Experimental autoimmune uveitis as animal model for human posterior uveitis

Indian Journal of Medical Research

Volumn 107, Issue FEB., 1998, Pages 53-67

  Singh, V K ^a   Biswas, S ^a   Anand, R ^b   Agarwal, S S ^a  

^a SANJAY GANDHI POSTGRADUATE INSTITUTE OF MEDICAL SCIENCES   (India)

^b NATIONAL INSTITUTE OF IMMUNOLOGY   (India)

Author keywords

Experimental autoimmune uveitis; Human uveitis; Immunomodulation; S antigen

Indexed keywords

INTERPHOTORECEPTOR RETINOID BINDING PROTEIN; RETINA S ANTIGEN;

ANIMAL MODEL; AUTOIMMUNE DISEASE; BLINDNESS; DISEASE MODEL; HUMAN; INDIA; NONHUMAN; PHOTORECEPTOR; REVIEW; UVEITIS; VISUAL IMPAIRMENT;

ADULT; AMINO ACID SEQUENCE; ANIMALS; AUTOANTIGENS; AUTOIMMUNE DISEASES; CHILD; DISEASE MODELS, ANIMAL; HUMANS; MICE; MOLECULAR SEQUENCE DATA; PRIMATES; RATS; UVEITIS, POSTERIOR;

EID: 0031936498     PISSN: 09715916     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: None     Document Type: Review

References (120)

1. Rose NR. Pathogenic mechanisms in autoimmune diseases. Clin Immunol Immunopathol 1989; 53 : S7-16.
2. Swanborg RH. Animal models of human disease : Experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis in rodents as a model for human demyelinating disease. Clin Immunol Immunopathol 1995; 77:4-13.
3. Rossini AA, Handler ES, Mordes JP, Greiner DL. Animal models of human disease : Human autoimmune diabetes mellitus : Lessons from BB rats and NOD mice-Caveat Emptor. Clin Immunol Immunopathol 1995; 74 : 2-9.
4. Dutta SK. A search for underlying mechanisms of systemic autoimmune disease in the NZB X SWR model. Clin Immunol Immunopathol 1989; 51 : 141-56.
5. Tung KSK. Mechanism of self-tolerance and events leading to autoimmune disease and autoantibody response. Clin Immunol Immunopathol 1994; 73 : 275-82.
6. Weigle WO. Analysis of autoimmunity through experimental models of thyroiditis and allergic encephalomyelitis. Adv Immunol 1980; 30 : 159-274.
7. Hohlfeld R, Kalies I, Heinz F, Kalden J, Wekerle H. Autoimmune rat T lymphocytes monospecific for acetylcholine receptors : Purification and fine specificity. J Immunol 1981; 126: 1355-9.
8. Stuart JM, Watson WC, Kang AH. Collagen autoimmunity and arthritis. FASEB J 1988; 2 : 2950-6.
9. Rose NR, Herskowitz A, Neumann DA, Neu N. Autoimmune myocarditis : A paradigm of post-infection autoimmune disease. Immunol Today 1988; 9 : 117-20.
10. Griffiths MM. Experimental models of rheumatic disease. In : Pincus SH, Pisetsky DS, Rosenwasser LJ, editors. Biologically based immunomodulators in the therapy of rheumatic diseases. New York : Elsevier, 1986 : 57-78.
11. Stuart JM, Townes AS, Kang AH. Collagen autoimmune arthritis. Annu Rev Immunol 1988; 21 : 199-218.
12. Jimenez SA. Experimental models of scleroderma. In : Jayson MIV, Black CM, editors. Systemic sclerosis scleroderma. New York : John Willey, 1988 : 119-32.
13. Nussenblatt RB, Whitcup SM, Palestine AG. Uveitis : Fundamentals and clinical practice. 2nd ed. St Louis : Mosby 1996.
14. Guyton JS, Woods AC. Etiology of uveitis. A clinical study of 562 cases. Arch Ophthalmol 1941; 26 : 983-1018.
15. Nussenblatt RB, Gery I. Experimental autoimmune uveitis and its relationship to clinical ocular inflammatory disease. J Autoimmun 1996; 9 : 575-85.
16. Singh VK, Nagaraju K. Experimental autoimmune uveitis : Molecular mimicry and oral tolerance. Immunol Res 1996; 15 : 323-46.
17. Faure JP. Autoimmunity and the retina. Curr Top Eye Res 1980; 2: 215-302.
18. Wacker WB, Lipton NM. Experimental allergic uveitis. I. Production in the guineapig and rabbit by immunization with retina in adjuvant. J Immunol 1968; 101 : 151-6.
19. Wacker WB, Donoso LA, Kalsow CM, Yankeelov JA Jr, Organisciak DT. Experimental allergic uveitis. Isolation, characterization, and localization of a soluble uveitopathogenic antigen from bovine retina. J Immunol 1977; 119 : 1949-58.
20. de Kozak Y, Sakai J. Thillaye B, Faure JP. S-antigen induced experimental autoimmune uveoretinitis in rats. Curr Eye Res 1981; 1 : 327-36.
21. Nussenblatt RB, Kuwabara T, de Monasterio FM, Wacker WB. S-antigen uveitis in primates. A new model for human disease. Arch Ophthalmol 1981; 99 : 1090-2.
22. Wacker WB, Rao NA, Marak GE Jr. Immunopathogenic responses of rabbits to "S" antigen. I. Phlogistic characteristics associated with antigen source and sensitizing dose. Ophthalmic Res 1981; 13 : 302-11.
23. Salinas-Carmona MC, Nussenblatt RB, Gery I. Experimental autoimmune uveitis in the athymic nude rat. Eur J Immunol 1982; 12 : 480-4.
24. Caspi RR, Roberge FG, Chan CC, Wiggert B, Chader GJ, Rozenszajn LA, et al. A new model of autoimmune disease. Experimental autoimmune uveoretinitis induced in mice with two different retinal antigens. J Immunol 1988; 140 : 1490-5.
25. Iwase K, Fuji Y, Nakashima I, Kato N, Fujino Y, Kawashima H, et al. New method for induction of experimental autoimmune uveoretinitis (EAU) in mice. Curr Eye Res 1990; 9 : 207-16.
26. Shinohara T. Donoso LA, Tsuda M, Yamaki K, Singh VK. S-antigen : Structure, function and autoimmune uveitis (EAU). In : Osborne NN, Chader GJ, editors. Progress in retinal research, Vol 8. New York : Pergamon Press, 1988 : 51-66.
27. Nussenblatt RB, Gery I, Ballintine EJ, Wacker WB. Cellular immune responsiveness of uveitis patients to retinal S-antigen. Am J Ophthalmol 1980; 89 : 173-9.
28. Hirose S, Tanaka T, Nussenblatt RB, Palestine AG, Wiggert B, Redmond TM, et al. Lymphocyte responses to retinal-specific antigens in uveitis patients and healthy subjects. Curr Eye Res 1988; 7: 393-402.
29. Nityanand S, Singh VK, Shinohara T, Paul AK, Singh V, Agarwal PK, et al. Cellular immune response of patients with uveitis to peptide M, a retinal S-antigen fragment. J Clin Immunol 1993; 13 : 352-8.
30. Rajasingh J. Singh VK, Singh V, Sharma K, Agarwal SS. Cellular immune response to retinal S-antigen and interphotoreceptor retinoid binding protein fragments in idiopathic human uveitis patients. Indian J Med Res 1996; 103 : 222-6.
31. de Smet MD, Yamamoto JH, Mochizuki M, Gery I, Singh VK, Shinohara T, et al. Cellular immune response of uveitis patients to retinal antigens and their fragments. Am J Ophthalmol 1990; 110 : 135-42.
32. Gery I, Mochizuki M, Nussenblatt RB. Retinal specific antigens and immunopathogenic processes they provoke. In : Osborne NN, Chader GJ, editors. Progress in retinal research. Vol 5, New York : Pergamon Press, 1986 : 75-109.
33. Wacker WB. Retinal autoimmunity and the pathogenesis of uveitis. In : Helmsen RJ, Suran A, Gery I, Nussenblatt RB, editors. Proceeding "Immunology of the Eye; Workshop II" Washington, DC : Information Retrieval, 1981 : 11-32.
34. Yajima S, Seki F, Takano S, Usui M. Localization of S-antigen by enzyme-labeled antibody method and electron microscopy. Jpn J Ophthalmol 1983; 27 : 526-34.
35. Kalsow CM, Wacker WB. Pineal reactivity of anti-refina sera. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 1977; 16 : 181-4.
36. Kalsow CM, Wacker WB. Pineal gland involvement in retina-induced experimental allergic uveitis. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 1978; 17 : 774-83.
37. Dorey C, Cozette J, Faure JP. A simple and rapid method for isolation of retinal S-antigen. Ophthalmic Res 1982; 14 : 249-55.
38. Kuhn H, Hall SW, Wilden U. Light-induced binding of 48 kDa protein to photoreceptor membranes is highly enhanced by phosphorylation of rhodopsin. FEBS Lett 1984; 176 : 473-8.
39. Abe T, Shinohara T. S-antigen from the rat retina and pineal gland have identical sequences [letter]. Exp Eye Res 1990; 51 : 111-2.
40. Shinohara T, Dietzschold B, Craft CM, Wistow G, Early JJ, Donoso LA, et al. Primary and secondary structure of bovine retinal S antigen (48 kDa protein). Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 1987; 84: 6975-9.
41. Tsuda M, Syed M, Bugra K, Whelan JP, McGinnis JF, Shinohara T. Structural analysis of mouse S-antigen. Gene 1988; 73 : 11-20.
42. Tsuda M, Kikuchi T, Yamaki K, Shinohara T. The mouse S-antigen gene. Comparison with human and Drosophila. Eur J Biochem 1991; 200 : 95-101.
43. Yamaki K, Tsuda M, Shinohara T. The sequence of human retinal S-antigen reveals similarities with alpha-transducin. FEBS Lett 1988; 234: 39-43.
44. Yamaki K, Tsuda M, Kikuchi T, Chan KH, Huang KP, Shinohara T. The structural organization of the human S-antigen gene. J Biol Chem 1990; 265 : 20757-62.
45. Yamaki K, Takahashi Y, Sakuragi S, Matsubara K. Molecular cloning of the S-antigen cDNA from bovine retina. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 1987; 142 : 904-10.
46. Abe T. Yamaki K, Tsuda M, Singh VK, Suzuki S McKinnon R, et al. Rat pineal S-antigen sequence analysis reveals presence of alpha-transducin homologous sequence. FEBS Lett 1989; 247 : 307-11.
47. Shinohara T, Kikuchi T, Tsuda M, Yamaki K. A family of retinal S-antigens (arrestins) and their genes : Comparative analysis of human, mouse, rat, bovine and drosophila. Comp Biochem Physiol 1992; 103B : 505-9.
48. Ngo JT, Klisak I, Sparkes RS, Mohandas T, Yamaki K, Shinohara T, et al. Assignment of the S-antigen gene (SAG) to human chromosome 2q24-q37. Genomics 1990; 7 : 84-7.
49. Danciger M, Kozak CA, Tsuda M, Shinohara T, Farber DM. The gene for retinal S-antigen (48-kDa protein) maps to the centromeric portion of mouse chromosome 1 near IDH-1, Genomics 1989; 5 : 378-81.
50. Donoso LA, Merryman CF, Shinohara T, Sery TH, Smith A. Experimental autoimmune uveitis following immunization with small synthetic peptide. Arch Ophthalmol 1987; 105 : 838-40.
51. Singh VK, Yamaki K, Donoso LA, Shinohara T. S-antigen : Experimental autoimmune uveitis induced in guinea pigs with two synthetic peptides. Curr Eye Res 1988; 7 : 87-92.
52. Singh VK, Nussenblatt RB, Donoso LA, Yamaki K, Chan CC, Shinohara T. Identification of a uveitopathogenic and lymphocyte proliferation site in bovine S-antigen. Cell Immunol 1988; 115 : 413-9.
53. Gregerson DS, Merryman CF, Obritsch WF, Donoso LA. Identification of a potent new pathogenic site in human retinal S-antigen which induces experimental autoimmune uveoretinitis in LEW rats. Cell Immunol 1990; 128 : 209-19.
54. de Smet MD, Bitar G. Roberge FG, Gery I. Nussenblatt RB. Human S-antigen : Presence of multiple immunogenic and immunopathogenic sites in the Lewis rat. J Autoimmun 1993; 6 : 587-99.
55. Merryman CF, Donoso LA, Zhang XM, Heber-Katz E, Gregerson DS. Characterization of a new, potent immunopathogenic epitope in S-antigen that elicits T cells expressing V beta 8 and V alpha 2-like genes. J Immunol 1991 ; 146: 75-80.
56. Redmond TM, Wiggert B, Robey FA, Chader GJ. Interspecies conservation of structure of interphotoreceptor retinoid-binding protein. Similarities and differences as adjudged by peptide mapping and N-terminal sequencing. Biochem J 1986; 240 : 19-26.
57. Borst DE, Redmond TM, Elser JE, Gonda MA, Wiggert B, Chader GJ, et al. Interphotoreceptor retinoid-binding protein. Gene characterization, protein repeat structure, and its evolution. J Biol Chem 1989; 264 : 1115-23.
58. Donoso LA, Merryman CF, Sery T, Sanders R, Vrabec T, Fong SL. Human interstitial retinoid-binding protein. A potent uveitopathogenic agent for the induction of experimental autoimmune uveitis. J Immunol 1989; 143 : 79-83.
59. Sanui H, Redmond TM, Hu LH, Kuwabara T, Margalit H, Cornete JL, et al. Synthetic peptides derived from IRBP induce EAU and EAP in Lewis rats. Curr Eye Res 1988; 7 : 727-35.
60. Kotake S, Redmond TM, Wiggert B, Vistica B, Sanui H, Chader GJ, et al. Unusual immunologic properties of the uveitogenic interphotoreceptor retinoid-binding protein-derived peptide R23. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 1991; 32 : 2058-64.
61. Sanui H, Redmond TM, Kotake S, Wiggert B, Hu LH, Margalit H, et al. Identification of an immunodominant and highly immunopathogenic determinant in the retinal interphotoreceptor retinoid-binding protein (IRBP). J Exp Med 1989; 169 : 1947-60.
62. Inoue H, Takeuchi M, Tanaka T, Usui M, Taguchi O. Analysis of the uveitopathogenic determinant in repeat structure of retinal interphotoreceptor retinoid- binding protein (IRBP). Clin Exp Immunol 1994; 97 : 219-25.
63. r haplotype. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 1995; 36 : 946-54.
64. Adamus G, Schmied JL, Hargrave PA, Arendt A, Moticka EJ. Induction of experimental autoimmune uveitis with rhodopsin synthetic peptide in Lewis rats. Curr Eye Res 1992; 11 : 657-77.
65. Gery I, Chanaud NP III, Anglade E. Recoverin is highly uveitogenic in Lewis rats. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 1994; 35 : 3342-5.
66. Oldstone MBA. Molecular mimicry and autoimmune disease. Cell 1987; 50: 819-20.
67. Forrester JV. Lumsden L, Liversidge J, Kuppner M, Mesri M. Immunoregulation of uveoretinal inflammation. In : Osborne NN, Chader GJ, editors. Progress in retinal and eye research Vol 14, New York : Pergamon Press, 1995; 393-412.
68. Shinohara T, Singh VK, Yamaki K, Abe T, Tsuda M, Suzuki S. S-antigen : Molecular mimicry may play a role in the autoimmune uveitis. In : Osborne NN, Chader GJ, editors. Progress in clinical and biological research, Molecular biology of the retina : Basic and clinically relevant studies, vol 362. New York : Willey Liss, Inc., 1991 : 163-90.
69. Singh VK, Kalra HK, Yamaki K, Abe T, Donoso LA. Shinohara T. Molecular mimcry between a uveitopathogenic site of S-antigen and viral peptides : Inducton of experimental autoimmune uveitis in Lewis rats. J Immunol 1990; 114 : 1282-7.
70. Singh VK, Yamaki K, Abe T, Shinohara T. Molecular mimicry between uveitopathogenic site of retinal S-antigen and Escherichia coli protein : induction of experimental autoimmune uveitis and lymphocyte cross-reaction. Cell Immunol 1989; 122 : 262-73.
71. Singh VK, Yamaki K, Donoso LA, Shinohara T. Molecular mimicry : Yeast histone H3-induced experimental autoimmune uveitis. J Immunol 1989; 142 : 1512-7.
72. Singh VK, Usukura J, Shinohara T. Molecular mimicry : Uveitis induced in Macaca fasicularis by microbial protein having sequence homology with retinal S-antigen. Jpn J Ophthalmol 1992; 36 : 108-16.
73. Singh VK, Yamaki K, Donoso LA, Shinohara T. Sequence homology between yeast histone H3 and uveitopathogenic site of S-antigen : lymphocyte cross-reaction and adoptive transfer of the disease. Cell Immunol 1989; 119 : 211-21.
74. Wildner G, Thurau SR. Cross-reactivity between an HLA-B27-derived peptide and a retinal autoantigen peptide : a clue to major histocompatibility complex association with autoimmune disease. Eur J Immunol 1994; 24 : 2579-85.
75. + cells suppress experimental autoimmune uveitis. Eur J Immunol 1996; 26 : 2140-8.
76. Wildner G, Thurau SR. Database screening for molecular mimicry. Immunol Today 1997; 25 : 252.
77. Singh VK, Kalra HK, Yamaki K, Shinohara T. Suppression of experimental autoimmune uveitis in rats by the oral administration of the uveitopathogenic S-antigen fragment or a cross-reactive homologous peptide. Cell Immunol 1992; 139 : 81-90.
78. Nussenblatt RB, Caspi RR, Mahdi R, Chan CC, Roberg F, Lider O, et al. Inhibition of S-antigen induced experimental autoimmune uveoretinitis by oral induction of tolerance with S-antigen. J Immunol 1990; 144 : 1689-95.
79. Vrabec TR, Gregerson DS, Dua HS, Donoso LA, Inhibition of experimental autoimmune uveoretinitis by oral administration of S-antigen and synthetic peptides. Autoimmunity 1992; 12 : 175-84.
80. Thurau SR, Chan CC, Suh E, Nussenblatt RB. Induction of oral tolerance to S-antigen induced experimental autoimmune uveitis by a uveitogenic 20 mer peptide. J Autoimmun 1991; 4 : 507-16.
81. Singh VK, Anand R, Sharma K, Agarwal SS. Suppression of experimental autoimmune uveitis in Lewis rats by oral administration of recombinant Escherichia coli expressing retinal S-antigen. Cell Immunol 1996; 172 : 158-62.
82. Gregerson DS, Obritsch WF, Donoso LA. Oral tolerance in experimental autoimmune uveoretinitis. Distinct mechanisms of resistance are induced by low vs high dose feeding protocols. J Immunol 1993; 151 : 5751-61.
83. Rizzo L V, Miller-Rivero NE, Chan CC, Wiggert B, Nussenblatt RB, Caspi RR. Interleukin-2 treatment potentiates induction of oral tolerance in a murine model of autoimmunity. J Clin Invest 1994; 94 : 1668-72.
84. Caspi RR, Stiff LR, Morawetz R, Miller-Rivero NE, Chan CC, Wiggert B, et al. Cytokine modulation of oral tolerance in a murine model of autoimmune uveitis. Ann NY Acad Sci 1996; 775: 315-24.
85. Vistica BP, Chanaud NP III, Felix N, Caspi RR, Rizzo LV, Nussenblatt RB, et al. CD8 T-cells are not essential for the induction of low-dose oral tolerance. Clin Immunol Immunopathol 1996; 78 : 196-202.
86. Dick AD, Cheng YF, Liversidge J, Forrester JV. Intranasal administration of retinal antigens suppresses retinal antigen-induced experimental autoimmune uveoretinitis. Immunology 1994; 82: 625-31.
87. Dick AD, Cheng YF, McKinnon A, Liversidge J, Forrester JV. Nasal administration of retinal antigens suppresses the inflammatory response in experimental allergic uveoretinitis. A preliminary report of intranasal induction of tolerance with retinal antigens. Br J Ophthalmol 1993; 77 : 171-5.
88. Wilder G, Thurau SR. Orally induced bystander suppression in experimental autoimmune uveoretinitis occurs only in the periphery and not in the eye. Eur J Immunol 1995; 25 :1292-7.
89. Caspi RR, Silver PB, Chan CC, Sun B, Agarwal RK, Wells J, et al. Genetic susceptibility to experimental autoimmune uveoretinitis in rat is associated with an elevated Th 1 response. J Immunol 1996; 157 : 2668-75.
90. Nussenblatt RB, Rodrigues MM, Wacker WB, Cevario SJ, Salinas-Carmona MC, Gery I. Cyclosporin A : Inhibition of experimental autoimmune uveitis in Lewis rats. J Clin Invest 1981; 57: 1228-31.
91. Fujino Y, Mochizuki M, Chan CC, Raber J, Kotake S, Gery I, et al. FK506 treatment of S-antigen induced uveitis in primates. Curr Eye Res 1991; 10 : 679-90.
92. Roberge FG, Xu D, Chan CC, de Smet MD, Nussenblatt RB, Chen H. Treatment of autoimmune uveoretinitis in the rat with rapamycin, an inhibitor of lymphocyte growth factor singal transduction. Curr Eye Res 1993; 12 : 197-203.
93. Chanaud NP III, Vistica BP, Eugui E, Nussenblatt RB, Allison AC, Gery I. Inhibition of experimental autoimmune uveoretinitis by mycophenolate mofetil, an inhibitor of purine metabolism. Exp Eye Res 1995; 61 : 429-34.
94. Robertson SM, Lang LS. Leflunomide : inhibition of S-antigen induced autoimmune uveitis in Lewis rats. Agents Actions 1994; 42 : 167-72.
95. Wetzig R, Hooks JJ, Percopo CM, Nussenblatt RB, Chan CC, Detric KB. Anti-la antibody diminishes ocular inflammation in experimental autoimmune uveitis. Curr Eye Res 1988; 7 : 809-18.
96. Whitcup SM, DeBarge LR, Caspi RR, Harning R, Nussenblatt RB, Chan CC. Monoclonal antibodies against ICAM-1(CD54) and LFA-1 (GD11aCD18) inhibit experimental autoimmune uveitis. Clin Immunol Immunopathol 1993; 67 : 143-50.
97. Guex-Crosier Y, Raber J. Hakimi J, Guex-Crosier Y, Raer J. Humanized anti IL-2 and anti IL-15 receptor antibodies in the treatment of uveoretinitis in a monkey model. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 1996; 37 : S896.
98. Roberge FG, Lorberboum-Galski H, Le Hoang P, de Smet M, Chan CC, Fitzgerald D, et al. Selective immunosuppression of activated T-cells with the chimeric toxin IL-2-PE40. Inhibition of experimental autoimmune uveoretinitis. J Immunol 1989; 143 : 3498-502.
99. Hara Y, Caspi RR, Wiggert B. Chan CC, Wilbanks GA, Streilein JW. Suppression of experimental autoimmune uveitis in mice by induction of anterior chamber associated diviation with interphotoreceptor retinoid-binding protein. J Immunol 1992; 148: 1685-92.
100. Beraud E, Kotake S, Caspi RR, Oddo SM, Chan CC, Grey I, et al. Control of experimental autoimmune uveoretinitis by low dose T cell vaccination. Cell Immunol 1992; 140: 112-22.
101. Kawano YI, Sasamoto Y, Kotake S, Thurau SR, Wiggert B, Gery I. Trials of vaccination against experimental autoimmune uveoretinitis with a T-cell receptor peptide. Curr Eye Res 1991; 10: 789-95.
102. Sartan G, Silver PB, Rizzo LV, Chan CC, Wggert B, Mastorakos, G, et al. Anti-tumor necrosis factor alpha therapy suppresses the induction of experimental autoimmune uveoretinitis in mice by inhibiting antigen priming. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 1996; 37: 2211-8.
103. Chan CC, Mochizuki M, Nussenblatt RB, Palestine AG, McAllister C, Gery I, et al. T-lymphocyte subsets in experimental autoimmune uveitis. Clin Immunol Immunopathol 1985; 35 : 103-10.
104. Gregerson DS, Abrahams IW, Thirkill CE. Serum antibody levels of uveitis patients to bovine retinal antigens. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 1981; 21 : 669-80.
105. Doekes G, van der Gaag R, Rothova A, van Kooyk Y, Broersma L, Zaal MJ, et al. Humoral and cellular immuneresponsiveness to human S-antigen in uveitis. Curr Eye Res 1987; 6 : 909-19.
106. Nussenblatt RB, Tabbara KF. Autoimmune diseases. In : Tabbara KF, Nussenblatt RB, editors. Posterior uveitis : Diagnosis and management. Boston : Butterworth-Heineann, 1994 : 85-114.
107. Abrahams W, Gregerson DS. Longitudinal study of serum antibody responses to bovine retinal S-antigen in endogenous granulomatous uveitis. Br J Ophthalmol 1983; 67 : 681-4.
108. Chan CC, Palestine AG, Nussenblatt RB, Roberge FG, Benezra D. Anti-retinal autoantibodies in Vogt-Koyanagi-Harada syndrome, Behcet's disease and sympathetic ophthalmia. Ophthalmology 1985; 92 : 1025-8.
109. Hirose S, Donoso LA, Shinohara T, Palestine AG, Nussenblatt, RB, Grey I. Lymphocyte responses to peptide Mand to retinal S-antigen in uveitis patients. Jpn J Ophthalmol 1990; 34 : 298-305.
110. Ren P, Yan X, Wang S. Lymphocyte proliferative response to S-antigen in patients with uveitis and optic neuritis. Yen Ko Hsueh Pao 1995; 11 : 120-3.
111. Nussenblatt RB, Palestine AG, Chan CC. Cyclosporine therapy in the treatment of intraocular inflammatory disease resistant to systemic cortiocosteroids or cytotoxic agents. Am J Ophthalmol 1983; 96 : 275-82.
112. Masuda K, Nakajima A, Urayama A, Nakae K, Kogure M, Inaba G. Double masked trial of cyclosporine versus colchicine and long-term open study of cyclosporine in Behchet's disease. Lancet 1989; 1 : 1093-6.
113. de Smet MD, Nussenblatt RB. Clinical use of cyclosporin in ocular disease. Int Ophthalmol Clin 1993 : 33 : 32-45.
114. Mochizuki M, Masuda K, Sakane T. Ito K, Kogure M, Sugino N, et al. A clinical trial of FK 506 in refractory uveitis. Am J Ophthalmol 1993; 115 : 763-9.
115. Whitcup SM. Salvo EC Jr, Nussenblatt RB. Combined cyclosporine and corticosteroid therapy for sight-threatening uveitis in Behcet's disease. Am J Ophthalmol 1994; 118 : 39-45.
116. Thurau SR, Wildner G, Reiter C, Reiethmuller G, Lund OE. Treatment of endogenous uveitis with anti-CD4 monoclonal antibody : First report. Ger J Ophthalmol 1994; 3 : 409-13.
117. Nussenblatt RB, Whitcup SM, de Smet MD, Capsi RR, Kozhich AT, Weiner H, et al. Intraocular inflammatory disease (uveitis) and the use of oral tolerance : A status report. Ann NY Acad Sci 1996; 775 : 325-37.
118. Nussenblatt RB, Gery I, Weiner HL, Ferris FL, Shiloach J, Remaley N, et al. Treatment of uveitis by oral administration of retinal antigens : Results of a phase I/II randomized masked trial. Am J Ophthalmol 1997; 123 : 583-92.
119. Thurau SR, Diedrich-Mohring M, Fricke H, Arbogast S, Wildner G. Molecular mimicry as a therapeutic approach for an autoimmune disease : oral treatment of uveitis-patients with an MHC-peptide crossreactive with autoantigens-first results. Immunol Lett 1997; 57 : 193-201.
120. Whitcup SM, Nussenblatt RB. Immunologic mechanisms of uveitis. New targets for immunomodulation. Arch Opthalmol 1997; 775 : 520-5.