ASEAN's new challenges

Pacific Affairs

Volumn 70, Issue 4, 1997, Pages

  Buszynski, Leszek ^a  

^a INTERNATIONAL UNIVERSITY OF JAPAN   (Japan)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

ASEAN; ECONOMIC RELATIONS; POLITICAL DEVELOPMENT; REGIONAL ECONOMY; TRADE BLOC;

ASIA, (SOUTHEAST);

EID: 0031926652     PISSN: 0030851X     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.2307/2761323     Document Type: Article

References (108)

1. Straits Times, 8 December 1993.
2. For the impact of communism upon ASEAN in terms of strengthened cohesion, particularly during the Cambodian conflict of 1978-89 see Michael Leifer, ASEAN and the Security of Southeast Asia (New York: Routledge, 1989).
3. M.R. Sukhumbhand Paribatra, "ASEAN and the Kampuchean Conflict: A Study of a Regional Organization's Responses to External Security Challenges," in Robert A. Scalapino and Masataka Kosaka, eds., Peace, Politics & Economics in Asia: The Challenge to Cooperate (New York: Pergamon-Brassey's, 1988).
4. Also Donald Weatherbee, ASEAN and Pacific Regionalism (Bangkok: Institute of Security and International Studies, 1989).
5. J. Soedjati Djiwandono, ASEAN: An Emerging Regional Security Community (Jakarta: Centre for Strategic and International Studies, 1991).
6. Jusuf Wanandi, ASEAN and Security Cooperation in Southeast Asia (Jakarta: Centre for Strategic and International Studies, 1991.)
7. On the distinction between the old and new regionalism, see Norman D. Palmer, The New Regionalism in Asia and the Pacific (Lexington: 1991), p. 3.
8. Björn Hettne and András Inotai, The New Regionalism: Implications for Global Development and International Security (Helsinki: United Nations University, 1994), pp. 1-2.
9. Jaime de Melo, Arvind Panagariya, Dani Rodrik, The New Regionalism: A Country Perspective (Country Economics Dept., World Bank, February 1993).
10. James H. Mittelman, "Rethinking the 'New Regionalism' in the Context of Globalization," Global Governance, vol. 2. no. 2, May-Aug., 1996.
11. For early efforts at ASEAN economic cooperation and the dismal performance of the Preferential Trade Arrangement (PTA) of 1977, the ASEAN Industrial Project (AIP) of 1976, and the ASEAN Industrial Joint Venture scheme of 1983, see Hadi Soesastro, "ASEAN Economic Cooperation: The Long Journey to AFTA," Indonesia Quarterly, vol. 23, no. 1 (1995).
12. On 8 August 1967, ASEAN was comprised of Malaysia, Indonesia, the Philippines, Thailand and Singapore. Brunei joined upon attaining independence from Britain on 1 January 1994.
13. See Sukhumbhand Paribatra, "From ASEAN Six to ASEAN Ten: Issues and Prospects," Contemporary Southeast Asia, vol. 16, no. 3 (December 1994).
14. Papua New Guinea has had "Special Observer" status with ASEAN since 1989. Its leaders intend to upgrade its status with ASEAN to "Permanent Associate" but membership is excluded while it is considered part of the South Pacific region. See Jakarta Post, 22 July 1996.
15. Jakarta Post, 22 July 1996.
16. Straits Times, 28 July 1995.
17. On Vietman's hope that ASEAN would provide support against China see Hoang Anh Tuan, "Vietnam's Membership in ASEAN: Economic, Political and Security Implications," Contemporary Southeast Asia, vol. 16, no. 3 (December 1994).
18. On the perception of China as Vietnam's greatest threat see Jacques Bekaert, "VN and China: Towards Peaceful Coexistence," Bangkok Post, 21 January 1993;
19. also Hoang Anh Tuan, Straits Times, 29 August 1994.
20. Straits Times, 26 October 1994.
21. See also Hoang Anh Tuan, "Vietnam's Membership of ASEAN. "Japan Times, 30 November 1995;
22. Sunday Times (Singapore), 3 December 1995.
23. On the 14 March 1988 clash see Bangkok Post, 7 April 1988.
24. New Strain Times, 27 June 1992.
25. See Straits Times, 19 July 1994;
26. Far Eastern Economic Review (henceforth FEER), 13 October 1995.
27. FEER, 25 April 1996.
28. On ASEAN economic relations with China and their importance for individual members see John Wong, "China in the Dynamic Asia-Pacific Region," Pacific Review, vol. 8, no. 4 (1995).
29. For the broader ASEAN strategy of engaging China see Jusuf Wanandi, "ASEAN's China Strategy: Towards Deeper Engagement," Contemporary Southeast Asia, vol. 38, no. 3 (Autumn 1996).
30. Straits Times, 1 June 1995, 1 September 1995.
31. FEER, 9 February 1993, 27 April 1995.
32. See Nayan Chanda, "The Enemy Within," FEER, 22 August 1996.
33. Straits Times, 29 July 1995.
34. Straits Times, Ibid., 5 April 1994.
35. Bangkok Post, 20 January-1996.
36. Straits Times, 2 June 1996.
37. FEER, 13 October 1994.
38. Nation, 25 March 1996.
39. Straits Times Interactive, 22 August 1996.
40. FEER, 16 February 1995.
41. On SLORC weapons purchases from China see Jane's Defence Weekly, 13 September 1990;
42. Bertil Lintner, "SLORC Salvation," FEER, 3 October 1991;
43. and Straits Times, 11 December 1991.
44. PEER, 27 February 1992.
45. PEER, Ibid., 22 December 1994.
46. Bangkok Post, 29 December 1994.
47. Bangkok Post, Ibid., 26 May 1993.
48. Straits Times, 29 March 1994.
49. Apichai Puntasen, "Old Ghosts Continue to Haunt Thai-Burma Relations," Nation, 25 March 1996.
50. South China Morning Post, 28 July 1993.
51. Straits Times, 12 July 1995.
52. On ASEAN reactions to SLORC's crackdown, see Straits Times Interactive, 30 May, 1 June, 15 June 1996.
53. Jakarta Post, 23 July 1996.
54. Jakarta Post, Ibid., 26 July 1996.
55. Jakarta Post, Ibid., 23 July 1996.
56. Straits Times Interactive, 13 August 1996.
57. Business Times (on line), 16 August 1996.
58. See Anurat Manibhandu, Nussara Sawatsawang, Saritdet Marukatat, "ASEAN Role for Burma Poses Credibility Risk," Bangiok Post, 20 July 1996.
59. Straits Times, 25 July 1990.
60. Antara News Agency, 231/A, 9 August 1993.
61. Communiqué from 28th AMM, 29-30 August 1995 Bandar Seri Begawan, Twenty-Eighth ASEAN Ministerial Meeting, ASEAN Regional Forum, Post-Ministerial Conferences with Dialogue Partners ASEAN Regional Forum, Brunei Darussalam, 1995, p. 90.
62. Bangkok Post, 29 April 1995.
63. Straits Times, 9 October 1993.
64. Bangkok Post, 2 November 1994.
65. Bangkok Post, Ibid., 9 November 1994.
66. See Joint Press Statement, The Twenty-Sixth Meeting of the ASEAN Economic Ministers, 22-23 September 1994, ASEAN Secretariat, Jakarta.
67. Also FEER, 6 October 1994.
68. Straits Times, 16 November 1994.
69. Bangkok Post, 2 October 1995.
70. Straits Times, 15 December 1995.
71. Jakarta Post, 9 September 1995,
72. Bangkok Post, 1 September 1995.
73. The fifteen products included five categories of sugar, five categories of rice, wheat, wheat flour, soybean flour, garlic, cloves; Jakarta Post, 5 August 1995.
74. Jakarta Post, 11 December 1995.
75. Nation, 9 September 1995.
76. See Anand's remarks in Hanoi and Singapore, Bangkok Post, 17, 26 January 1992.
77. Bangkok Post, 30 December 1995.
78. Bangkok Post, Ibid., 29 May 1996.
79. On Vietnam's 8th Party Congress see Adam Schwarz, "Safety First," FEER, 11 July 1996.
80. Bangkok Post, 23 September 1994.
81. Straits Times, 9 October 1992.
82. Business Times, 24 July 1993.
83. Bangkok Post, 15 December 1995.
84. Sunday Times, 24 July 1994.
85. There were eighteen original members of the ARF. They were the six ASEAN countries, the U.S., China, Japan, South Korea, Australia, New Zealand, Russia, the EU, Canada, PNG, Laos and Vietnam. Cambodia joined in July 1995 and India and Myanmar followed in July 1996 to bring the current membership to twenty-one.
86. See joint communiqué of the 28th AMM in Twenty-Eighth ASEAN Ministerial Meeting, p. 85.
87. ASEAN's ten dialogue partners include the U.S., Japan, Australia, New Zealand, Canada, South Korea, and the E.U. In July 1996, China, Russia and India were included as full dialogue partners.
88. Opening Statement by H.E. Mr. Yuhihika Ikeda, Minister for Foreign Affairs of Japan. ASEAN-PMC, 24-25 July 1996.
89. Straits Times, 2 August 1995.
90. Jakarta Post, 4 August 1995.
91. Chairman's Statement, the Third Meeting of the ASEAN Regional Forum, Jakarta, 23 July 1995.
92. Straits Times, 24 May 1995.
93. Straits Times, Ibid., 23 May 1995.
94. FEER, 10 August 1995; Jakarta Post, 31 July 1995.
95. Jakarta Post, 31 July 1995.
96. Jusuf Wanandi, "ASEAN's China Strategy: Towards Deeper Engagement," Survival, vol. 38, no. 3, Autumn 1996.
97. Chairman's Statement of the Second Meeting of the ASEAN Regional Forum (ARF), Bandar Seri Begawan, Brunei Darussalam, 1 August 1995.
98. Straits Times, 19 May 1995.
99. Straits Times, Ibid., 26 July 1996.
100. Straits Times, Ibid., 27 July 1994.
101. Straits Times Interactive, 17 May 1996.
102. Qian Qichen explained at the 3rd ARF on 23 July 1996 that "China's National People's Congress ratified the U.N. convention of the Law of the Sea, and at the same time, the Chinese government announced the baselines of part of its territorial sea." See Statement by His Excellency Mr. Qian Qichen, Vice Premier and Minister of Foreign Affairs of the People's Republic of China. 3rd ASEAN Regional Forum, Jakarta, 23 July 1996.
103. Straits Times, 21 May 1996.
104. Seven workshops in the series entitled "Managing Potential Conflicts in the South China Sea" have been held to date. The first was held in Denpasar in January 1990, the second in Bandung in July 1991, the third in Jogjakarta in July 1992, the fourth in Surabaya in August 1993, the fifth in Bukit Tinggi in October 1994, the sixth in Balikpapan in October 1995, and the seventh in Batam in December 1996. Attempts by Indonesian Foreign Minister Ali Alatas to upgrade the meetings to involve governments more directly have been resisted by China. See also Lee Lai To, "ASEAN and the South China Sea Conflicts," Pacific Review, vol. 8, no. 3 (1995).
105. Sunday Times, 30 July 1995.
106. Sunday Times, Ibid., 4 August 1995.
107. Straits Times Interactive, 17 May 1996.
108. Bangkok Post, 15 July 1996.