intensive care patients-preliminary reports on four cases. Intensive Care Med. 17:1991;87-93.
40. Howe F.A., Maxwell R.J., Saunders D.E., Brown M.M., Griffiths J.R. Proton spectroscopy in vivo. Magn. Reson. Q. 9:1993;31-59.
41. Hughes J.R., Cayaffa J., Leestma J., Mizuna Y. Alerting 'waking' and 'sleeping' EEG patterns in a deeply comatose patient. Clin. Electroenceph. 3:1972;86-93.
42. Hulihan J.F., Syna D.R. Electroencephalographic sleep patterns in post-anoxic stupor and coma. Neurology. 44:1994;758-760.
43. Hume A.L., Cant B.R. Central somatosensory conduction after head injury. Ann. Neurol. 10:1981;411-419.
44. Hume A.L., Cant B.R., Shaw N.A. Central somatosensory conduction time in comatose patients. Ann. Neurol. 5:1979;379-384.
45. Jordan K.G. Continuous EEG and evoked potential monitoring in the neuroscience intensive care unit. J. Clin. Neurophysiol. 10:1993;445-475.
46. Jordan K.G. Correlative Xenon-enhanced CT cerebral blood flow (XeCTCBF) and EEG to functionally stratify acute cerebral infarction. Neurology. 41(Suppl. 1):1991;336.
47. Jordan K.G. Nonconvulsive seizures and nonconvulsive status epilepticus detected by continuous EEG monitoring in the neuro-ICU. Neurology. 42(Suppl. 3):1992;194.
48. Kandler R.H., Jarratt J.A., Venables G.S. Clinical value of magnetic stimulation in stroke. Cerebrovasc. Dis. 1:1991;239-244.
49. Kane N.M., Curry S.H., Butler S.R., Cummins B.H. Electrophysiologic indicator of awakening from coma. Lancet. 341:1993;688.
50. Karnaze D.S., Marshall L.F., Bickford R.G. EEG monitoring of clinical coma: spectral array. Neurology. 32:1982;289-292.
51. Klug N. Brainstem auditory evoked potentials in syndromes of decerebration, the bulbar syndrome and in central death. J. Neurol. 227:1982;219-228.
52. Konasiewicz S.J., Moulton R.J. Electrophysiologic assessment of intracerebral contusions in closed head injury. J. Trauma. 37:1994;370-374.
53. Krieger D., Jauss M., Schwarz S., Hacke W. Serial somatosensory and brainstem auditory evoked potentials in monitoring of acute supratentorial mass lesions. Crit. Care. Med. 23:1995;1123-1131.
54. Labar D.R., Fisch B.J., Pedley T.A., Fink M.E., Solomon R.A. Quantitative EEG monitoring for patients with subarachnoid hemorrhage. Electroenceph. clin. Neurophysiol. 78:1991;325-332.
55. Lutschg J., Pfenninger J., Ludin H.P., Vassella F. BAEPs and early SEPs in neurointensively treated comatose children. Am. J. Dis. Child. 137:1983;421-426.
56. MacDonell R.A.L., Donnan G.A., Bladin P.F. A comparison of somatosensory and motor evoked potentials in stroke. Ann. Neurol. 25:1989;68-73.
57. Mokotoff B., Schulman-Galambos C., Galambos R. BAEPs in children. Arch. Otolaryngol. 103:1977;38-43.
58. Nagao S., Kuyama H., Honma Y., Monna F., Nishiura T., Murota T., Suga M., Tanimoto T., Kawauchi M., Nishimoto A. Prediction and evaluation of brainstem function by auditory brainstem responses in patients with uncal herniation. Surg. Neurol. 27:1987;81-86.
59. Narayan R.K., Greenberg R.P., Miller J.D., Enas G.G., Choe S.C., Kishore P.R.S., Selhorst J.B., Lutz H.A., Becker D.P. Improved confidence of outcome prediction in severe head injury. A comparative analysis of the clinical examination, multimodality evoked potentials, CT scanning, and intracranial pressure. J. Neurosurg. 54:1981;751-762.
60. Nevander G., Ingvar M., Auer R., Siesjo B.K. Status epilepticus in well-oxygenated rats causes neuronal necrosis. Ann. Neurol. 18:1985;281-290.
61. Newlon P.G., Greenberg R.P., Enas G.G., Becker D.P. Effects of therapeutic pentobarbital coma on multimodality EPs recorded from severely head-injured patients. Neurosurgery, 12:1983;613-619.
62. Passouant P., Cadilhac J., Delange M., Baldy-Moulinier M., Kassabgui M.E. Differential electrical stages and cyclic organisation of post-traumatic comas; polygraphic recording of long duration. Electroenceph. clin. Neurophysiol. 18:1965;720.
63. Privitera M.D., Strawsburg R.H. Electroencephalographic monitoring in the emergency department. Emerg. Med. Clin. North Am. 12:1994;1089-1100.
64. Rappaport, M., Hall, K., Hopkins, H.K. and Belleza, T. Evoked potentials and head injury. 1. Rating of evoked potential abnormality. Clin Electroenceph., 1981a, 12: 154-166.
65. Rappaport, M., et al. Evoked potentials and head injury. 2. Clinical Applications. Clin. Electroenceph., 1981b, 12: 167-176.
66. Rivierez M., Landau-Ferey J., Grob R., Grosskopf D., Philippon J. Value of electroencephalogram in prediction and diagnosis of vasospasm after intracranial aneurysm rupture. Acta. Neurochirurg. 110:1991;17-23.
67. Ropper A.H., Miller D.C. Acute traumatic midbrain hemorrhage. Ann. Neurol. 18:1985;80-86.
68. Rosenberg C., Wogensen K., Starr A. Auditory brain-stem and middle and long-latency EPs in coma. Arch. Neurol. 41:1984;835-838.
69. Sanders R.A., Smriga D.J., McCullough D.W., Duncan P.G. Auditory brainstem responses in patients with global cerebral insults. J. Neurosurg. 55:1981;227-236.
70. Seales D.M., Rossiter V.S., Weinstein M.E. Brainstem auditory evoked responses in patients comatose as a result of blunt head trauma. J. Trauma. 19:1979;347-353.
71. Smith L.E., Simmons F.B. Accuracy of BAEPs with hearing level unknown. Ann. Otol. Rhinol. Laryngol. 94:1982;266-267.
72. Starr A. Auditory brainstem responses in brain death. Brain. 99:1976;543-554.
73. Starr A., Achor L.J. Auditory brain stem responses in neurological disease. Arch. Neurol. 32:1975;761-768.
74. Starr A., Amlie R.N., Martin W.H., Sanders S. Development of auditory function in newborn infants revealed by BAEPs. Pediatrics. 60:1977;831-839.
75. Stern B.J., Krumholz A., Weiss H., Goldstein P., Harris K.C. Evaluation of brainstem stroke using brainstem auditory evoked responses. Stroke. 13:1982;705-711.
76. Stockard J.J., Sharbrough F.W. Unique contributions of short-latency somatosensory evoked potentials in patients with neurological lesions. Prog. Clin. Neurophysiol. 7:1980;231-263.
77. Suzuki A., Mori N., Hadeishi H., Yoshioka K., Yasui N. Computerized monitoring system in neurosurgical intensive care. J. Neurosci. Methods. 26:1988;133-139.
78. Suzuki A., Yoshioka K., Yasui N. Clinical application of EEG topography in cerebral ischemia: detection of functional reversibility and hemodynamics. Brain Topogr. 3:1990;167-174.
79. Taniguchi M., Schramm J. Motor evoked potentials facilitated by an additional peripheral nerve stimulation. Electroenceph. clin. Neurophysiol. 43(Suppl.):1991;202-211.
80. Taylor M.J., Farrell E.J. Comparison of the prognostic utility of VEPs and SEPs in comatose children. Pediatr. Neurol. 5:1989;145-150.
81. Taylor M.J., Houston B.D., Lowry N.J. Recovery of BAEPs after a severe hypoxic ischemic insult. N. Eng. J. Med. 309:1983;1169-1170.
82. Trojaborg W., Jorgensen E.O. Evoked cortical potentials in patients with isoelectric EEGs. Electroenceph. clin. Neurophysiol. 35:1973;301-309.
83. Tsubokawa T., Nishimoto H., Yamamoto T., Kitamura M., Katayama Y., Moriyasu N. Assessment of brainstem damage by the auditory brainstem responses in acute severe head injury. J. Neurol. Neurosurg. Psychiatry. 43:1980;1005-1011.
84. Uziel A., Benzech J. Auditory brainstem responses in comatose patients: relationship with brain-stem reflexes and levels of coma. Electroenceph. clin. Neurophysiol. 45:1978;515-524.
85. Walker A.E., Diamond E.L., Moseley J. The neuropathological findings in irreversible coma. J. Neuropathol. Exp. Neurol. 34:1975;295-323.
86. Ying Z., Schmid U.D., Schmid J., Hess C.W. Motor and somatosensory evoked potentials in coma: analysis and relation to clinical status and outcome. J Neurol. Neurosurg. Psychiat. 55:1992;470-474.
87. Young G.B., Jordan K.G., Doig G.S. An assessment of nonconvulsive seizures in the intensive care unit using continuous EEG monitoring: an investigation of variables associated with mortality. Neurology. 47:1996;83-89.
88. Young G.B., McLachlan R., Demelo J., Kreeft J. The importance of epileptiform EEG activity in the comatose patient in the general ICU. Neurology. 43(Suppl. 2):1993;A229.
89. Zegers de Beyl D., Borenstein S., Dufaye P., Brunko E. Irreversible cortical damage in acute postanoxic coma: predictive value of somatosensory-evoked potentials. Transplant. Proc. 16:1984;98-101.
90. Zentner J., Rhode V. The prognostic value of somatosensory and motor evoked potentials in comatose patients. Neurosurgery. 31:1992;429-434.