A three-dimensional global model study of carbonyl sulfide in the troposphere and the lower stratosphere

Journal of Atmospheric Chemistry

Volumn 29, Issue 2, 1998, Pages 151-177

  Kjellström, Erik ^a  

^a STOCKHOLM UNIVERSITY   (Sweden)

Author keywords

COS oxidation; CS2; Stratospheric sulfur budget; Sulfate formation; Vegetation uptake

Indexed keywords

CARBON DISULFIDE; CARBONYL DERIVATIVE; SULFUR DERIVATIVE;

CARBONYL SULPHIDE; STRATOSPHERE; TROPOSHPERE;

AIR MONITORING; AIR POLLUTION; ARTICLE; CALCULATION; PHOTOCHEMISTRY; PHOTOLYSIS; STRATOSPHERE; TROPOSPHERE; VEGETATION;

EID: 0031938302     PISSN: 01677764     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1023/A:1005976511096     Document Type: Article

References (75)

1. Andreae, M. O., 1986: The ocean as a source of atmospheric sulfur compounds, in P. Buat-Menard (ed.), The Role of Air-Sea Exchange in Geochemical Cycling, D. Reidel, Dordrecht, pp. 331-362.
2. Andreae, M. O., Berresheim, H., Bingemer, H., Jacob, D. J., Lewis, B. L., Li, S.-M., and Talbot, R. W., 1990: The atmospheric sulfur cycle over the Amazon Basin, 2. Wet season, J. Geophys. Res. 95, 16813-16824.
3. Andreae, M. O. and Ferek, R. R., 1992: Photochemical production of carbonyl sulfide in seawater and its emission to the atmosphere, Glob. Biogeochem. Cycles 6, 175-183.
4. Atkinson, R., Baulch, D. L., Cox, R. A., Hampson, R. F. Jr., Kerr, J. A., and Troe, J., 1992: Evaluated kinetic and photochemical data for atmospheric chemistry: Supplement IV, Atmos. Environ. 26A, 1187-1230.
5. Bandy, A. R., Thornton, D. C., Scott, D. L., Lalevic, M., Lewin, E. E., and Driedger, A. R., 1992: A time series for carbonyl sulfide in the Northern Hemisphere, J. Atmos. Chem. 14, 527-534.
6. Bandy, A. R., Thornton, D. C., and Johnson, J. E., 1993: Carbon disulfide measurements in the atmosphere of the western North Atlantic and the northwestern South Atlantic oceans, J. Geophys. Res. 98, 23449-23457.
7. Bingemer, H. G., Bürgermeister, S., Zimmermann, R. L., and Georgii, H.-W., 1990: Atmospheric OCS: Evidence for a contribution of anthropogenic sources? J. Geophys. Res. 95, 20617-20622.
8. Brühl, C. and Crutzen, P. J., 1993: MPIC two-dimensional model, in M. Prather and E. Remsberg (eds), The Atmospheric Effects of Stratospheric Aircraft: Report of the 1992 Models and Measurements Workshop, NASA Ref. Pub. 1292, Vol. I, Washington, D. C., pp. 103-104.
9. 2 and their distributions, Glob. Biogeochem. Cycles 7, 321-337.
10. Chin, M. and Davis, D. D., 1995: A re-analysis of carbonyl sulfide as a source of stratospheric background aerosol, J. Geophys. Res. 100, 8993-9005.
11. Cooper, D. J. and Saltzman, E. S., 1991: Measurements of atmospheric dimethyl sulfide and carbon disulfide in the Western Atlantic boundary layer, J. Atmos. Chem. 12, 153-168.
12. Crutzen, P. J., 1976: The possible importance of CSO for the sulfate layer of the stratosphere, Geophys. Res. Lett. 3, 73-76.
13. Crutzen, P. J. and Schmailzl, U., 1983: Chemical budgets of the stratosphere, Planet. Space Sci. 31, 1009-1032.
14. DeMore, W. B., Sander, S. P., Golden, D. M., Hampson, R. F., Kurylo, M. J., Howard, C. J., Ravin-shakara, A. R., Kolb, C. E., and Molina, M. J., 1997: Chemical kinetics and photochemical data for use in stratospheric modeling. Evaluation number 12, JPL Publication 97-4, Jet Propulsion Laboratory, Pasadena, Calif.
15. 3 and OH, J. Geophys. Res. 98, 7149-7163.
16. Engel, A. and Schmidt, U., 1994: Vertical profile measurements of carbonylsulfide in the stratosphere, Geophys. Res. Lett. 21, 2219-2222.
17. Erickson, D. J. and Eaton, B. E., 1993: Global biogeochemical cycling estimates with CZCS satellite data and general circulation models, Geophys. Res. Lett. 20, 683-686.
18. Feichter, J., Kjellström, E., Rodhe, H., Dentener, F., Lelieveld, J., and Roelofs, G.-J., 1996: Simulation of the tropospheric sulfur cycle in a global climate model, Atmos. Environ. 30, 1693-1707.
19. Gidel, L., Crutzen, P., and Fishman, J., 1983. A two-dimensional photochemical model of the atmosphere 1: Chlorocarbon emissions and their effect on stratospheric ozone, J. Geophys. Res. 88, 6622-6640.
20. Goldan, P. D., Fall, R., Kuster, W. C., and Fehsenfeld, F. C., 1988: Uptake of COS by growing vegetation: A major tropospheric sink, J. Geophys. Res. 93, 14186-14192.
21. Golombek, A. and Prinn, R., 1993. A global three-dimensional model of the stratospheric sulfuric acid layer, J. Atmos. Chem. 16, 179-199.
22. Gries, C., Nash III, T. H., and Kesselmeier, J., 1994: Exchange of reduced sulfur gases between lichens and the atmosphere, Biogeochemistry 26, 25-39.
23. 2 and other trace gases to the atmosphere from fires in the tropics, based on the FAO statistics for the period 1975-1980, in J. G. Goldammer (ed.), Fire in the Tropical Biota, Ecol. Stud. 84, Springer, New York, pp. 440-462.
24. Harnisch, J., Borchers, R., Fabian, P., and Kourtidis, K., 1995: Aluminium production as a source of atmospheric carbonyl sulfide (COS), Env. Sci. Pol. Res. 2, 229-232.
25. Hofmann, D. J., 1990. Increase in the stratospheric background sulfuric acid aerosol mass in the past 10 years, Science 248, 996-1000.
26. Hynes, A. J., Wine, P. H., and Semmes, D. J., 1986: Kinetics and mechanisms of OH reactions with organic sulfides, J. Phys. Chem. 90, 4148-4156.
27. 2 under atmospheric conditions, J. Phys. Chem. 3846-3852.
28. Johnson, J. E., 1981. The lifetime of carbonyl sulfide in the troposphere, Geophys. Res. Lett. 6, 938-940.
29. Johnson, J. E. and Harrison, H., 1986: Carbonyl sulfide concentrations in the surface waters and above the Pacific Ocean, J. Geophys. Res. 91, 7883-7888.
30. Johnson, J. E., Bandy, A. R., Thornton, D. C., and Bates, T. S., 1993: Measurements of atmospheric carbonyl sulfide during the NASA chemical instrument test and evaluation project: Implications for the global COS budget, J. Geophys. Res. 98, 23443-23448.
31. Kent, G. S., Wang, P.-H., McCormick, M. P., and Skeens, K. M., 1995. Multilayer stratospheric aerosol and gas experiment II measurements of upper tropospheric aerosol characteristics, J. Geophys. Res. 100, 13875-13899.
32. Kesselmeier, J. and Merck, L., 1993: Exchange of carbonyl sulfide (COS) between agricultural plants and the atmosphere: Studies on the deposition of COS to peas, corn and rapeseed, Biogeochemistry 23, 47-59.
33. 2) in the earths atmosphere, Atmos. Environ. 18, 1805-1813.
34. Kley, D., Crutzen, P. J., Smit, H. G. J., Vömel, H., Oltmans, S. J., Grassl, H., and Ramanathan, V., 1996: Observations of near-zero ozone concentrations over the convective Pacific: Effects on air chemistry, Science 274, 230-233.
35. Kim, K.-H. and Andreae, M. O., 1987: Carbon disulfide in seawater and the marine atmosphere over the north Atlantic, J. Geophys. Res. 92, 14733-14738.
36. 2 exchange through an atmospheric tracer transport model using satellite-derived vegetation index data. Max-Planck-Institute für Meteorologie. Report No. 127.
37. Lehmann, S. and Conrad, R., 1996: Characteristics of turnover of carbonyl sulfide in four different soils, J. Atmos. Chem. 23, 193-207.
38. Liss, P. S. and Merlivat, L., 1986: Air-sea gas exchange rates: Introduction and synthesis, in P. Buat-Menard (ed.), The Role of Air-Sea Exchange in Geochemical Cycling, D. Reidel, Dordrecht, pp. 113-127.
39. 2 in oxygen, J. Phys. Chem. 94, 2386-2393.
40. 2 in the eastern United States, Geophys. Res. Lett. 9, 681-684.
41. Maroulis, P. J., Torres, A. L., and Bandy, A. R., 1977: Atmospheric concentrations of carbonyl sulfide in the southwestern and eastern United States, Geophys. Res. Lett. 4, 510-512.
42. Mihalopoulos, N., Bonsang, B., Nguyen, B. C., Kanakidou, M., and Belviso, S., 1989: Field obser-vations of carbonyl sulfide deficit near the ground. Possible implication of vegetation, Atmos. Environ. 23, 2159-2166.
43. Mihalopoulos, N., Putaud, J. P., Nguyen, B.C., and Belviso, S., 1991: Annual variation of atmospheric carbonyl sulfide in the marine atmosphere in the southern Indian Ocean, J. Atmos. Chem. 13, 73-82.
44. Molina, L. T., Lamb, J. J., and Molina, M. J., 1981: Temperature dependent UV absorption cross-sections for carbonyl sulfide, Geophys. Res. Lett. 8, 1008-1011.
45. Nguyen, B. C., Mihalopoulos, N., and Putaud, J.-P, 1994: Rice straw burning in Southeast Asia as a source of CO and COS to the atmosphere, J. Geophys. Res. 99, 16435-16439.
46. Pham, M., Müller, J.-F.M., Brasseur, G. P., Granier, C. and Megie, G. M., 1995: A three-dimensional study of the tropospheric sulfur cycle, J. Geophys. Res. 100, 26061-26092.
47. Pinnick, R. G., Rosen, J. M., and Hofmann, D. J., 1976: Stratospheric aerosol measurements III: Optical model calculations, J. Atmos. Sci. 33, 304-314.
48. 2, Geophys. Res. Lett. 20, 815-817.
49. Protoschill-Krebs, G., Wilhelm, C., and Kesselmeier, J., 1996: Consumption of carbonyl sulfide (COS) by higher plant carbonic anhydrase (CA), Atmos. Environ. 30, 3151-3156.
50. Pruppacher, H. R. and Klett, J. D., 1980: Microphysics of Clouds and Precipitation, D. Reidel, Dordrecht, 714 pp.
51. Rasch, P. and Williamson, D., 1990: Computational aspects of moisture transport in global models of the atmosphere, Q. J. R. Met. Soc. 116, 1071-1090.
52. Rasmussen, R. A., Khalil, M. A. K., and Hoyt, S. D., 1982: Natural and anthropogenic trace gases in the southern hemisphere, Geophys. Res. Lett. 9, 704-707.
53. Rinsland, C. P., Zander, R., Mahieu, E., Demoulin, P., Goldman, A., Ehhalt, D. H., and Rudolph, J.: 1992, Ground-based infrared measurements of carbonyl sulfide total column abundance: Long-term trends and variability, J. Geophys. Res. 97, 5995-6002.
54. 2, (HCFC-22) in the lower stratosphere from 1985 and 1994 atmospheric trace molecule spectroscopy experiment measurements near 30°N latitude, Geophys. Res. Lett. 23, 2349-2352.
55. Roeckner, E., Arpe, K., Bengtsson, L., Brinkop, S., Dümenil, L., Esch, M., Kirk, E., Lunkeit, F., Ponater, M., Rockel, B., Sausen, R., Schlese, U., Schubert, S., and Windelband, M., 1992: Simulation of the Present-Day Climate with the ECHAM Model: Impact of Model Physics and Resolution, Report No. 93, Max-Planck-Institute for Meteorology, Hamburg, Germany.
56. 3 in the troposphere calculated with a chemistry-general circulation model, J. Geophys. Res. 100, 20983-20998.
57. Sandalls, F. J. and Penkett, S. A., 1977: Measurements of carbonyl sulphide and carbon disulphide in the atmosphere, Atmos. Environ. 11, 197-199.
58. Spiro, P. A., Jacob, D. J., and Logan, J. A., 1992: Global inventory of sulfur emissions with a 1° × 1° resolution, J. Geophys. Res. 97, 6023-6036.
59. Staubes, R. and Georgii, H.-W., 1993: Biogenic sulfur compounds in seawater and the atmosphere of the Antarctic region, Tellus 45B, 127-137.
60. 2S, Atmos. Environ. 14, 1223-1239.
61. Thomason, L. W., Kent, G. S., Trepte, C. R., and Poole, L. R., 1997: A comparison of the stratospheric aerosol background periods of 1979 and 1989-1991, J. Geophys. Res. 102, 3611-3616.
62. Thornton, D. C., Bandy, A. R., Beltz, N., Driedger III, A. R., and Ferek, R., 1993: Advection of sulfur dioxide over the Western Atlantic Ocean during CITE 3, J. Geophys. Res. 98, 23459-23467.
63. Thornton, D. C., Bandy, A. R., and Blomquist, B. W., 1996: Impact of anthropogenic and biogenic sources and sinks on carbonyl sulfide in the north pacific troposphere, J. Geophys. Res. 101, 1873-1881.
64. Torres, A. L., Maroulis, P. J., Goldberg, A. B. and Bandy, A. R., 1980: Atmospheric OCS measurements on project Gametag, J. Geophys. Res. 85, 7357-7360.
65. 2 over a 45°N to 45° S latitude range, Geophys. Res. Lett. 12, 9-11.
66. Turco, R. P. and Whitten, R. C., 1978: A note on the diurnal averaging of aeronomical models, J. of Atm. and Terr. Phys. 40, 13-20.
67. Turco, R. P., Whitten, R. C., Toon, O. B., Pollack, J. B., and Hamill, P., 1980: OCS, stratospheric aerosols and climate, Nature 283, 283-286.
68. Turco, R. P., Whitten, R. C., and Toon, O. B., 1982: Stratospheric aerosols: observations and theory, Rev. Geophys. Space Phys. 20, 233-279.
69. Ulshöfer, V. S., Uher, G. and Andreae, M. O., 1995: Evidence for a winter sink of atmospheric carbonyl sulfide in the northeast Atlantic Ocean, Geophys. Res. Lett. 22, 2601-2604.
70. Weisenstein, D. K., Yue, G. K., Ko, M. K. W., Sze, N.-D., Rodriguez, J. M., and Scott, C. J., 1997: A two-dimensional model of sulfur species and aerosols, J. Geophys. Res., 102, 13019-13035.
71. Weiss, P. S., Johnson, J. E., Gammon, R. H., and Bates, T. S., 1995. Reevaluation of the open ocean source of carbonyl sulfide to the atmosphere, J. Geophys. Res. 100, 23083-23092.
72. Wilson, J. C., Stoltzenburg, M. R., Clark, W. E., Loewenstein, M., Ferry, G. V., Chan, K. R. and Kelly, K. K., 1992: Stratospheric sulfate aerosol in and near the Northern Hemisphere polar vortex: The morphology of the sulfate layer, multimodal size distributions, and the effect of denitrification, J. Geophys. Res. 97, 7997-8013.
73. World Meteorological Organization (WMO), 1986: Atmospheric Ozone 1985: Global Research and Monitoring Report, Report No. 16.
74. Wolz, G. and Georgii, H.-W., 1996: Large scale distribution of sulfur dioxide results from the TROPOZ II flights, Q. J. Hungarian Meteorol. Serv. 100, 23-41.
75. Zhao, Z., Stickel, R. E., and Wine, P. H., 1995: Quantum yield for carbon monoxide production in the 248 nm photodissociation of carbonyl sulfide (OCS), Geophys. Res. Lett. 22, 615-618.