메뉴 건너뛰기




Volumn 18, Issue 2, 1998, Pages 107-126

Competition in the US meatpacking industry: Is it history?

Author keywords

Competition policy; Concentration; US meatpacking industry

Indexed keywords


EID: 0031922563     PISSN: 01695150     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1016/S0169-5150(97)00045-5     Document Type: Article
Times cited : (18)

References (97)
  • 1
    • 0008739839 scopus 로고
    • Location and collusion in the meat packing industry
    • Cain, L., Uselding, P. (Eds.), Kent State Univ. Press, Kent, OH
    • Aduddell, R., Cain, L., 1973. Location and collusion in the meat packing industry. In: Cain, L., Uselding, P. (Eds.), Business Enterprise and Economic Change, Kent State Univ. Press, Kent, OH.
    • (1973) Business Enterprise and Economic Change
    • Aduddell, R.1    Cain, L.2
  • 2
    • 84976043635 scopus 로고
    • The consent decree in the meatpacking industry, 1920-1956
    • Aduddell, R., Cain, L., 1981a. The consent decree in the meatpacking industry, 1920-1956. Bus. Hist. Rev. 55, 359-378.
    • (1981) Bus. Hist. Rev. , vol.55 , pp. 359-378
    • Aduddell, R.1    Cain, L.2
  • 3
    • 84975997410 scopus 로고
    • Public policy toward the greatest trust in the world
    • Aduddell, R., Cain, L., 1981b. Public policy toward the greatest trust in the world. Bus. Hist. Rev. 55, 217-242.
    • (1981) Bus. Hist. Rev. , vol.55 , pp. 217-242
    • Aduddell, R.1    Cain, L.2
  • 4
    • 49049139094 scopus 로고
    • The estimation of the degree of oligopoly power
    • Appelbaum, E., 1982. The estimation of the degree of oligopoly power. J. Econometrics 19, 287-299.
    • (1982) J. Econometrics , vol.19 , pp. 287-299
    • Appelbaum, E.1
  • 5
    • 0346711091 scopus 로고
    • Changing patterns of concentration in American meat packing, 1880-1963
    • Arnould, R., 1971. Changing patterns of concentration in American meat packing, 1880-1963. Bus. Hist. Rev. 45, 18-34.
    • (1971) Bus. Hist. Rev. , vol.45 , pp. 18-34
    • Arnould, R.1
  • 6
    • 0002848204 scopus 로고
    • Industrial structure and the emergence of the modern industrial corporation
    • Atack, J., 1985. Industrial structure and the emergence of the modern industrial corporation. Explorations Econ. Hist. 22, 29-52.
    • (1985) Explorations Econ. Hist. , vol.22 , pp. 29-52
    • Atack, J.1
  • 7
    • 84991152866 scopus 로고
    • Testing the competitiveness of food price spreads
    • Azzam, A., 1992. Testing the competitiveness of food price spreads. J. Agric. Econ. 43, 248-256.
    • (1992) J. Agric. Econ. , vol.43 , pp. 248-256
    • Azzam, A.1
  • 8
    • 0030319586 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Testing the monopsony-inefficiency incentive of backward integration
    • Azzam, A., 1996a. Testing the monopsony-inefficiency incentive of backward integration. Am. J. Agric. Econ. 78, 585-590.
    • (1996) Am. J. Agric. Econ. , vol.78 , pp. 585-590
    • Azzam, A.1
  • 9
    • 0012238968 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Estimating the degree of dominance in a bilateral oligopoly
    • Azzam, A., 1996b. Estimating the degree of dominance in a bilateral oligopoly. Appl. Econ. Lett. 3, 209-211.
    • (1996) Appl. Econ. Lett. , vol.3 , pp. 209-211
    • Azzam, A.1
  • 10
    • 0031506306 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Measuring market power and cost-efficiency effects of industrial concentration
    • Azzam, A., 1997a. Measuring market power and cost-efficiency effects of industrial concentration. J. Ind. Econ. XXXXV, 377-386.
    • (1997) J. Ind. Econ. , vol.45 , pp. 377-386
    • Azzam, A.1
  • 11
    • 13144297479 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Captive supplies, market conduct, and the open-market price
    • forthcoming
    • Azzam, A., 1997b. Captive supplies, market conduct, and the open-market price. Am. J. Agric. Econ. (forthcoming).
    • (1997) Am. J. Agric. Econ.
    • Azzam, A.1
  • 12
    • 0003945515 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Assessing competition in meatpacking: Economic history theory and evidence
    • GIPSA-RR 96-6
    • Azzam, A., Anderson, D., 1996. Assessing competition in meatpacking: economic history theory and evidence. USDA Packers and Stockyards Programs, GIPSA-RR 96-6.
    • (1996) USDA Packers and Stockyards Programs
    • Azzam, A.1    Anderson, D.2
  • 13
    • 0025584045 scopus 로고
    • Testing oligopolistic and oligopsonistic behavior: An application to the US meat-packing industry
    • Azzam, A., Pagoulatos, E., 1990. Testing oligopolistic and oligopsonistic behavior: an application to the US meat-packing industry. J. Agric. Econ. 41, 362-370.
    • (1990) J. Agric. Econ. , vol.41 , pp. 362-370
    • Azzam, A.1    Pagoulatos, E.2
  • 14
    • 84948872171 scopus 로고
    • Testing for switching market conduct
    • Azzam, A., Park, T., 1993. Testing for switching market conduct. Appl. Econ. 25, 795-800.
    • (1993) Appl. Econ. , vol.25 , pp. 795-800
    • Azzam, A.1    Park, T.2
  • 15
    • 0029500811 scopus 로고
    • Oligopsony power-cost efficiency tradeoffs in horizontal consolidation: An example from beef packing
    • Azzam, A., Schroeter, J., 1995. Oligopsony power-cost efficiency tradeoffs in horizontal consolidation: an example from beef packing. Am. J. Agric. Econ. 77, 825-836.
    • (1995) Am. J. Agric. Econ. , vol.77 , pp. 825-836
    • Azzam, A.1    Schroeter, J.2
  • 17
    • 0012189778 scopus 로고
    • Antitrust: Source of dynamic and static inefficiencies
    • Jorde, T., Teece, D. (Eds.), Oxford Univ. Press, Oxford
    • Baumol, W., Ordover, J., 1992. Antitrust: source of dynamic and static inefficiencies. In: Jorde, T., Teece, D. (Eds.), Antitrust, Innovation, and Competitiveness, Oxford Univ. Press, Oxford.
    • (1992) Antitrust, Innovation, and Competitiveness
    • Baumol, W.1    Ordover, J.2
  • 18
    • 0039569423 scopus 로고
    • Empirical studies of industries with market power
    • Schmalensee, R., Willig, R. (Eds.), Elsevier, Amsterdam
    • Bresnahan, T., 1989. Empirical studies of industries with market power. In: Schmalensee, R., Willig, R. (Eds.), Handbook of Industrial Organization, Elsevier, Amsterdam.
    • (1989) Handbook of Industrial Organization
    • Bresnahan, T.1
  • 19
    • 13144298245 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Chandler, 1977
    • Chandler, 1977.
  • 21
    • 84909519896 scopus 로고
    • Market structure and price cost margins
    • Clarke, R., Davies, S., 1984. Market structure and price cost margins. Economica 49, 277-287.
    • (1984) Economica , vol.49 , pp. 277-287
    • Clarke, R.1    Davies, S.2
  • 23
    • 0040739291 scopus 로고
    • On the theoretical specification of industrial structure-performance relationships
    • Cowling, G., 1976. On the theoretical specification of industrial structure-performance relationships. Eur. Econ. Rev. 8, 1-14.
    • (1976) Eur. Econ. Rev. , vol.8 , pp. 1-14
    • Cowling, G.1
  • 24
    • 0000748373 scopus 로고
    • Price-cost margins and market structure
    • Cowling, K., Waterson, M., 1976. Price-cost margins and market structure. Economica 43, 275-286.
    • (1976) Economica , vol.43 , pp. 275-286
    • Cowling, K.1    Waterson, M.2
  • 25
    • 13144271603 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Crom, 1988
    • Crom, 1988.
  • 26
    • 0003164458 scopus 로고
    • Uncertainty, industrial structure, and the speed of R&D
    • Dasgupta, P., Stiglitz, J., 1980. Uncertainty, industrial structure, and the speed of R&D. Bell J. Econ. 11, 1-28.
    • (1980) Bell J. Econ. , vol.11 , pp. 1-28
    • Dasgupta, P.1    Stiglitz, J.2
  • 27
    • 0002004281 scopus 로고
    • Industry structure, market rivalry, and public policy
    • Demsetz, H., 1973. Industry structure, market rivalry, and public policy. J. Law Econ. 16, 1-9.
    • (1973) J. Law Econ. , vol.16 , pp. 1-9
    • Demsetz, H.1
  • 28
    • 0005129019 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Economic Analysis Group, Antitrust Division, US Department of Justice
    • Dick, A., 1997. If cartels were legal, would firms fix prices? Economic Analysis Group, Antitrust Division, US Department of Justice.
    • (1997) If Cartels Were Legal, Would Firms Fix Prices?
    • Dick, A.1
  • 29
    • 84977362442 scopus 로고
    • Antitrust and competition, historically considered
    • Dilorenzo, T., High, J., 1988. Antitrust and competition, historically considered. Econ. Inquiry 26, 423-425.
    • (1988) Econ. Inquiry , vol.26 , pp. 423-425
    • Dilorenzo, T.1    High, J.2
  • 32
    • 0012341747 scopus 로고
    • Beef wholesale-retail marketing margins and concentration
    • Hall, L., Schmilz, A., Cothern, J., 1979. Beef wholesale-retail marketing margins and concentration. Economica 46, 295-300.
    • (1979) Economica , vol.46 , pp. 295-300
    • Hall, L.1    Schmilz, A.2    Cothern, J.3
  • 33
    • 13144288667 scopus 로고
    • The changing structure of the beef and pork slaughter industries. Agricultural Input and Processing Industries
    • Iowa State University, Ames, IA
    • Hayenga, M. Kimle, K., 1992. The changing structure of the beef and pork slaughter industries. Agricultural Input and Processing Industries. Agriculture and Home Economics Experiment Station Bulletin RD-05. Iowa State University, Ames, IA, pp. 87-104.
    • (1992) Agriculture and Home Economics Experiment Station Bulletin RD-05 , pp. 87-104
    • Hayenga, M.1    Kimle, K.2
  • 35
    • 0345361196 scopus 로고
    • Price impacts associated with the closing of hog slaughtering plants
    • Hayenga, M., Deiter, R., Montoya, C., 1986. Price impacts associated with the closing of hog slaughtering plants. North Central J. Agric. Econ. 8, 237-242.
    • (1986) North Central J. Agric. Econ. , vol.8 , pp. 237-242
    • Hayenga, M.1    Deiter, R.2    Montoya, C.3
  • 38
    • 84963003172 scopus 로고
    • The development of Chicago as a center of the meat packing industry
    • Hill, H., 1923. The development of Chicago as a center of the meat packing industry. Mississippi Valley Hist. Rev. 10.
    • (1923) Mississippi Valley Hist. Rev. , vol.10
    • Hill, H.1
  • 39
    • 0000947242 scopus 로고
    • The farm-retail price spread in an imperfectly competitive food industry
    • Holloway, G., 1991. The farm-retail price spread in an imperfectly competitive food industry. Am. J. Agric. Econ. 73, 979-989.
    • (1991) Am. J. Agric. Econ. , vol.73 , pp. 979-989
    • Holloway, G.1
  • 40
  • 41
    • 0020926795 scopus 로고
    • Structural change in American manufacturing. 1850-1890
    • James, J., 1993. Structural change in American manufacturing. 1850-1890. J. Econ. Hist. 43, 433-459.
    • (1993) J. Econ. Hist. , vol.43 , pp. 433-459
    • James, J.1
  • 42
    • 0031312993 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Meat-packer conduct in fed cattle pricing: Multiple-market oligopsony power
    • Koontz, S., Garcia, P., 1997. Meat-packer conduct in fed cattle pricing: multiple-market oligopsony power. J. Agric. Resour. Econ. 22, 78-86.
    • (1997) J. Agric. Resour. Econ. , vol.22 , pp. 78-86
    • Koontz, S.1    Garcia, P.2
  • 43
    • 84959738786 scopus 로고
    • Meatpacker conduct in fed cattle pricing: An investigation of oligopsony power
    • Koontz, S., Garcia, P., Hudson, M., 1993. Meatpacker conduct in fed cattle pricing: an investigation of oligopsony power. Am. J. Agric. Econ. 75, 527-548.
    • (1993) Am. J. Agric. Econ. , vol.75 , pp. 527-548
    • Koontz, S.1    Garcia, P.2    Hudson, M.3
  • 44
    • 84972277713 scopus 로고
    • The refrigerator car and the growth of the American dressed beef industry
    • Kujovich, M., 1970. The refrigerator car and the growth of the American dressed beef industry. Bus. Hist. Rev. 44, 460-482.
    • (1970) Bus. Hist. Rev. , vol.44 , pp. 460-482
    • Kujovich, M.1
  • 46
    • 13144289433 scopus 로고
    • Some economic aspects of the Western meatpacking industry, 1830-60
    • Leavitt, C., 1931. Some economic aspects of the Western meatpacking industry, 1830-60. J. Bus. Univ. Chicago 4, 68-90.
    • (1931) J. Bus. Univ. Chicago , vol.4 , pp. 68-90
    • Leavitt, C.1
  • 47
    • 13144284619 scopus 로고
    • Transportation and the livestock industry of the Middle West to 1860
    • Leavitt, C., 1934. Transportation and the livestock industry of the Middle West to 1860. Agric. Hist. 7, 20-33.
    • (1934) Agric. Hist. , vol.7 , pp. 20-33
    • Leavitt, C.1
  • 49
    • 84977400109 scopus 로고
    • The rise of the Chicago packers and the origins of meat inspection and antitrust
    • Libecap, G., 1992. The rise of the Chicago packers and the origins of meat inspection and antitrust. Econ. Inquiry 30, 242-262.
    • (1992) Econ. Inquiry , vol.30 , pp. 242-262
    • Libecap, G.1
  • 50
    • 0000071881 scopus 로고
    • Vertical integration in American manufacturing, 1899-1948
    • Livesay, G., Porter, P., 1969. Vertical integration in American manufacturing, 1899-1948. J. Econ. Hist. 29, 496.
    • (1969) J. Econ. Hist. , vol.29 , pp. 496
    • Livesay, G.1    Porter, P.2
  • 51
    • 0344498758 scopus 로고
    • Short-run price effects of a structural change in a terminal market for hogs
    • Love, H., Shuffett, D., 1965. Short-run price effects of a structural change in a terminal market for hogs. J. Farm Econ. 47, 803-812.
    • (1965) J. Farm Econ. , vol.47 , pp. 803-812
    • Love, H.1    Shuffett, D.2
  • 53
    • 0028788672 scopus 로고
    • Concentration-price relations in regional fed cattle markets
    • Marion, B., Geithman, F., 1995. Concentration-price relations in regional fed cattle markets. Rev. Ind. Org. 10, 1-19.
    • (1995) Rev. Ind. Org. , vol.10 , pp. 1-19
    • Marion, B.1    Geithman, F.2
  • 54
    • 84995250170 scopus 로고
    • Concentration change in selected food manufacturing industries: The influence of mergers vs. internal growth
    • Marion, B., Kim, D., 1991. Concentration change in selected food manufacturing industries: the influence of mergers vs. internal growth. Agribusiness 7, 415-431.
    • (1991) Agribusiness , vol.7 , pp. 415-431
    • Marion, B.1    Kim, D.2
  • 58
    • 0005949946 scopus 로고
    • The effects of industry structure on price: A case in the beef industry
    • Menkhaus, D., Clair, J.St., Ahmaddaud, A., 1981. The effects of industry structure on price: a case in the beef industry. West. J. Agric. Econ. 6, 147-153.
    • (1981) West. J. Agric. Econ. , vol.6 , pp. 147-153
    • Menkhaus, D.1    Clair, J.St.2    Ahmaddaud, A.3
  • 59
    • 13144292093 scopus 로고
    • Monopsony power in livestock procurement: The case of slaughter hogs
    • Paper presented Atlanta, GA
    • Miller, S., Harris, H., 1981. Monopsony power in livestock procurement: the case of slaughter hogs. Paper presented at SAEA Annual Meeting, Atlanta, GA.
    • (1981) SAEA Annual Meeting
    • Miller, S.1    Harris, H.2
  • 61
    • 2442573495 scopus 로고
    • Market-sharing in the packing industry
    • Nicholls, W., 1940. Market-sharing in the packing industry. J. Farm Econ. 22, 225-240.
    • (1940) J. Farm Econ. , vol.22 , pp. 225-240
    • Nicholls, W.1
  • 62
    • 13144281339 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Serial 8413. Government Printing Office, Washington, DC
    • Packer Consent Decree, Doc. No. 219, 68th Congress, 2nd Session, 1924-1925, Serial 8413. Government Printing Office, Washington, DC.
    • 68th Congress, 2nd Session , pp. 1924-1925
  • 66
    • 0001251872 scopus 로고
    • The concentration-margins relationship reconsidered
    • Brookings Papers Brookings Institution, Washington, DC
    • Salinger, M., 1990. The concentration-margins relationship reconsidered. Brookings Papers on Economic Activity, Microe-conomics. Brookings Institution, Washington, DC, pp. 287-335.
    • (1990) Economic Activity, Microe-conomics , pp. 287-335
    • Salinger, M.1
  • 67
    • 70350108827 scopus 로고
    • Inter-industry studies of structure and performance
    • Schmalensee, R., Willig, R. (Eds.), North-Holland, New York
    • Schmalensee, R., 1989. Inter-industry studies of structure and performance. In: Schmalensee, R., Willig, R. (Eds.), Handbook of Industrial Organization, North-Holland, New York.
    • (1989) Handbook of Industrial Organization
    • Schmalensee, R.1
  • 68
    • 0000438520 scopus 로고
    • Estimating the degree of market power in the beef packing industry
    • Schroeter, J., 1988. Estimating the degree of market power in the beef packing industry. Rev. Econ. Stat. 70, 158-162.
    • (1988) Rev. Econ. Stat. , vol.70 , pp. 158-162
    • Schroeter, J.1
  • 69
    • 0000982609 scopus 로고
    • Measuring market power in multi-product oligopolies: The US meat industry
    • Schroeter, J., Azzam, A., 1990. Measuring market power in multi-product oligopolies: the US meat industry. Appl. Econ. 22, 1365-1376.
    • (1990) Appl. Econ. , vol.22 , pp. 1365-1376
    • Schroeter, J.1    Azzam, A.2
  • 70
    • 84959754433 scopus 로고
    • Marketing, margins, market power and price uncertainty
    • Schroeter, J., Azzam, A., 1991. Marketing, margins, market power and price uncertainty. Am. J. Agric. Econ. 73, 990-999.
    • (1991) Am. J. Agric. Econ. , vol.73 , pp. 990-999
    • Schroeter, J.1    Azzam, A.2
  • 72
    • 13144298240 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Skaggs, 1986
    • Skaggs, 1986.
  • 73
    • 0012617654 scopus 로고
    • Industrial and labor market transformation in the US meatpacking industry
    • McMichael, P. (Ed.), Cornell Univ. Press, Ithaca, NY
    • Stanley, K., 1994. Industrial and labor market transformation in the US meatpacking industry. In: McMichael, P. (Ed.), The Global Restructuring of Agro-Food Systems, Cornell Univ. Press, Ithaca, NY.
    • (1994) The Global Restructuring of Agro-Food Systems
    • Stanley, K.1
  • 74
    • 0027718536 scopus 로고
    • Markdown pricing and cattle supply in the beef packing industry
    • Stiegert, K., Azzam, A., Brorsen, B., 1993. Markdown pricing and cattle supply in the beef packing industry. Am. J. Agric. Econ. 75, 549-558.
    • (1993) Am. J. Agric. Econ. , vol.75 , pp. 549-558
    • Stiegert, K.1    Azzam, A.2    Brorsen, B.3
  • 76
    • 13144290605 scopus 로고
    • Small Business Problems in the Marketing of Meat and Other Commodities (Part 3 - Concentration Trends in the Meat Industry)
    • Government Printing Office, Washington, DC
    • US Congress. House of Representatives, Subcommittee on SBA and SBIC Authority and General Small Business Problems, 1979. Small Business Problems in the Marketing of Meat and Other Commodities (Part 3 - Concentration Trends in the Meat Industry). 96th Congress, First Session. Government Printing Office, Washington, DC.
    • (1979) 96th Congress, First Session
  • 77
    • 13144296356 scopus 로고
    • Small Business Problems in the Marketing of Meat and Other Commodities (Part 4 - Changing Structure of the Beef Packing Industry)
    • Government Printing Office, Washington, DC
    • US Congress. House of Representatives, Subcommittee on SBA and SBIC Authority and General Small Business Problems, 1979. Small Business Problems in the Marketing of Meat and Other Commodities (Part 4 - Changing Structure of the Beef Packing Industry). 96th Congress, First Session. Government Printing Office, Washington, DC.
    • (1979) 96th Congress, First Session
  • 78
    • 13144302419 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • US Congress, 1980
    • US Congress, 1980.
  • 79
    • 13144286835 scopus 로고
    • Integration of the Meatpacking Industry: Its Effect on the Farmer and Consumer
    • Government Printing Office, Washington, DC
    • US Congress. House of Representatives. Subcommittee of Government Information, Justice, and Agriculture of the Committee on Government Operations, 1990. Integration of the Meatpacking Industry: Its Effect on the Farmer and Consumer. 101st Congress, Second Session. Government Printing Office, Washington, DC.
    • (1990) 101st Congress, Second Session
  • 80
    • 13144273495 scopus 로고
    • Economic Concentration in the Meatpacking Industry
    • Government Printing Office, Washington, DC
    • US Congress. House of Representatives, Subcommittee on Nutrition and Investigations of the Committee on Agriculture, Nutrition, and Forestry, 1990. Economic Concentration in the Meatpacking Industry. 101st Congress, Second Session. Government Printing Office, Washington, DC.
    • (1990) 101st Congress, Second Session
  • 82
    • 0141494773 scopus 로고
    • Washington, DC: Government Printing Office, Washington, DC
    • US Federal Trade Commission, Food Investigation, 1919. Report on Private Car Lines. Washington, DC: Government Printing Office, Washington, DC.
    • (1919) Report on Private Car Lines
  • 83
    • 13144274239 scopus 로고
    • The meat-packing investigation
    • Virtue, G., 1920. The meat-packing investigation. Q. J. Econ. 34, 626-650.
    • (1920) Q. J. Econ. , vol.34 , pp. 626-650
    • Virtue, G.1
  • 84
    • 13144303175 scopus 로고
    • The 'beef trust' and the United States government
    • Walker, F., 1906. The 'beef trust' and the United States government. Econ. J. 16, 491-514.
    • (1906) Econ. J. , vol.16 , pp. 491-514
    • Walker, F.1
  • 85
    • 13144273496 scopus 로고
    • Pork packing as a leading edge of Midwestern industry, 1835-1875
    • Walsh, M., 1977. Pork packing as a leading edge of Midwestern industry, 1835-1875. Agric. Hist. 51, 702-717.
    • (1977) Agric. Hist. , vol.51 , pp. 702-717
    • Walsh, M.1
  • 86
    • 0005608488 scopus 로고
    • The spatial evolution of the Mid-Western pork industry, 1835-75
    • Walsh, M., 1978. The spatial evolution of the Mid-Western pork industry, 1835-75. J. Hist. Geog. 4, 1-22.
    • (1978) J. Hist. Geog. , vol.4 , pp. 1-22
    • Walsh, M.1
  • 87
    • 0005993670 scopus 로고
    • Short-period pricing models for fed cattle and impacts of wholesale carcass beef and live cattle futures market prices
    • Ward, C., 1981. Short-period pricing models for fed cattle and impacts of wholesale carcass beef and live cattle futures market prices. South. J. Agric. Econ. 13, 125-132.
    • (1981) South. J. Agric. Econ. , vol.13 , pp. 125-132
    • Ward, C.1
  • 88
    • 0344929825 scopus 로고
    • Price impacts of structural change in pork processing: A case study in Oklahoma
    • Ward, C., 1983. Price impacts of structural change in pork processing: a case study in Oklahoma. Curr. Farm Econ. 56, 3-9.
    • (1983) Curr. Farm Econ. , vol.56 , pp. 3-9
    • Ward, C.1
  • 89
    • 0344498757 scopus 로고
    • An empirical study of competition in the price discovery process for slaughter lambs
    • Ward, C., 1984. An empirical study of competition in the price discovery process for slaughter lambs. West. J. Agric. Econ. 9, 135-144.
    • (1984) West. J. Agric. Econ. , vol.9 , pp. 135-144
    • Ward, C.1
  • 90
    • 13144291382 scopus 로고
    • Relationship between fed cattle market shares and prices paid by beefpackers in localized markets
    • Ward, C., 1982. Relationship between fed cattle market shares and prices paid by beefpackers in localized markets. West. J. Agric. Econ. 9, 135-144.
    • (1982) West. J. Agric. Econ. , vol.9 , pp. 135-144
    • Ward, C.1
  • 91
    • 0004328928 scopus 로고
    • Research Institute on Livestock Pricing, Blacksburg, VA
    • Ward, C., 1988. Meatpacking competition and pricing. Research Institute on Livestock Pricing, Blacksburg, VA.
    • (1988) Meatpacking Competition and Pricing
    • Ward, C.1
  • 92
    • 13144264595 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Ward, 1989
    • Ward, 1989.
  • 93
    • 0001437575 scopus 로고
    • Inter-firm differences in fed cattle prices in the southern plains
    • Ward, C., 1992. Inter-firm differences in fed cattle prices in the southern plains. Am. J. Agric. Econ. 74, 480-485.
    • (1992) Am. J. Agric. Econ. , vol.74 , pp. 480-485
    • Ward, C.1
  • 96
    • 0348097476 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Identifying implicit collusion under declining output demand
    • Weliwita, A., Azzam, A., 1996. Identifying implicit collusion under declining output demand. J. Agric. Resour. Econ. 21, 235-246.
    • (1996) J. Agric. Resour. Econ. , vol.21 , pp. 235-246
    • Weliwita, A.1    Azzam, A.2


* 이 정보는 Elsevier사의 SCOPUS DB에서 KISTI가 분석하여 추출한 것입니다.