Debriefing of American red cross personnel: Pilot study on participants' evaluations and case examples from the 1994 Los Angeles earthquake relief operation

Social Work in Health Care

Volumn 27, Issue 1, 1998, Pages 33-50

  Armstrong, Keith ^a,b   Zatzick, Douglas ^a   Metzler, Tom ^a   Weiss, Daniel S ^a   Marmar, Charles R ^a   Garma, Sylvia ^a   Ronfeldt, Heidi ^c   Roepke, Lynn ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA   (United States)

^b SAN FRANCISCO VETERANS AFFAIRS MEDICAL CENTER   (United States)

^c Dept of Veteran's Affairs Hospital ^*

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

ARTICLE; EARTHQUAKE; HUMAN; POSTTRAUMATIC STRESS DISORDER; RED CROSS; SOCIAL WORK; UNITED STATES;

ADULT; AGED; CRISIS INTERVENTION; FEMALE; HUMANS; LOS ANGELES; MALE; MIDDLE AGED; NATURAL DISASTERS; OCCUPATIONAL DISEASES; PILOT PROJECTS; PROGRAM EVALUATION; RED CROSS; RELIEF WORK; SELF-HELP GROUPS; SOCIAL WORK; STRESS DISORDERS, POST-TRAUMATIC;

EID: 0031923325     PISSN: 00981389     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1300/J010v27n01_03     Document Type: Article

References (31)

1. American Psychiatric Association (1994). Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (fourth edition). Washington, DC: Author.
2. American Red Cross (1991, November). Disaster Services Regulations and Procedures 3050-M. American Red Cross, National Headquarters Disaster Services, 17th Street and D Street N.W. Washington, DC 20006.
3. American Red Cross (1992, April). Disaster Services Regulations and Procedures 3077-1A Attachment 5, p. 23. American Red Cross, National Headquarters Disaster Services, 17th Street and D Street N.W. Washington, DC 20006.
4. American Red Cross (1994, May). Letter to volunteers from director of Red Cross Northridge earthquake relief operations. American Red Cross, National Headquarters Disaster Services, 17th Street and D Street N.W. Washington, DC 20006.
5. Armstrong, K., Lund, P., Townsend-McWright, L., & Tichenor, V. (1995). Multiple stressor debriefing and the American Red Cross: The East Bay hills fire experience. Social Work, 40(1), 83-90.
6. Armstrong, K., O'Callahan, W., & Marmar, C. (1991). Debriefing red cross disaster personnel: The multiple stressor debriefing model. Journal of Traumatic Stress, 4(4), 581-593.
7. Bell, J. (1995). Traumatic event debriefing: Service delivery designs and the role of social work. Social Work, 40(1), 36-43.
8. Block, L. (1985). On the potentiality and limits of time: The single session group and the cancer patient. Social Work With Groups, 8(2), 81-99.
9. Brom, D., Kleber, R.J., & Hofman, M.C. (1993). Victims of traffic accidents: Incidence and prevention of post-traumatic stress disorder. J. Clin. Psychology, 49, 131-140.
10. Deahl, M.P., Gillham, A.B., Thomas, J., Searle, M.M., & Srinivasan, M. (1994). Psychological sequelae following the Gulf War: Factors associated with subsequent morbidity and the effectiveness of psychological debriefing. British Journal of Psychiatry, Vol. 165, 60-65.
11. Derry, P. & Baum, A. (1994). The role of experimenter in field studies of distressed populations. Journal of Traumatic Stress, 7(4), 625-636.
12. Galinsky, M. & Schopler, J. (1980). Structuring co-leadership in social work training. Social Work With Groups, 3(4), 51-63.
13. Goldberg, D.P. (1972). The detection of psychiatric illness by questionnaire. London: Oxford University Press.
14. Hall, C. (1994). Riding herd on disaster claims. Los Angeles Times, February 22, pp. B-1, B-6.
15. Hiley-Young, B. & Gerrity, E. (1994). Critical incident stress debriefing (cisd): Value and limitations in disaster response. National Center for Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder. Clinical Quarterly, 4(2), 17-19.
16. Horowitz, M.J., Wilner, N., & Alvarez, W. (1979). The Impact of Event Scale: A measure of subjective stress. Psychosomatic Medicine, 41, 209-218.
17. Kenardy, J.A, Webster, R.A., Lewin, T.J., Carr, V.J., & Hazell, P.L. (1996). Stress debriefing and patterns of recovery following a natural disaster. Journal of Traumatic Stress, 9(1), 37-49.
18. Minuchin, S. (1974). Families and Family Therapy. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.
19. Mitchell, J. (1983). When disaster strikes . . . the critical incident stress debriefing process. Journal of Emergency Medical Services, 8(1), 36-39.
20. Mitchell, J. (1996, November). Is debriefing a good practice for individuals and groups exposed to traumatic stress? Symposium conducted at the 12th annual International Society of Traumatic Stress Studies.
21. Morgan, J. (1994). Providing disaster mental health services through the American Red Cross. National Center for Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder. Clinical Quarterly, 4(2), 13-14.
22. Raphael, B. (1986). When Disaster Strikes. New York: Basic Books, Inc.
23. Robinson, R.C. & Mitchell, J.T. (1993). Evaluation of psychological debriefings. Journal of Traumatic Stress, 6(3), 367-382.
24. Spitzer, W. & Neely, K. (1992). Critical incident stress: The role of hospital-based social work in developing a statewide intervention system for first-responders delivering emergency services. Social Work in Health Care, 18(1), 39-58.
25. Stallard, P. & Law, F.D. (1993). Screening and psychological debriefing of adolescent survivors of life-threatening events. British Journal of Psychiatry, November, 163, 660-665.
26. Van Biema, D. (1994). Los Angeles: Tales of the city. Time magazine, January 31, pp. 40-44.
27. Wallace, A. (1994). Requests for FEMA aid sets record. Los Angeles Times, February 22, p. B-6.
28. Weiss, D.S., Mannar, C.R., Foreman, C., Rondfelt, H., & Metzler, T. (1996, under review). Debriefing emergency response personnel after exposure to traumatic stress.
29. Williams, C., Miller, J., Watson, G., & Hunt, N. (1994). A strategy for debriefing after railway suicides. Social Science Medicine, 38(3), 483-487.
30. Wolfe, J. (1991). Applying principles of critical incident debriefing to the therapeutic management of acute combat stress. Operation Desert Storm Clinician Packet, April, 1-24.
31. Wollman, D. (1993). Critical incident stress debriefing and crisis groups: A review of the literature. Group, 17(2), 70-83.